糖基胍的研究进展

许多含有糖基和胍基官能团的天然的及合成的化合物,都具有很强的生物活性,近年来引起研究者的极大兴趣。随着具有高活性的含有糖基和胍基天然产物不断被发现,糖基胍类化合物的合成方法也在不断地改进,包括嗜硫剂以及新型胍基化试剂的使用,使糖基胍类化合物的合成变得更加高效。本文对天然的及合成的糖基胍基化合物的结构及合成方法及其应用进行了较全面的阐述,并对该领域的发展方向提出了我们的看法。     

全取代胍基衍生物的合成及其与核苷酸或丁二酸分子间相互作用研究

通过酰氯作为活性中间体与四甲基胍反应，制备出具有不同空间结构的新型胍基化合物，其结构经元素分析，IR，1HNR，EI－MS，HRMS等表征，并通过1HNMR初步研究了其中部分化合物与核苷酸及丁二酸的分子间相互作用，为进一步研究胍基与生命物质－蛋白质和核酸的特异性识别奠定了基础。     

胍基配体的五核锡(Ⅱ)化合物的合成、结构及其对N,N''-二异丙基碳二亚胺加成苯胺反应的催化活性

通过苯胺的衍生物三甲基硅基取代的苯胺基锂与无水二氯化锡按物质的量之比1∶1.25在无水无氧的条件下反应,合成了基于胍基配体的五核锡化合物[PhNC(NMe)_2N(H)SnCl]_2[PhNC(NMe)_2NSnCl]_2Sn (1)。其结构分别用核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、元素分析和X射线单晶衍射技术进行了表征。化合物1在催化苯胺与碳二亚胺加成生成胍的反应中表现出较好的活性,以高收率得到了胍化合物。     

胍基硅前驱体的合成及应用

以胍基取代的二甲基二氯硅烷与胺基锂反应合成了3种硅基化合物,使用核磁共振、高分辨质谱、元素分析对化合物结构进行了表征,通过热重分析(TGA)研究了化合物的热稳定性、挥发性、蒸汽压等性能。 3种化合物均具有良好的热稳定性及挥发性,无明显热分解过程,固体残留小于1%,接近纯挥发过程,最高蒸汽压在3600~5300 Pa,满足前驱体使用要求。 以二甲基-胍基-甲乙胺基-硅烷为前驱体,采用螺旋波等离子体气相沉积(HWPCVD)工艺制备了硅基薄膜,使用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了薄膜的化学组成和膜表面结构,XPS分析结果证实该薄膜为Si、N、C组成,实验结果表明,该类胍基硅化合物可作为硅基化学气相沉积(CVD)前驱体材料应用于集成电路制造。     

新型的双阴离子型镱（III）胺化物{[Me2Si（NPh）2]2Yb[（N^iPr）2CN（SiMe3）2]}{Li（THF）2}2的合成及晶体结构

胍基稀土衍生物的合成、结构及反应性能是近年来稀土有机化学中的一个重要研究内容[1-5],大量文献报道了二胍基稀土氯化物可以与烷基锂盐或单胺基锂盐反应得到相应的烷基化合物和胺化物.     

糖基取代的胍类化合物合成研究

胍基化合物有较强的生理活性,如抗高血压、降血糖、抗病毒、治疗爱滋病和抗癌等性能[1].近年来,含糖基的胍越来越受到制药工业的关注[2,3],糖基碎片的引入提高了胍类化合物的活性.以糖基异硫氰酸酯和2-氨基-4-取代苯基噻唑为原料,得到硫脲,再与伯胺在氯化汞存在下发生反应,合成了一系列糖基胍类化合物.     

胍基稀土配合物[(CH2)5NC(NiPr)2]3Yb的合成及晶体结构

胍基可以通过改变氮上的取代基来调控配合物的空间及电荷效应，它们作为辅助配体用于稀土金属配合物的合成得到了人们的广泛关注。本文通过胍基锂盐和无水YbCl3以3：1的摩尔比进行复分解反应，合成了均配型稀土化合物[(CH2)5NC(N^iPr)2]3Yb，测得它为正交品系，     

含胍基抗菌聚合物的合成及应用

开发能与细菌非特异性结合的新型抗菌剂是解决细菌感染难题的方法之一。本文首先介绍了一种具有持久广谱高效抗菌性、无真核细胞毒性和细菌很难产生耐药性的含胍基抗菌聚合物;接着详细介绍了含胍基抗菌聚合物与细菌非特异性静电结合的抗菌机理;然后重点评述了主链含胍基抗菌聚合物、侧链含胍基抗菌聚合物以及表面接枝含胍基抗菌聚合物的设计理念、合成方法和抗菌性能;最后对新型含胍基抗菌聚合物的可控合成策略及应用前景进行了展望。     

神经氨酸酶与三羟基甲氧基黄酮衍生物相互作用的分子模拟

以5,7,4’-三羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮(MF)为先导物,以现有的神经氨酸酶(NA)抑制剂类药物的结构特征为参考,设计了一系列的三羟基甲氧基黄酮衍生物,并运用分子对接与分子动力学相结合的方法进行了筛选及作用机制分析.分子对接结果表明,功能团(羧基及胍基/氮-乙酰氨基)的引入并未影响衍生物在酶活性腔中的结合位置,衍生物的结构与相互作用能之间存在一定的联系.将羧基和胍基作为替代基团引入到MF的C7及C5位上所得的新化合物(9)在所合成的衍生物中具有最好的结合能力(-1172.52 kJ/mol),远远优于现有先导药物4-(氮-乙酰氨基)-5-胍基-3-(3-戊氧基)安息香酸(BA)和MF与NA的结合能力(-672.12和-347.44 kJ/mol).进一步的作用机制分析发现,在神经氨酸酶活性腔中,化合物9的羧基和胍基的空间取向与现有药物中这两个基团的空间取向一致,且化合物9与先导药物MF一样,能与活性腔内保守残基Asp151和Glu227发生较强的相互作用.因此可认为化合物9是一种具有应用潜质的新型神经氨酸酶抑制剂.本研究结果为实验研究和设计抗流感药物提供了可行性思路.     

单嘧磺隆原药组成的定性和定量分析

磺酰脲类除草剂作用于乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS),对温血动物几乎无毒,磺酰脲活性分子必须含有胍桥,在胍桥间位须为双取代,而对位不能有任何取代基,分子中还须有一个杂环系统,前文从室内筛选出发,发现部分单一取代杂环的磺酰脲化合物也具有足够的除草活性,     

Molecular recognition: from solution science to nano/materials technology

In the 25 years since its Nobel Prize in chemistry, supramolecular chemistry based on molecular recognition has been paid much attention in scientific and technological fields. Nanotechnology and the related areas seek breakthrough methods of nanofabrication based on rational organization through assembly of constituent molecules. Advanced biochemistry, medical applications, and environmental and energy technologies also depend on the importance of specific interactions between molecules. In those current fields, molecular recognition is now being re-evaluated. In this review, we re-examine current trends in molecular recognition from the viewpoint of the surrounding media, that is (i) the solution phase for development of basic science and molecular design advances; (ii) at nano/materials interfaces for emerging technologies and applications. The first section of this review includes molecular recognition frontiers, receptor design based on combinatorial approaches, organic capsule receptors, metallo-capsule receptors, helical receptors, dendrimer receptors, and the future design of receptor architectures. The following section summarizes topics related to molecular recognition at interfaces including fundamentals of molecular recognition, sensing and detection, structure formation, molecular machines, molecular recognition involving polymers and related materials, and molecular recognition processes in nanostructured materials.     

pH‐Responsive Supramolecular Polymerization in Aqueous Media Driven by Electrostatic Attraction‐Enhanced Crown Ether‐Based Molecular Recognition

All the previously reported supramolecular polymers based on crown ether‐based molecular recognition have been prepared in anhydrous organic solvents. This is mainly due to the weakness of crown ether‐based molecular recognition in the presence of water. Here we report a linear supramolecular polymer constructed from a heteroditopic monomer in an aqueous medium driven by crown ether‐based molecular recognition through the introduction of electrostatic attraction. In addition, the reversible transition between the linear supramolecular polymer and oligomers is achieved by adding acid and base. This study realizes the breakthrough of the solvent for supramolecular polymerization driven by crown ether‐based molecular recognition from anhydrous organic solvents to aqueous media. It is helpful for achieving supramolecular polymerization driven by crown ether‐based molecular recognition in a completely aqueous medium.     

对羟基苯甲酸、水杨酸分子印迹聚合物分子识别性质的 研究

以对羟基苯甲酸(4-HBA)为模板分子,4-乙烯吡啶(4-Vpy)为功能单体,制备得到了4-HBA分子印迹聚合物P(4-HBA),研究了该聚合物的分子识别机理,并与在同样条件下制备的水杨酸(SA)分子印迹聚合物P(SA)进行了分子识别能力的比较。结果表明：P(SA)比P(4-HBA)具有更好的分子识别能力。这是由于SA的酸性较4-HBA强,因此与碱性功能单体4-Vpy之间的静电作用更强,从而得到的复合物更稳定。本实验结果证明：功能单体与模板分子形成稳定的复合物是得到分子识别能力高的模板聚合物的前提条件。本文将有助于对分子印迹的过程以及分子印迹聚合物分子识别机理的进一步理解,并且对于根据模板分子的性质预测MIP的分子识别能力也将具有一定的指导意义。     

Green polymers from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans DSM465--candidates for molecularly imprinted materials

Novel molecular recognition materials were prepared from water soluble proteins from thermophile G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 by an alternative molecular imprinting method. Water soluble proteins from G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 were converted into the molecularly imprinted materials by adopting 9-EA as a print molecule. The molecularly imprinted protein membranes recognized As in preference to Gs. The adsorption isotherms led to the conclusion that molecular recognition sites toward As were constructed by the presence of 9-EA during the membrane preparation process. The affinity constant between As and the molecular recognition site thus constructed was determined to be 1.75 x 10(5) mol(-1) dm(3). The results obtained in the present study suggest that water soluble proteins from G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 is one of environmentally-friendly 'green' polymers to be converted into molecular recognition materials by applying an alternative molecular imprinting method.     

Supramolecular chemistry

The article discusses molecular recognition and overviews the key concepts -storage and retrieval of chemical information by molecular structures, supramolecular reagents and catalysts, molecular transport, semiochemistry and self assembly. The prospects of controlling supramolecular architecture through engineered molecular recognition and design of ‘programmed systems’ controlled by molecular information are also discussed.     

Cross-linking strategy for molecular recognition and fluorescent sensing of a multi-phosphorylated peptide in aqueous solution

In the research field of molecular recognition, selective recognition and sensing of phosphorylated protein surfaces is strongly desirable both for elucidation of protein-protein recognition at the molecular level and for regulation of signal transduction through protein surfaces. Here we describe a new strategy for molecular recognition of a multi-phosphorylated peptide using intrapeptide cross-linking on the basis of coordination chemistry. The present artificial receptor can selectively bind to doubly phosphorylated peptide through multiple-point interactions and fluorescently sense the binding event with an association constant of more than 106 M-1 in neutral aqueous solution.     

超分子体系中的分子识别——桥连环糊精对模型底物的键合能力及分子选择性

综述了近年来连双环糊精分子识别的研究进展,主要从疏水相互作用、多重识别、尺寸和构型匹配、热力学性质以及环糊精二聚体分子识别的一些应用等方面对研究结果进行了评述。     

功能化核酸适体的筛选及分子识别应用

核酸适体是从寡核苷酸文库中筛选获得的一段单链寡核苷酸. 由于能与多种靶标分子高特异性结合, 核酸适体已发展成为一种新兴的分子识别工具, 广泛应用于生物医学等领域. 天然核酸文库有限的化学组成限制了核酸适体的结构和功能, 进而限制了其在分子识别中的应用. 功能化核酸适体通过引入特定的化学官能团使核酸序列具有更丰富的构象和功能, 增强其分子识别能力. 然而, 功能化核酸很难与核酸扩增方法兼容, 因而难以使用传统筛选方法进行功能化核酸的筛选. 因此, 优化筛选方法对于获得具有优异性能的功能化核酸适体至关重要. 本综述总结了功能化核酸适体的筛选方法, 并介绍了其作为分子识别工具在生物医学领域中的应用.     

A molecular mechanics analysis of molecular recognition by cyclodextrin mimics of α-chymotrypsin

The method of molecular mechanics is used to investigate the structural and electrostatic features of molecular recognition by β-cyclodextrin and capped β-cyclodextrin models of α-chymotrypsin. Since capped β-cyclodextrin has been shown to be the more effective biomimetic catalyst, these features of molecular recognition can be interpreted in terms of the relationship between molecular structure and catalytic function. Calculations in vacuo show that the addition of an N-methylformamide “cap” substituent to each glucose unit appears to change the relative orientation of some glucose fragments from that found in the X-ray structure of the β-cyclodextrin macrocycle. These results indicate that certain structural components of molecular recognition, such as the orientation of the secondary hydroxyls and the related orientation of the caps, may be implicated in the catalysis. In addition, the electrostatic component of molecular recognition was investigated by the analysis of molecular electrostatic potential maps calculated in planes parallel to the average plane of the glycosidic oxygen atoms. The results indicate that the addition of the caps to the β-cyclodextrin macrocycle subtly alters the pattern of the maps in each plane. However, the general qualitative features of electrostatic recognition by β-cyclodextrin and capped β-cyclodextrin are similar.     

Molecular Recognition‐Mediated Transformation of Single‐Chain Polymer Nanoparticles into Crosslinked Polymer Films

We describe single‐chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) possessing intramolecular dynamic covalent crosslinks that can transform into polymer films through a molecular recognition‐mediated crosslinking process. The SCNPs utilise molecular recognition with surface‐immobilised proteins to concentrate upon a substrate, bringing the SCNPs into close spatial proximity with one another and allowing their dynamic covalent crosslinkers to undergo intra‐ to interpolymer chain crosslinking leading to the formation of polymeric film. SCNPs must possess both the capacity for specific molecular recognition and a dynamic nature to their intramolecular crosslinkers to form polymer films, and an investigation of the initial phase of film formation indicates it proceeds from features which form upon the surface then grow predominantly in the xy directions. This approach to polymer film formation presents a potential method to “wrap” surfaces displaying molecular recognition motifs—which could potentially include viral, cellular and bacterial surfaces or artificial surfaces displaying multivalent recognition motifs—within a layer of polymer film.