NO2对Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上NH3选择性催化还原NO性能的影响

主要考察了NO₂对Cu/SAPO-34 分子筛催化剂在整个温度范围内（100-500 ℃）NH₃选择性催化还原（SCR）NO性能的影响. 研究所使用样品为新鲜Cu/SAPO-34 催化剂在750 ℃下水热处理4 h 的稳定期样品.通过X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品的结构以及形貌进行表征,采用SCR活性评价、动力学实验以及原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（in situ-DRIFTS）表征催化剂的性能以及催化剂表面物种的变化. 活性评价实验结果表明,NO₂会抑制催化剂的低温（100-280 ℃）活性,但其存在会提高催化剂的高温（280 ℃以上）活性. 与此同时,随着反应物中NO/NO₂的摩尔比例减少,由于NH₄NO₃物种的分解,副产物（N₂2O）的浓度增大. 动力学结果表明,Cu/SAPO-34 催化剂上快速SCR反应的表观活化能（E_a=64.02 kJ·mol^-1）比标准SCR反应的表观活化能（E_a=48.00 kJ·mol^-1）更大. In situ-DRIFTS实验结果表明NO比NO₂更容易在催化剂表面形成硝酸盐,并且NO₂更容易与吸附在Brønsted 酸性位上的NH₃物种反应生成NH₄NO₃. 低温下,催化剂表面的NH₄NO₃物种会覆盖SCR反应的活性位,造成活性降低,但在高温时,形成的NH₄NO₃物种一部分会被NO还原为N2,而另一部分会直接热分解为N₂O,造成催化剂的选择性降低.     

吸附相反应技术制备MnOx/CeO2/SiO2催化剂及其低温选择性催化还原Nox

采用吸附相反应技术制备得到了MnO_x/CeO₂/SiO₂催化剂,通过X 射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、紫外激光拉曼（Raman）等手段对催化剂进行了表征. HRTEM分析表明活性组分MnO_x与CeO₂都均匀分布在载体SiO₂表面;XRD分析表明Mn₃O₄特征峰随着CeO₂含量的增加逐渐减小至完全消失,CeO₂的加入降低了MnO_x的结晶程度,增加了MnO_x的分散性;Raman光谱表明催化剂表面的Mn离子能够进入CeO₂晶格,激发出空穴氧,随着CeO₂负载量的增加,催化剂氧空穴浓度先升高后降低.以NH₃为还原剂,考评催化剂的NO_x低温选择性催化还原（SCR）性能,催化剂催化活性随CeO₂负载量增加先升高后降低,与催化剂氧空穴浓度变化规律一致,说明催化剂活性受氧空穴浓度影响,氧空穴浓度升高,催化剂催化活性升高.     

富氧条件下Co/ZSM-5催化剂对C3H8选择还原NOx的性能

采用多种物理化学手段研究了在模拟的轻型柴油车尾气中不同Co担载量及Cu掺杂的Co/ZSM-5催化剂的Co组分分散状态、可还原性、NO吸附脱附性质对C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x性能的影响。结果表明,浸渍法制备的Co/ZSM-5催化剂上既有外表面上的Co³⁺和Co²⁺物种,也有孔内的Co²⁺离子。富氧条件下Co/ZSM-5催化剂上C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x的活性主要与ZSM-5载体孔外表面分散的CoO_x物种中的钴离子可还原能力和NO吸附脱附性能密切相关。Co/ZSM-5催化剂上适宜的Co担载量约为4.0wt%,低担载量时随Co担载量增加,表面CoO_x物种中钴离子可还原能力增强,C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x的低温转化活性增加;高担载量时,随Co担载量增加,单位Co离子的NO吸附量的减少以及催化剂表面活性中心数的减少,导致了Co/ZSM-5催化剂NO_x的转化率和催化剂比速率（k）的下降。孔外表面Co₃O₄晶体的存在使催化剂表面产生较强的NO吸附,并在高温时有利于C₃H₈的氧化燃烧,使C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x的活性降低。     

CexPr1-xO2-δ复合氧化物的XRD和Raman表征

A series of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ mixed oxides were synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by Raman and XRD techniques. When x value was changed from 1.0 to 0.5, only a cubic phase CeO₂ was observed. The samples were very well crystallized on decreasing x from 0.50 to 0.99. For Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ samples 465 cm^-1 and 1 150 cm^-1 Raman peaks are attributed to the Raman active F_2g mode of CeO₂. The broad peak at about 570 cm^-1 in the region of 0.3 ≤x≤ 0.99 can be linked to lattice defects resulting in oxygen vacancies. The new band at about 195 cm^-1 may be attributed to the asymmetric vibration caused by the formation of oxygen vacancies. Calcination temperatures had great effect on the peak intensity for CeO₂ but less effect on Ce_0.8Pr_0.2O_2-δ in Raman spectra. It might be due to the transformation of the colors for the mixed oxides, the insertion of Pr atom into the ceria lattice could enhance the sintering resistance and thermal stability of the mixed oxides.     

Pt/MOx(M=Ni,Fe,Co,Ce)催化剂上CO氧化反应中抗H2O与CO2的性能研究

我们研究了4种负载型Pt催化剂（1Pt/NiO、1Pt/FeO_x、1Pt/Co₃O₄和Pt/CeO₂）上不同反应条件下CO氧化活性及抗H₂O和CO₂性能.发现反应气氛中CO₂的加入与CO形成了竞争吸附,并在催化剂表面形成了碳酸盐物种堵塞了活性位,从而导致催化剂失活.反应气氛中H₂O的加入对1Pt/CeO₂催化剂的活性有所抑制,但对1Pt/FeO_x、1Pt/NiO和1Pt/Co₃O₄催化剂的活性却有促进作用.在1Pt/FeO_x和1Pt/CeO₂催化剂上的分步反应实验和动力学研究表明,尽管H₂O的加入在两种催化剂上均与CO形成了竞争吸附,但在1Pt/FeO_x催化剂上H₂O在载体表面解离形成的羟基更易与CO反应,开辟了新的反应途径,从而提高了反应性能.此外,H₂O的加入能有效分解该催化剂上的碳酸盐物种,从而保持了其稳定性.     

Zr的添加对提高NH3选择性催化还原NOx整体式催化剂热稳定性的影响

采用共沉淀的方法制备了CeTiO_x和CeZrTiO_x两种用于NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x的催化剂.两种催化剂在不同的高温条件下进行热老化以考察Zr的添加对CeTiO_x催化剂热稳定性的影响.NH₃-SCR活性数据显示,经过650、750和850 ℃的高温老化处理,Zr改性后的催化剂较CeTiO_x催化剂具有更好的催化活性和N₂选择性.XRD、Raman和H₂-TPR结果表明添加Zr可以阻止Ce物种的烧结并且抑制金红石相TiO₂的生成.催化剂的SEM图像显示Zr的添加可以抑制颗粒随着焙烧温度升高而产生的聚集长大.XPS的Ce3d光谱表明,随着老化温度的提升,CeTiO_x催化剂表面的Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺比相对于CeZrTiO_x催化剂下降更加明显.这意味着随着Zr的添加,更多的晶格缺陷和氧空缺出现在Zr改性催化剂的表面,这有利于催化性能的提升.另外,NH₃-TPD结果表明经过相同的高温老化,改性的催化剂保持了更多的Brönsted酸性位,提高了催化活性并抑制了氨的氧化.因此,Zr的添加提高了催化剂的热稳定性能.     

Ce1－xNdxO2－δ固溶体的电子顺磁共振谱和阻抗谱的研究

利用溶胶-凝胶方法在800 ℃焙烧10 h后, 合成了固溶体Ce_1－xNd_xO_2－δ (x＝0.05～0.55), X射线衍射(XRD)测试表明固溶体已经形成立方萤石结构; 电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)研究表明在固溶体Ce_1－xNd_xO_2－δ中随着掺杂量x的增大, Ce^3＋离子含量减少, 说明掺杂Nd^3＋离子可以抑制Ce^4＋的还原; 交流阻抗谱的测量表明固溶体Ce_0.9Nd_0.1O_2－d 具有离子导电特性, 600和700 ℃时的电导率分别为4.25×10^－3和1.12×10^－2 S•cm^－1, 活化能为0.68 eV.     

铈钛混合氧化物负载磷钨酸吸附-分解NOx性能

通过软化学途径合成了铈钛混合氧化物(CeO₂-TiO₂)载体材料, 并分别通过等体积浸渍法和机械研磨法负载磷钨酸(H₃PW₁₂O₄₀)。采用FTIR、XRD、SEM和BET比表面积测定对CeO₂-TiO₂及负载型多酸催化剂进行了表征;考察了负载量、负载方法、吸附温度等因素对催化剂吸附NO_x效率的影响;选取吸附性能最佳的催化剂进行了NO_x催化分解实验, 探讨了NO_x吸附-分解机理。结果表明:相对于等体积浸渍法, 机械研磨法更适合此类载体负载H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, 其NO_x吸附效率均高于H₃PW₁₂O₄₀及载体本身;在0~60%的负载量范围内, 随着H₃PW₁₂O₄₀负载量的增加, 负载型催化剂吸附NO_x的效率呈上升趋势, 负载量为40%时NO_x吸附效率最佳, 达90%;吸附过程中NO_x与催化剂活性组分H₃PW₁₂O₄₀发生作用, 生成NOH⁺, H₃PW₁₂O₄₀二级结构中结晶水对催化剂吸附NO_x有重要作用;当温度从150℃升至 450℃时, 被吸附的NO_x发生分解, 分解产物的组成与N₂的收率均受升温速率的影响, 升温速率越快, N₂收率越高。向吸附分解NO_x后的催化剂床层通入含有水蒸气的空气, 可有效补充NO_x分解过程中H₃PW₁₂O₄₀失去的结晶水, 从而恢复催化剂优良的NO_x吸附分解性能, 实现催化剂的有效再生利用。     

Pt/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2催化剂催化氧化碳烟过程中活性氧对NO-NO2循环及表面含氧物种的分解作用简

通过在Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂载体上浸渍Pt（NO₃）₂制得Pt/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂催化剂,该催化剂在松散接触条件下,于NO+O₂或O₂气氛中均表现出比Pt/Al₂O₃更好的碳烟氧化性能. 进一步研究表明,Pt/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂催化剂中的Pt 与Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂存在相互作用,使得催化剂在一定温度范围内对活性氧的利用率大为提高,从而促进了气氛中NO↔NO₂的循环,乃至碳烟与NO₂的反应和碳烟表面含氧中间物种的生成;更重要的是,这部分活性氧本身可加速含氧中间物种的分解. 因此,在NO + O₂的气氛中,Pt/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂催化剂的碳烟起燃温度比Pt/Al₂O₃降低了34 ℃.     

CrOx/SiO2催化剂上丙烷在CO2气氛中脱氢反应的研究

采用XRD、UV-vis DRS、ESR和微分吸附量热等技术,考察了铬担载量分别为2.5、5和10wt%的CrO_x/SiO₂催化剂的结构、表面性质和氧化还原性能。结果表明,催化剂表面上存在多种Cr的氧化态和聚集形式。随着Cr担载量从2.5wt%到10wt%的逐渐增大,催化剂表面占主导地位的Cr物种由CrO₃单体转为多聚CrO₃和Cr₂O₃晶相。在CO₂气氛中催化剂对丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性的大小顺序为2.5wt%CrO_x/SiO₂>5wt%CrO_x/SiO₂>10wt%CrO_x/SiO₂,反应过程中的原位ESR和UV-visDRS测定结果表明,催化剂表面的反应活性中心为Cr⁵⁺,Cr⁵⁺可由催化剂预处理过程中Cr³⁺的氧化及丙烷反应过程中CrO₃单体的还原产生,在反应中CO₂可使Cr³⁺重新氧化为Cr⁵⁺.     

还原剂对La0.7Sr0.3Co0.8Fe0.2O3钙钛矿催化剂NOx储存性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.7Sr0.3Co0.8Fe0.2O3钙钛矿催化剂,考察了还原剂种类(CO,C3H6,H2)对催化剂在氮氧化物储存还原(NSR)循环前后的氮氧化物储存量(NSC)和NO-to-NO2转化率的影响.O2程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)实验结果表明,CO还原后的钙钛矿催化剂上形成了较多的氧空位,而氧空位则是一种有效的NOx储存活性中心.活性测试和傅里叶红外变换(FTIR)光谱表征结果显示:在NSR循环中,以CO为还原剂时催化剂显示了最佳的氮氧化物(NOx)储存效果.进一步的研究结果显示,当采用CO作为还原剂时,经过三次NSR循环后,催化剂中出现了Sr3Fe2O7新物相,而该物相可能具有比La0.7Sr0.3Co0.8Fe0.2O3钙钛矿更佳的NOx储存性能.综上所述,CO作为还原剂时可能使钙钛矿催化剂产生更多的氧空位以及更易于储存NOx的Sr3Fe2O7物相,这些原因使其NOx储存性能得到了大幅度改善.     

BaFeO3-x与Cu-ZSM-5耦合催化剂的NOx储存还原性能

为替代传统的贵金属基NO_x储存还原（NSR）催化剂,本文设计并制备了不含贵金属的BaFeO_3-x+Cu-ZSM-5 耦合催化剂,用于催化消除稀燃发动机尾气中的NO_x. 在稀燃阶段,NO在BaFeO_3-x催化剂上发生了氧化和储存反应;在富燃阶段,从BaFeO_3-x催化剂中脱附出来未能消除的NO_x被置于其后的Cu-ZSM-5催化剂进一步催化消除. 实验结果表明,BaFeO_3-x+Cu-ZSM-5 耦合催化剂的工作温度窗口被拓宽到250-400 ℃,同时NO_x消除性能得到了显著提高：NO_x转化率最高可达98%,N₂选择性接近100%.     

用于NO_x低温下吸附还原的CoO_x/CeO_2二元氧化物的制备

研究了以多孔二氧化硅微球和活性炭为载体制备NOx吸附/还原催化剂的方法,摸索了最佳Ce/Co物质的量的比例。采用低温氮吸附方法测定了样品的BET比表面和孔容,利用XRD方法表征了样品中所掺杂的金属元素的晶型。研究发现:当nCe/nCo=75/25时,材料获得最佳NOx吸附能力,当以多孔二氧化硅微球作载体时,材料对于NOx的吸附主要来自CoOx和CeO2的二元氧化物;当以活性炭作为载体时,活性炭参与了NOx的吸附,因此其吸附容量大大提高。对NOx的吸附机理进行了探讨,并研究了样品的NH3还原性质。     

低于300℃时两种氧化铈材料对稀燃阶段NOx存储性能的影响

The present work investigated the effects of two types of CeO₂ materials on the lean NO_x trap (LNT) performance over NO_x storage reduction (NSR) catalysts below 300 ℃. These materials were obtained by mechanical mixing of 2% (w) Pt/Al₂O₃ (PA) with CeO₂-X (X=S, I). X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the physical structures of the catalysts, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) were employed to identify and quantify the surface Ce³⁺ concentrations and the amounts of surface-active oxygen. In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (In-situ DRIFTS) was applied to analyze the surface adsorbed NO_x species. Compared with CeO₂-I, CeO₂-S presented superior physico-chemical properties, including higher surface area, richer porous texture, stronger aging-resistance, and higher surface Ce³⁺ concentration. As a result, the PA+CeO₂-S sample also exhibited outstanding NO_x trapping capacity. Furthermore, interaction between Pt and CeO₂ was observed in the PA+CeO₂-X mixtures, which facilitates NO oxidation and the NO_x trapping process owing to the accompanying increase in the activity of surface active oxygen on the CeO₂. This interaction was stronger in the case of the PA+CeO₂-S sample as compared with the PA+CeO₂-I. The Ce³⁺ content and presence of active oxygen species on the CeO₂ surface both play critical roles in the NO_x trapping process and hydrothermal treatment of the CeO₂ significantly decreased the NO_x trapping capacity of both PA+CeO₂ samples. It was also determined that the interaction between Pt and aged CeO₂ is weakened and that the NO_x trapping capacity of aged CeO₂ is enhanced after loading a small amount of Pt, which is attributed to the promotion of nitrate formation by increased surface oxygen activity.     

NOx-Sorbing Metal Oxides, MnOx–CeO2. Oxidative NO Adsorption and NOx–H2 Reaction

(n)MnO_x–(1–n)CeO₂ binary oxides have been studied for the sorptive NO removal and subsequent reduction of NO_x sorbed to N₂ at low temperatures (150 °C). The solid solution with a fluorite-type structure was found to be effective for oxidative NO adsorption, which yielded nitrate (NO^– ₃) and/or nitrite (NO^– ₂) species on the surface depending on temperature, O₂ concentration in the gas feed, and composition of the binary oxide (n). A surface reaction model was derived on the basis of XPS, TPD, and DRIFTS analyses. Redox of Mn accompanied by simultaneous oxygen equilibration between the surface and the gas phase promoted the oxidative NO adsorption. The reactivity of the adsorbed NO_x toward H₂ was examined for MnO_x–CeO₂ impregnated with Pd, which is known as a nonselective catalyst toward NO–H₂ reaction in the presence of excess oxygen. The Pd/MnO_x–CeO₂ catalyst after saturated by the NO uptake could be regenerated by micropulse injections of H₂ at 150 °C. Evidence was presented to show that the role of Pd is to generate reactive hydrogen atoms, which spillover onto the MnO_x–CeO₂ surface and reduce nitrite/nitrate adsorbing thereon. Because of the lower reducibility of nitrate and the competitive H₂–O₂ combustion, H₂–NO reaction was suppressed to a certain extent in the presence of O₂. Nevertheless, Pd/MnO_x–CeO₂ attained 65% NO-conversion in a steady stream of 0.08% NO, 2% H₂, and 6% O₂ in He at as low as 150 °C, compared to ca. 30% conversion for Pd/–Al₂O₃ at the same temperature. The combination of NO_x-sorbing materials and H₂-activation catalysts is expected to pave the way to development of novel NO_x-sorbing catalysts for selective deNO_x at very low temperatures.     

合成方法对Rh/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3催化剂的结构、表面性能及DeNOx活性的影响

用沉积沉淀法合成两种不同系列的CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3混合氧化物(ZrO2和La2O3沉积CeO2粒子(标记为A-x)以及CeO2和La2O3沉积ZrO2粒子(标记为B-x)),并用作Rh催化剂的载体。XRD、拉曼、TPR、XPS和O2脉冲等表征结果显示出不同的沉积顺序将导致不同的结构和氧化还原性能,且B-x具有更高的氧迁移性、储氧能力和表面Ce浓度。当其负载Rh后,Rh/B-x催化剂具有更高的NO和CO转化率及N2选择性,且Ce的最佳含量为50at%。这可能归因于Rh负载于富铈表面形成更多有利于NO分解的表面Ce3+活性位。     

Overview on the selective lean NO x reduction by hydrocarbons over Pt-based catalysts

Selective catalytic reduction of NO _x with hydrocarbons (HC-SCR) has received much attention as one of potential technologies for reducing NO _x emissions under lean-burn conditions. Pt/ZSM-5 prepared by sublimation method and Pt/V/MCM-41 catalysts have been introduced for the wider activity temperature window than those Pt catalysts reported previously. The influence of pre-treatment, oxygen concentration, water and SO₂ on the activities of Pt-based catalysts has been discussed. Combinatorial catalysis, which has been developed recently for discovering the practical HC-SCR catalysts quickly, has been introduced too. Finally, the reaction mechanism of HC-SCR over Pt-based catalysts has been briefly discussed.     

Electrocatalysis and redox behavior of Pt2+ ion in CeO2 and Ce0.85Ti0.15O2: XPS evidence of participation of lattice oxygen for high activity

Electronic states of CeO₂, Ce_1????em>x Pt _x O_2????em>δ , and Ce_{1????em>x????em>y} Ti _y Pt _x O_2????em>δ electrodes have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as a function of applied potential for oxygen evolution and formic acid and methanol oxidation. Ionically dispersed platinum in Ce_1????em>x Pt _x O_2????em>δ and Ce_{1????em>x????em>y} Ti _y Pt _x O_2????em>δ is active toward these reactions compared with CeO₂ alone. Higher electrocatalytic activity of Pt²⁺ ions in CeO₂ and Ce_1????em>x Ti _x O₂ compared with the same amount of Pt⁰ in Pt/C is attributed to Pt²⁺ ion interaction with CeO₂ and Ce_1????em>x Ti _x O₂ to activate the lattice oxygen of the support oxide. Utilization of this activated lattice oxygen has been demonstrated in terms of high oxygen evolution in acid medium with these catalysts. Further, ionic platinum in CeO₂ and Ce_1????em>x Ti _x O₂ does not suffer from CO poisoning effect unlike Pt⁰ in Pt/C due to participation of activated lattice oxygen which oxidizes the intermediate CO to CO₂. Hence, higher activity is observed toward formic acid and methanol oxidation compared with same amount of Pt metal in Pt/C.