Ni/SiO_2、Ni/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂上顺酐液相选择加氢合成γ-丁内酯

通过溶胶-凝胶方法结合超临界干燥技术制备了SiO2和TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物气凝胶载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/SiO2和Ni/TiO2-SiO2催化剂,运用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、TEM及FT-IR等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在顺酐液相选择加氢合成γ-丁内酯反应中的催化性能.结果表明,Ni/TiO2-SiO2催化剂中Ti-O-Si键的形成增强了NiO与载体的相互作用,促进了NiO在载体表面的分散,得到了晶粒较小的活性Ni0物种,表现出高的加氢活性,在H2压力5.0 MPa、反应温度240℃、反应时间6 h的条件下,顺酐转化率为100%,γ-丁内酯的选择性达94.7%.     

镍基催化剂的制备、表征及选择加氢性能

研究了溶胶-凝胶-超临界流体干燥法（sol-gel-SCFD）和浸渍法（IM）制备的SiO2负载镍催化剂的顺酐液相加氢性能,并用XRD、TPR、IR等手段对催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了表征.结果表明: 1) Sol-Gel-SCFD法制备的催化剂其体相和表面结构与镍含量有关,当镍含量 < 30％(质量分数)时,NiO主要以簇团形式存在;随镍含量增高到50％,过量的NiO以微晶态存在并覆盖部分NiO簇团.顺酐(MA)加氢产物有丁二酸酐(SA)和γ-丁内酯(γ-BL),它们的选择性随镍含量增加呈规律性变化;在镍含量为30％的催化剂上γ-BL选择性呈现最大值. 2) IM法制备的催化剂其体相和表面结构与镍含量无关,当镍含量在6％～30％范围内变化时,NiO都以结晶态存在,MA加氢产物为SA; NiO与SiO2的相互作用随镍含量增加而减弱,SA的选择性不变.     

NiO/SiO2气凝胶催化剂性能研究 Ⅱ. 顺酐合成丁二酸酐和γ-丁内酯的工艺条件

研究了溶胶-凝胶法制备的NiO-SiO2催化剂上温度,压力,反应时间,催化剂用量等工艺条件对顺酐液相选择加氢性能的影响.结果表明镍含量为30%的NiO/SiO2气凝胶催化剂在适当的反应条件下顺酐液相加氢可高选择性地获得丁二酸酐和γ-丁内酯.当反应温度453K,氢压5.0MPa,反应时间8h,顺酐转化率100%,γ-丁内酯的选择性78.57%;生成丁二酸酐的条件因有或无溶剂而异,有溶剂存在时,反应温度398K,氢压2.0MPa;无溶剂在423K,氢压1.0MPa,顺酐转化率和丁二酸酐的选择性达99.5%以上.     

Cr-Cu/SiO2 催化剂上顺酐和1,4-丁二醇的耦合反应

研究了Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上顺酐加氢反应和1,4-丁二醇脱氢反应耦合制备重要的精细化学品γ-丁内酯.耦合反应显著提高了顺酐转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性.Cr修饰提高了催化剂的脱氢活性,抑止了催化剂的过度加氢活性,使1,4-丁二醇的转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性显著提高.Cr修饰量为w=5%的Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上耦合反应的原料转化率为100%,γ-丁内酯选择性达98.8%.XRD,XPS等研究表明,Cr修饰促进了催化剂上铜元素的分散,氧化铬对氧化铜有给电子作用,Cr修饰的Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂还原后比Cu/SiO2具有更多的Cu ,这有利于催化剂脱氢活性和γ-丁内酯选择性的提高.     

NiO-SiO2，NiO-Al2O3和NiO-Al2O3-SiO2催化剂上顺酐选择加氢性能的比较

以正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铝分别为硅源和铝源，硝酸镍为活性组分前驱物，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了NiO-SiO2，NiO-Al2O3和NiO-Al2O3-SiO2催化剂。顺酐液相选择加氢活性和选择性评价结果表明：顺酐在三种催化剂上转化率都在99%以上，而产物的选择性有较大的差别，其中NiO-SiO2催化剂上γ-丁内酯的选择性达80.1%，NiO-Al2O3催化剂上丁二酸酐选择性达99%以上，NiOAl2O3SiO2催化剂上两种产物都有。XRD，TPR等体相结构和表面结构的表征说明，三种催化剂的相组成、NiO的分散性及与载体的相互作用存在明显差别，这些差别可能是造成不同选择加氢性能的原因。     

溶胶—凝胶法制备NiO／SiO2催化剂研究

分别以正硅酸乙酯、硝酸镍为硅源和镍源,采用溶胶－凝胶法,经超临界流体干燥和普通干燥制备了NiO-A-SiO2、NiO-G-SiO2催化剂;以气凝胶和干凝胶为载体,采用浸渍法制备了NiO/A-SiO2、NiO/G-SiO2催化剂。并用XRD、TEM、BET、TPR等手段,研究了制备方法对催化剂织构、结构和Ni物种存在形态的影响,发现NiO-A-SiO2和NiO-G-SiO2催化剂上高度分散的NiO簇团与SiO2之间有较强的相互作用,其顺酐液相选择加氢转化率低于10％;NiO/G-SiO2催化剂上,以单一物种形态存在的NiO与SiO2相互作用弱,顺酐转化率为42％;NiO/A-SiO2催化剂上,以多种形态存在的微量NiO与SiO2间的相互作用较复杂,其顺酐液相选择加氢的转化率和丁二酸酐的选择性分别可达100％和98％。     

载体对镍催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应性能的影响

 采用等量浸渍法制备了不同载体负载的镍催化剂,考察了载体对催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应性能的影响. 结果表明,在650 ℃和101.3 kPa下,不同载体负载的催化剂上乙醇的转化率都接近100%,但选择性相差很大,选择性大小顺序为: ZnO≈La2O3＞CeO2＞MgO＞γ-Al2O3＞TiO2＞ZrO2＞硅胶＞硅藻土. TPR和XRD结果表明,除TiO2外,各载体负载的催化剂的主要物相中都包括NiO相,其对催化剂的活性起重要作用,而Ni与载体的相互作用程度影响催化剂的选择性. 当相互作用较弱,活性组分基本以NiO相存在时,催化剂的选择性较低;当相互作用太强,不存在NiO相时,催化剂的活性和选择性都很低; 当相互作用较强,部分Ni与载体作用生成新物相且与NiO相共存时,催化剂的活性和选择性最高.     

Cr-Cu/SiO2催化剂上顺酐和1,4-丁二醇的耦合反应

研究了Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂上顺酐加氢反应和1,4-丁二醇脱氢反应耦合制备重要的精细化学品γ-丁内酯. 耦合反应显著提高了顺酐转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性. Cr修饰提高了催化剂的脱氢活性, 抑止了催化剂的过度加氢活性, 使1,4-丁二醇的转化率和γ-丁内酯选择性显著提高. Cr修饰量为w＝5%的Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂上耦合反应的原料转化率为100%, γ-丁内酯选择性达98.8%. XRD, XPS等研究表明, Cr修饰促进了催化剂上铜元素的分散, 氧化铬对氧化铜有给电子作用, Cr修饰的Cr-Cu/SiO₂催化剂还原后比Cu/SiO₂具有更多的Cu^＋, 这有利于催化剂脱氢活性和γ-丁内酯选择性的提高.      

间苯二酚-甲醛树脂凝胶对Co/SiO_2催化剂费-托性能的影响(英文)

采用共沉淀法制备了高Co含量的Co/SiO2费托合成催化剂,并向其中添加一定含量的间苯二酚-甲醛树脂凝胶.结果表明,催化剂在393K干燥时,树脂会发生分解,因而仅有少量的含碳凝胶残留在催化剂中.然而,少量碳凝胶的存在显著增加了催化剂的还原度和金属钴的分散度,致使催化剂表面产生更多的活性金属Co,同时,催化剂的孔径也有所增大,因此Co/SiO2催化剂具有更高的反应活性及高碳烃选择性.其中80%Co/SiO2-C催化剂活性及高碳烃的选择性与我们前期报道的一种高活性的80%Co-8%ZrO/SiO催化剂相近.     

前驱物对NiO/SiO_2气凝胶催化剂性能的影响

分别用硝酸镍、醋酸镍和氯化镍为活性组分前驱物，正硅酸乙酯为硅源，采用 溶胶凝胶超临界流体干燥法制备了N-SiO_2，Ac-SiO_2和C-SiO_2催化剂，经TEM， TPR，XRD，IR等物性结构表征及催化加氢活性评价结果表明：前驱物对由溶胶凝胶 法制备催化剂中氧化镍的分散性，晶粒大小及与载体的相互作用都有明显的影响， N-SiO_2催化剂有Ni-O-Si键形成，NiO呈簇团结构，粒径最小，分散性最好，但加 氢活性最低；Ac-SiO_2和C-SiO_2催化剂中氧化镍呈微晶态，与载体相互作用较弱 。在三种催化剂中，NiO与载体相互作用强弱顺序为：N-SiO_2 > Ac-SiO_2 > C- SiO_2，但加氢活性大小顺序相反为：C-SiO_2 > Ac-SiO_2 > N-SiO_2；C-SiO_2催 化剂加氢活性和丁二酸酐的选择性均在99%以上。     

Solvent extraction separation of In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/ with sulphoxides

Solvent extraction studies have been made on some metals: In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/, from ammonium thiocyanate solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides. Separation of these metals from one another can be achieved by suitable choice of the extracted conditions. The nature of the extractable metal species has been elucidated.     

Synthesis of chlorobis/β-diketonato/oxotechnetium/V/ and tris/β-diketonato/technetium/III/ complexes

Chlorobis/-diketonato/ oxotechnetium/V/ complexes [TcOCl/-dik/₂, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane] were newly synthesized using macroamount of⁹⁹Tc. These complexes were further separated into geometrical isomers. Furthermore, an improvement of the yields for the syntheses of tris/-dike-tonato/technetium/III/ complexes [Tc/-dik/₃, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone] was examined using Tc/III/-thiourea complexes as a starting material.     

Crystal structure of Na3PO4 · 12H2O

The crystal structure of trisodium monophosphate hemihydrate was determined. The space group is $\text{C2}\text{c}$ and a unit cell contains eight formula units. The unit cell dimensions of $\text{Na}{}_3\text{PO}{}_4\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2\text{O}$ are a = 9.631(3), b = 5.416(2), c = 16.938(8) Å, β = 102.60(5)°. The final R value is 0.027 for a set of 1430 independent reflections. This atomic arrangement is mainly a three-dimensional network of distorted NaO₆ octahedra. The hydrogen bonding scheme is given.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

An investigation of the promotional effect of propylene or propane traces on the activity of sulfatedPt/g-Al2O3andPt-Sn/g-Al2O3inCH4combustion

Summary A strong promoting effect of the presence of C₃H₈or C₃H₆was determined for the combustion of CH₄in excess oxygen, over pre-sulfated 1%Pt/g-Al₂O₃and pre-sulfated 1%Pt-2%Sn/g-Al₂O₃catalysts.</o:p>     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

Oxygen defect K2NiF4-type oxides: The compounds La2−xSrxCuO4−x2+δ

Oxygen defect K₂NiF₄-type oxides $\text{La}{}_{\mathrm{2?x}}\text{Sr}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{CuO}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4?</mtext><mtext>x</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>+\delta </mtext>}}$ have been synthesized for a wide composition range: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. From the X-ray and electron diffraction study three domains have been characterized: orthorhombic compounds with La₂CuO₄ structure for 0 ≤ x < 0.10, tetragonal oxides similar to LaSrCuO₄ for 0.10 ≤ x < 1 and several superstructures derived from the tetragonal cell ( with n = 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 6) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.34. The compounds corresponding to 0 < x < 1 differ from the other oxides in that they are characterized by the presence of copper with two oxidation states: + 2 and + 3. A model structure for La_0.8Sr_1.2CuλO_3.4, in which copper has only the + 2 oxidation state, and for which the actual cell is tegragonal—a = 18.80₄ Å and c = 12.94 Å—has been established. The particular structural evolution of these compounds is discussed in terms of a competition between the capability of Cu(II) to be oxidized to Cu(III) and the ordering of oxygen vacancies.     

A study of the spinel materials LiTi2O4 and Li43Ti53O4 by photoelectron spectroscopy

HeI-excited valence-band ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and MgKα-excited Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectra are reported for the spinel materials LiTi₂O₄ and $\text{Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>4</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Ti}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>5</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{O}{}_4$. The presence of a Fermi edge in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ confirms the metallic nature of this material, although the measured density of states at the Fermi energy is much lower than that expected from an independent-electron interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility. This difference is attributed to a strong interaction of the conduction electrons with the lattice vibrations. The localization of conduction electrons that occurs in the final state in the Ti-2p X-ray photoelectron spectrum of LiTi₂O₄ is attributed to a Coulomb interaction with a core hole.     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ti1−2xNbxNixO2−x/2 solid solutions

Doped-rutile has been traditionally used in ceramic pigments for its intense optical properties. In this paper, we compare the classical ceramic synthesis of Ti_1−2xNb_xNi_xO_2−x/2 system with the sol-gel methodology, which allows a reduction of the anatase-rutile transformation temperature. The composition was optimised in order to obtain a unique rutile phase with the minimum amount of pollutant Ni(II) and enhanced chromatic coordinates. Incorporation of the doping ions in the rutile structure was corroborated by XRD and Rietveld refinements. The species responsible for the colour mechanism were studied by different techniques. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed the characteristic features of Ni²⁺ ions, whose existence was corroborated by EPR and magnetic measurements. From these results, (Ni,Nb)doped-TiO₂ powder samples can be now shaped as thin films, monoliths, etc. by using sol-gel methodology without modifying their properties. This study introduces new possibilities of coloured TiO₂-based solid solutions in new combined advanced applications (colouring agent and photocatalyst, etc.).