聚醚砜、聚醚醚酮的微波磺化研究

聚醚砜、聚醚醚酮的微波磺化研究牛利，张万金，吕慧娟，蒋大振（吉林大学化学系，长春，１３００２３）关键词聚醚砜，聚醚醚酮，微波磺化改性微波对被照射物质能产生深层加热作用，且加热速度快、均匀，因而在化学合成中可大幅度地提高反应速度［１，２］．对聚醚砜（Ｐ...     

用基团贡献法估算聚砜、聚醚砜及其磺化产物的溶度参

采用基团贡献法对聚醚砜、聚聚砜及其不同磺化度磺化产物的溶度参数分量δd、δp和δh进行了估算,提出了计算其任意磺化度产物的溶度参数的通式,同时补充了砜基和1,2,4－三取代苯基的基团贡献值Fdi,Fpi和Ehi并提出了计算聚合物溶度参数极性分量（δp)的数学模型,估算得到的结果与文献中的实验结果相吻合。     

质子交换膜用磺化聚芳醚的合成与性能研究

合成了一种用于质子交换膜的新型磺化聚芳醚. 由于特殊单体结构的设计, 在聚合物主链上引入取代基对主链进行保护, 用氯磺酸直接磺化方法在聚芳醚高分子侧基上引入磺酸功能基, 实现了聚合物磺化结构的可控定位合成, 得到了稳定性较好的磺化聚芳醚. 用溶液浇膜法制备了质子交换膜, 考察了质子交换膜的各种性能. 结果表明, 这种膜具有良好的成膜性, 水解性稳定性和优异热稳定性能, 5%的热失重温度为362.3 ℃. 氧化稳定性在80 ℃的Fenton’s试剂(3%的过氧化氢和2 mg/L的FeSO₄)中进行, 膜在69 min时才开始变碎, 表现出良好的氧化稳定性.     

侧链型含氟磺化聚醚砜/磺化聚酰亚胺共混质子交换膜的制备及性能

制备了一类侧链型含氟磺化聚醚砜(s SPFES)与磺化聚酰亚胺(SPI)共混质子交换膜(s SPFES/SPI),研究了其吸水率、尺寸变化、质子电导率及稳定性等性能.结果表明,2种磺化聚合物以三乙胺盐型溶液共混及铸膜时相容性良好,制备的s SPFES/SPI共混质子交换膜结构均一,透明结实,离子交换容量为1.76~1.88 mmol/g.s SPFES/SPI共混质子交换膜表现出横向低于纵向的各向异性尺寸变化特性,在60℃水中横向尺寸变化率低于10%,经140℃加压水处理24 h后仍能保持较好的机械强度,质量损失低于6.1%.当温度高于50℃时,完全水合状态下的s SPFES/SPI共混质子交换膜的质子电导率均达到0.1 S/cm.     

一种用于质子交换膜材料的磺化聚醚醚砜的合成

以发烟硫酸和4,4′-二氯二苯砜为原料,通过磺化反应,制得磺化二氯二苯砜,然后利用亲核缩聚反应,调整磺化单体和非磺化单体的比例,与四甲基联苯二酚进行聚合,制取了系列具有不同磺化度的聚醚醚砜,并对聚合物的结构进行了研究.     

磺化聚芳醚砜/磺化聚酰亚胺复合质子交换膜的制备与性能研究

利用溶液浇铸法制备了一系列双磺化型磺化聚芳醚砜/磺化聚酰亚胺(SPAES/SPI)复合质子交换膜.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示复合膜不存在明显的相分离,表明二者具有很好的相容性.由于SPI的引入,复合膜在甲醇中稳定性较纯SPAES具有大幅的提高,比Nafion112低得多的甲醇吸收率表明了这些复合膜具有比后者更低的甲醇透过率.复合膜显示了与单组分膜相类似的高温分解稳定性,磺酸基团的分解温度达到了290℃以上.复合膜显示出远高于纯SPAES膜的尺寸稳定性能,在130℃高温中200h处理后,所有的复合膜均保持了高的机械性能,而此时纯SPAES膜已经溶解于水中.而且由于两种磺化聚合物间的复合,复合膜维持了较高的IEC水平,显示了较高的质子导电率,在80%相对湿度时的质子导电率与Nafion112相近,而在水中的质子导电率均高于Nafion112.     

磺化聚醚酮酮热分解动力学研究

由美国杜邦公司开发出的聚醚酮酮(PEKK)是一种热塑性特种高分子材料,有优异的综合性能 ,并有突出的耐高温性[1],对PEKK的合成及性能的研究已有较多报道[2～4 ].对PEKK进行磺化改性后,可在芳环上引入磺酸基,得到磺化聚醚酮酮(SPEKK)[ 5],但目前对SPEKK的结构与性能的研究尚未深入[6].     

含磺酸酯基液晶的合成

把硫原子引入液晶分子,取代液晶分子中的碳原子和氧原子可得到含硫代苯甲酸酯［１］、砜基［２］、亚砜基［３］和亚磺酸基［４］等结构的液晶化合物,性能独特．但含磺酸酯基的液晶化合物尚未见文献报道．本文应用Ｎ,Ｎ二环己基碳二亚胺（ＤＣＣ）和４Ｎ,Ｎ二甲...     

杂萘联苯共聚醚砜的非均相磺化

以杂萘联苯共聚醚砜(PPHES)为原料,氯仿为溶剂,浓硫酸为磺化试剂,采用非均相磺化法对PPHES进行了磺化改性,得到了一系列不同磺化度的磺化杂萘联苯共聚醚砜(SPPHES).考察了浓硫酸浓度、磺化反应温度和时间等工艺条件对产物磺化度的影响.利用FT-IR、1H-NMR对SPPHES进行了表征.结果表明,磺酸基已成功引...     

磺化聚芳醚酮砜/聚吡咯复合型直接甲醇燃料电池用质子交换膜的制备与性能研究

以高磺化度的磺化聚芳醚酮砜(SPAEKS)和吡咯(Py)为原料,通过原位聚合的方法制备了含有不同吡咯含量的SPAEKS/PPy复合膜.红外谱图表明SPAEKS聚合物中的磺酸基团与聚吡咯(PPy)中的亚氨基基团之间形成了强烈的相互作用.扫描电镜照片显示PPy能够均匀地分散在SPAEKS聚合物基体中,没有发生团聚现象.通过对复合膜的性能测试发现PPy的引入提高了复合膜的热稳定性,降低了复合膜的吸水率,改善了其水溶胀性.同时膜中水的脱附系数下降,提高了膜的保水能力.SPAEKS/PPy-3复合膜的甲醇渗透系数达到了1.18×10-7cm2/s,明显低于纯SPAEKS膜的8.52×10-7cm2/s,而其质子传导率虽有所降低,但在25℃和80℃仍然分别达到了0.039S/cm和0.061S/cm,能够满足质子交换膜对质子传导率的要求.研究结果表明,聚吡咯与SPAEKS中磺酸基的摩尔比为0.99的复合膜有望在直接甲醇燃料电池中得到应用.     

A study of sulphonated and oxidized coals by thermal analysis

Earthy and xylytic brown coals from Poland have been sulphonated with 98% sulfuric acid at temperatures of 60°, 90° and 140°C. The main exothemic peak shifts to higher temperatures with increase in sulphonation reaction temperature whereas overall weight loss to 1000°C decreases. DTA curves of earthy and xylytic coals sulphonated at higher temperatures are similar, even though DTA curves of the unmodified coals differ appreciably. Thermal decomposition of earthy coal oxidized by nitric acid follows a different pattern. Nitric acid causes oxidation and depolymerization of the organic components and this is reflected in the shapes of DTA and TG curves of oxidized coals. As the nitric acid concentration and reaction temperature increase, the main exothermic peak shifts to lower temperatures (from 330°C for basic coal to 270°C for coal oxidized with 30 and 50% nitric acid). The weight loss is higher for oxidized coal than for coal unmodified by nitric acid.     

Direct imaging of carbon nanotubes spontaneously filled with solvent

For the first time, cryo-TEM imaging is used to directly show spontaneous filling of carbon nanotubes immersed in a solvent in the native state at ambient conditions. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are dissolved in chlorosulfonic acid, and the high contrast between the acid and the carbon shows the difference between filled and unfilled nanotubes.     

One-dimensional and two-dimensional liquid chromatography of sulphonated lignins

One- and two-dimensional separation methods have been developed for the analysis of lignosulphonates and sulphonated kraft lignins. The evaluated sulphonated lignins are all used as dispersants in agrochemical formulations, where some give rise to physical instabilities of formulations. It is of interest to identify the properties of the sulphonated lignins that determine the formulation characteristics. Tetrapentylammonium bromide has been used as an ion-pair reagent in a gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic (IP-RPLC) method, as well as in aqueous size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Clear differences in the size distribution were observed between different batches of sulphonated lignins. The RPLC and SEC methods were combined in a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography system. The retention times in the two dimensions were highly correlated. Therefore, the full potential of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography was not yet realized. However, the results did reveal that retention in IP-RPLC was not determined by the degree of sulphonation of similar-size molecules. Rather, molecules were separated according to size and the degree of sulphonation appears to be approximately constant. The information obtained in this study represents a significant step towards meaningful correlations between the requirements of surfactants within an agrochemical formulation and structural parameters, such as the size and the degree of sulphonation of lignin oligomers.     

Generation and synthetic uses of stable 4-[2-isopropylidene]-phenol carbocation from bisphenol A

[reaction: see text] Stable 4-[2-isopropylidene]-phenol carbocation, IPP cation 1, was generated readily by addition of bisphenol A in concentrated sulfuric acid at ambient temperature, and the cation could be used for facile syntheses of 4-isopropenyl phenol (IPP), IPP dimers, and spiro-bisphenol derivatives.     

Modified poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) membranes for direct methanol fuel cell

Sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s (SPPEK)s were synthesized by the modification of poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid or 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid mixture at 80–100°C. The presence of sulfonic acid groups in SPPEKs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the DSs were determined by Energy Dispersive X‐Ray (EDX). A blend membrane of No. 21 SPPEK and phosphotungstic acid (PWA) was prepared. The methanol permeabilities of SPPEK and blend membranes were about 20 times lower than that of Nafion117 at room temperature. The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) test of 2 M methanol solution and air breathing showed that the blend membrane had a better performance than that of the Nafion117. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polyethersulfone sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid and its membrane characteristics

Sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) was prepared by homogeneous method with chlorosulfonic acid as sulfonating agent and concentrated sulfuric acid as solvent. The presence of sulfonic acid groups in SPES was confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies were carried out to investigate the thermal stability of SPES. Membranes were cast from SPES solutions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Tensile strength of prepared membranes decreased with degree of sulfonation (DS) but water uptakes of SPES membranes increased with DS. Compared with unsulfonated polyethersulfone membrane, the hydrophilicity of SPES membranes was increased, as shown by a reduced contact angle with water. Amorphous structures for SPES membranes were detected by X-ray diffraction. Atomic force microscopy phase images of the membranes clearly showed the hydrophilic domains at higher DS.     

Water—glycerol permeation through styrene-grafted and sulphonated PTFE membranes

The permeability and selectivity of styrene-grafted and sulphonated PTFE membranes towards binary mixtures of water and glycerol were studied.The swelling of the membrane shows maxima at an intermediate concentration of the mixture and increases with increasing sulphonation. The permeating flow, ø, increases with the amount of sulphonic groups in the membrane, while the selectivity, α, only changes slightly with sulphonation. Both ø and α decrease with increasing glycerol concentration in the feed mixture. A strong increase of both α and ø values with temperature was observed, mainly due to increased diffusion of water through the membrane.     

Silica Sulfuric Acid: An Efficient and Versatile Acidic Catalyst for the Rapid and Ecofriendly Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles at Ambient Temperature

A rapid and green synthesis of 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles is reported. The title compounds were prepared by the reaction of different acyl hydrazides and orthoesters in the presence of silica sulfuric acid under solvent‐free conditions. In this new process, reactions were run at ambient temperature and completed in a short period of time with high yields.     

三维荧光二阶校正法用于尿液样中氢化可的松的定量测定

本文提出了三维荧光光谱结合二阶校正算法实现人体尿液样中氢化可的松定量测定的新方法。氢化可的松本身的荧光较弱,但与浓硫酸反应后可以生成强荧光的化合物。利用这一特性,采用浓硫酸为氧化剂,设定在激发波长为300-370nm、发射波长为400-580nm范围内测定尿液样中氢化可的松的三维荧光光谱,构建三维响应数据阵,然后运用基于三线性分解的二阶校正算法进行解析。当组分数N取3时,采用基于平行因子分析（PARAFAC）算法的Z-阶校正法的平均回收率为98.6±4.1％,预测残差平方根（RMSEP）为0.0114;采用基于满秩平行因子分析（FRA-PARAFAc）算法的二阶校正法的平均回收率和RMSEP分别为99.3±2.4％和0.0066。两种算法可以得到相近且满意的结果。     

Novel hydrophilic membrane materials: sulfonated polyethersulfone Cardo

Sulfonated polyethersulfone Cardo was prepared by solvent-free reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid on the polymer. The polymer can be sulfonated to different degrees by control of the reaction temperature and time. The degradation of it main chain was shown to occur at high reaction temperature or at very long time. Higher sulfonation obtained at longer reaction times led to soluble polyelectrolytes. Polymers with an ion exchange capacity lower than 1.75 equiv. kg⁻¹ are not soluble in water while being hydrophilic. Asymmetric membranes can be prepared from the latter polymers by the wet phase-inversion method with water as the precipitation medium. They can be used as hydrophilic membranes for ultrafiltration or nanofiltration.