一种高效的多孔氮掺杂碳基气凝胶催化剂及其催化乙苯氧化性能

通过水热合成和高温煅烧的方法制备了多孔氮掺杂碳基复合气凝胶,其可作为一种高效的催化剂.该方法是以蒲绒和石墨烯气凝胶作为碳源和模板,尿素作为氮源.分别采用XRD,FT-IR,Raman和TEM对这些催化剂进行表征分析.以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,探究该复合气凝胶在乙苯选择性氧化生成苯乙酮的反应体系中的催化性能,实验结果表明,该复合气凝胶在该体系中具有优异的催化活性,苯乙酮的选择性可达92%以上.这是由于复合气凝胶中的多孔结构,氮元素的掺杂以及蒲绒和石墨烯气凝胶之间的相互作用.将生物质蒲绒转化为高催化活性碳材料,这种新颖的方法为寻找高性能催化氧化乙苯的催化剂提供了新的设计前景.     

氮、 硼掺杂石墨烯活性位点及其在氧化反应中作用的研究进展

随着绿色化学的逐渐推广,碳材料作为最有前途的绿色无金属催化剂而备受关注。通过对石墨烯引入杂原子进行化学掺杂是目前最常用于改良碳材料催化活性的有效方法。从结构上看,掺杂石墨烯内特定活性物种在催化过程中起到活性位点的作用,且催化剂的催化活性随活性位点含量增加而增强。且其内部活性位点含量可通过改变制备方法中制备条件实现调控,这有助于开发具有高催化活性的掺杂石墨烯催化剂。本文综述了氮掺杂石墨烯和硼掺杂石墨烯内可作为活性位点的官能团,提出制备方法对活性位点含量的影响,并讨论了内部活性位点在氧化反应中的作用。最后对未来研究方向提出了建议和展望,为开发更高效掺杂石墨烯催化剂提供了思路。     

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯/四氧化三钴双功能催化剂的制备及表征

采用尿素作为氮源,通过热退火法制备氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯,然后以乙酰丙酮钴作为钴源通过水热法制备氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯/四氧化三钴杂化纳米片作为催化氧还原和氧析出反应的双功能催化剂。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线电子能谱仪(XPS)等对其进行形貌结构表征,通过旋转圆盘电极等电化学测试对其电催化性能进行分析,可以看出该催化剂具有良好的氧还原和氧析出催化性能。     

氮掺杂石墨烯的制备及氧还原电催化性能

采用两步热解法,用尿素掺杂氧化石墨烯(GO)得到N掺杂的还原氧化石墨烯(N-RGO),通过控制反应温度,制备了具有不同电催化活性的N掺杂的还原氧化石墨烯.透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示,制得的氮掺杂石墨烯(nG)表面褶皱和重叠增加.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)证明,氮元素以吡啶N、吡咯N和石墨化的N 3种形式掺杂在石墨烯中,最高摩尔分数为6.6%.通过循环伏安(CV)和旋转圆盘电极(RDE)测试了nG的电化学性能,结果表明,在酸性电解质中对氧还原(ORR)有较高的催化活性,起始电位在0.1 V左右,电催化还原氧气时主要为四电子反应,且相对商用的Pt/C催化剂有更好的电化学稳定性,其中第一步热解温度为200℃制得的nG催化性能最好.     

氮掺杂石墨烯/多酚氧化酶修饰电极检测苯酚

制备了基于氮掺杂石墨烯的多酚氧化酶修饰电极,并将其应用于苯酚的检测。首先利用改进的Hummers方法制备氧化石墨,然后以聚苯胺为氮源,采用水热还原法制备了氮掺杂石墨烯材料,采用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜对制备得到的氮掺杂石墨烯进行微观结构表征。将制备得到的氮掺杂石墨烯与多酚氧化酶复合,利用戊二醛交联的方法制备酶修饰电极,采用循环伏安法、差示脉冲伏安法等电化学方法研究了该酶修饰电极的电化学性能及最优运行条件,结果表明在pH值为6.5时酶修饰电极性能最优;该酶修饰电极对苯酚的检出限为1.21×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1)(S/N=3),线性检测范围为2×10~(-5)～7.7×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1)。同时,该酶修饰电极具有很好的抗干扰性能,可用于水中苯酚含量的检测。     

微波固相法快速制备氮掺杂石墨烯

以鳞片石墨为原料,首先通过Hummers法制备氧化石墨,再将洗涤至中性的氧化石墨分散液与乙二胺反应得到功能化石墨烯。干燥后的功能化石墨烯在微波辐照下能瞬间产生高热,促使接枝的乙二胺分子分解并实现对石墨烯原位掺杂制备出氮掺杂石墨烯。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能谱(EDS)对样品的形貌、结构和组成进行了表征。结果表明:该合成途径能成功实现对氧化石墨烯的还原和掺杂,所合成的氮掺杂石墨烯呈现透明绢丝状结构。     

微波固相法快速制备氮掺杂石墨烯

以鳞片石墨为原料, 首先通过Hummers法制备氧化石墨, 再将洗涤至中性的氧化石墨分散液与乙二胺反应得到功能化石墨烯。干燥后的功能化石墨烯在微波辐照下能瞬间产生高热, 促使接枝的乙二胺分子分解并实现对石墨烯原位掺杂制备出氮掺杂石墨烯。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能谱(EDS)对样品的形貌、结构和组成进行了表征。结果表明:该合成途径能成功实现对氧化石墨烯的还原和掺杂, 所合成的氮掺杂石墨烯呈现透明绢丝状结构。     

Co3O4/聚吡咯/石墨烯碱性溶液中电化学还原氧

燃料电池具有较高的能量密度和发电效率,以清洁能源为原料,零污染排放,是一种具有发展前景的能量储存和转化装置.阴极氧还原反应(ORR)在燃料电池中起着关键作用.ORR广泛采用贵金属铂基催化剂,但是它们价格昂贵,电子动力学转移速率慢,碱性条件下易团聚,这些亟需解决的问题阻碍了燃料电池商业化进程.近期,一些非贵金属催化剂被广泛研究,例如氮掺杂碳材料、Fe/N/C和Co/N/C材料等,它们有可能在未来替代铂基催化剂.我们的目标是合成新型高催化活性的Co/N/C及其衍生非贵金属材料,用于ORR催化反应.由于石墨烯具有独特的形貌、较大的比表面积和良好的导电性,其表面含有功能化的官能团,所以我们选择石墨烯作为碳载体.首先,用改性休克尔方法合成了氧化石墨烯(GO),为了提高其催化活性,采用聚吡咯作为氮源对其进行了氮掺杂,制备了聚吡咯/氧化石墨烯(Ppy/GO).通过ORR催化性能测试发现,GO对ORR具有一定的催化活性,它的起始电位和阴极电流电位分别为–0.31 V vs SCE和–0.38 V vs SCE;Ppy/GO的起始电位和阴极电流电位分别为–0.20 V vs SCE和–0.38 V vs SCE,氮掺杂对GO的催化活性有所提高.采用水热法沉积氧化钴合成了Co3O4/聚吡咯/氧化石墨烯(Co3O4/Ppy/GO).其形貌为Co3O4分散在氮掺杂GO表面.在KOH电解质(0.1 mol/L)中测试,Co3O4/Ppy/GO的起始电位和阴极电流电位分别为–0.20 V和–0.38 V vs SCE.经过800℃高温煅烧处理后,Co3O4/Ppy/GO-800的催化活性明显提高,起始电位和阴极电流电位分别达到–0.10 V和–0.18 V vs SCE.ORR电子转移数为3.4,接近于4电子反应途径.Co3O4/Ppy/GO对ORR的催化活性及4电子催化选择性较高,可能是由于纳米形态的Co3O4和Ppy/GO之间具有较强的表面作用力,聚吡咯掺杂的氧化石墨烯具有较强的电子储存及释放能力.综上,我们通过水热法制备了钴、氮共掺杂的GO,并研究了其对ORR的催化活性和电子转移选择性.结果表明Co3O4/Ppy/GO是一种高效的非贵金属电催化剂,在碱性电解质中具有很高的ORR催化活性,在燃料电池阴极催化剂方面很有前景.     

快速微波法制备掺氮石墨烯用于碱性氧还原电催化剂

采用微波法在氨气气氛下快速加热石墨烯（G）制备了含氮量在4.05 wt%-5.47 wt%的掺氮石墨烯（NG）. 将上述的掺氮石墨烯用作碱性电解质条件下的氧还原电催化剂,起始还原电势为0.17 V（vs SHE）,接近商用碳载铂催化剂的0.21 V（vs SHE）. 采用透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱研究了掺氮石墨烯的形貌、结构和掺杂氮原子的键合方式. 结果发现,掺氮石墨烯的氧还原起始电位随着石墨氮原子含量的提高而上升,说明石墨类型的氮含量是影响其氧还原催化活性的关键因素. 实验结果表明,微波法快速制备的掺氮石墨烯在碱性条件下表现出较高的氧还原催化活性,具有作为碱性燃料电池阴极催化剂的潜力.     

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯负载铂催化剂的制备及甲醇电氧化性能

采用高温热解聚苯胺修饰的氧化石墨烯(PANI-GO),得到了氮掺杂的还原氧化石墨烯碳材料(N-RGO),以其负载Pt制备了Pt/N-RGO纳米结构电催化剂.采用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)谱及拉曼光谱等技术对N-RGO和Pt/N-RGO的形貌及结构进行了表征,用循环伏安、计时电流等电化学技术研究了Pt/N-RGO电极催化剂对CO溶出反应和甲醇电氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明:高温热解PANIGO可同时实现GO的还原及其氮掺杂的过程,氮掺杂引起还原氧化石墨烯碳材料表面缺陷结构和导电性的增加;与相应的未掺杂氮样品Pt/RGO相比较,Pt/N-RGO样品上Pt颗粒的分散更均匀,显示出更强的抗CO毒化能力和更高的甲醇电氧化催化活性及稳定性.     

Facilely synthesized N-doped graphene sheets and its ferromagnetic origin

Inducing ferromagnetism into graphene is vital today because it has a wide range of applications such as spintronics devices and magnetic memory devices. In this paper, we will report a new method to synthesize ferromagnetic graphene by nitrogen doping. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to testify the N-doped material and further discuss the N-doped process. The superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) was put in and used to analyze the magnetic properties of the N-doped graphene sheets. It shows that the material exhibits ferromagnetism at both 3 K and 300 K and the ferromagnetic saturation moment is 0.412 emu/g and 0.051 emu/g, respectively. The mechanism of the origin of the ferromagnetism in N-doped graphene sheets will also be discussed in this paper. It shows that, when the amount graphitic N reached the threshold, the origin of the ferromagnetism will change from defects induced by nitrogen atoms to the transition in energy band caused by graphitic N.     

Well-dispersed high-loading pt nanoparticles supported by shell-core nanostructured carbon for methanol electrooxidation

Shell-core nanostructured carbon materials with a nitrogen-doped graphitic layer as a shell and pristine carbon black particle as a core were synthesized by carbonizing the hybrid materials containing in situ polymerized aniline onto carbon black. In an N-doped carbon layer, the nitrogen atoms substitute carbon atoms at the edge and interior of the graphene structure to form pyridinic N and quaternary N structures, respectively. As a result, the carbon structure becomes more compact, showing curvatures and disorder in the graphene stacking. In comparison with nondoped carbon, the N-doped one was proved to be a suitable supporting material to synthesize high-loading Pt catalysts (up to 60 wt %) with a more uniform size distribution and stronger metal-support interactions due to its high electrochemically accessible surface area, richness of disorder and defects, and high electron density. Moreover, the more rapid charge-transfer rates over the N-doped carbon material are evidenced by the high crystallinity of the graphitic shell layer with nitrogen doping as well as the low charge-transfer resistance at the electrolyte/electrode interface. Beneficial roles of nitrogen doping can be found to enhance the CO tolerance of Pt catalysts. Accordingly, an improved performance in methanol oxidation was achieved on a high-loading Pt catalyst supported by N-doped carbon. The enhanced catalytic properties were extensively discussed based on mass activity (Pt utilization) and intrinsic activity (charge-transfer rate). Therefore, N-doped carbon layers present many advantages over nondoped ones and would emerge as an interesting supporting carbon material for fuel cell electrocatalysts.     

氮掺杂石墨烯负载的硫化镉空心球纳米复合材料的光催化性能

通过无模板法一步合成了一种新型N掺杂石墨烯负载的CdS空心球复合材料. 采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、N₂吸附-脱附、荧光光谱和X射线光电子能谱等技术对该材料进行了表征, 并在可见光照射下测试了其在降解亚甲基蓝和水杨酸中的光催化性能. 结果表明, 相对于氧化石墨烯负载硫化镉空心球和单独的硫化镉空心球, 氮掺杂石墨烯负载的硫化镉空心球具有更高的光催化活性和稳定性. 这是由于氮掺杂的石墨烯能充当优异的电子受体和传输体, 从而抑制了载流子的复合. 另外发现, 羟基自由基是可见光下降解亚甲基蓝的主要活性物种.     

基于功能化N掺杂C3N4构建光电免疫传感器检测癌胚抗原

分别合成掺杂不同比例N的C3N4纳米材料,利用红外光谱、荧光光谱等技术筛选出光电性能最优的N掺杂C3N4,并通过透射电镜、红外光谱等进行表征。将其作为光电转换材料,在氧化铟锡(ITO)电极表面构建高性能的免疫传感器。通过抗原-抗体的高特异性结合,实现对肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原的高灵敏检测。光电流结果表明:电流响应随癌胚抗原浓度的增加而减小,并在1.0 pg/mL^10 ng/mL的范围内呈现良好线性相关性。将此方法应用于检测血清样品中的癌胚抗原浓度,检测结果与商业化的酶联免疫分析方法结果进行对比没有显著差异。     

Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogels for Electrode Materials in Supercapacitors

Three‐dimensional porous nitrogen‐doped graphene aerogels (NGAs ) were synthesized by using graphene oxide (GO ) and chitosan (CS ) via a self‐assembly process by one‐pot hydrothermal method. The morphology and structure of the as‐prepared materials were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, XPS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurement and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of NGAs was studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and impedance spectroscopy measurements. The microstructure, surface area and capacitance of NGAs could be facilely controlled by adding different amounts of chitosan. The prepared NGA ‐4 showed a specific capacitance of 148.0 F/g at the discharge current density of 0.5 A/g and also retained 95.3% of the initial capacitance after 5000 cycles at the scan rate of 10 mV /s. It provided a possible way to obtain graphene based materials with high surface area and capacitance.     

不同氮掺杂石墨烯氧还原反应活性的密度泛函理论研究

N掺杂石墨烯作为一种具有较高活性和稳定性的氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂,受到人们的广泛关注。然而不同的N掺杂类型对氧还原活性的影响一直存在争议。本文通过密度泛函理论分别对石墨型和吡啶型两种N掺杂石墨烯的ORR活性进行比较研究。能带结构分析表明,石墨氮掺杂石墨烯(GNG)的导电性随掺N量的增加而降低;吡啶氮掺杂石墨烯(PNG)的导电性则随掺N量的增加先提高后降低。当N掺杂浓度达到4.2%(原子分数)时,PNG具有最优导电性。且当N掺杂浓度大于1.4%时,PNG的导电率总是高于GNG。氧还原自由能阶梯曲线发现O_2的质子化是整个氧还原过程的潜在控制步骤。在同等氮掺杂浓度下,O_2的质子化自由能能变在GNG上低于在PNG上,意味着若在同等电子传输能力的情况下,GNG具有比PNG更优异的催化活性。进一步分析发现:当N掺杂浓度在低于2.8%时,GNG和PNG导电性差异小,其催化ORR活性由O_2质子化反应难易程度决定,GNG的催化活性优于PNG;当N掺杂浓度高于2.8%时,氮掺杂石墨烯的电子传输性能(导电性)成为决定催化剂ORR活性的主要因素,因此PNG表现出较GNG更高的活性。     

Preparation of chitosan/N-doped graphene natively grown on hierarchical porous carbon nanocomposite as a sensor platform for determination of tartrazine

In this work,the chitosan and N-doped graphene natively grown on hierarchical porous carbon(N-PC-G/CS) nanocomposite was obtained by ultrasonic method,as a novel sensor platform for determination of tartrazine(TT).The nanocomposite as prepared had well dispersivity in water and excellent conductivity.The N-PC-G/CS nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nitrogen adsorption-desorption,fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The application of N-PC-G/CS for determination of tartrazine(TT) was investigated by chronocoulometry(CC),cyclic voltammetry(CV) and differential pulse voltammetry(DPV).Under optimized conditions,the sensor displayed a sensitive response to TT within a wide concentration range of 0.05-15.0 μmol/L,the detection limits is 0.036 μmol/L(S/N = 3).Furthermore,this nanocomposite could be efficiently applied for determination of TT in soft drink samples.     

基于聚多巴胺的氮掺杂碳材料的制备及其电化学性能

多孔碳材料由于高的比表面积、优异的电子传导率、良好的化学稳定性等优点在超级电容器电极材料领域被广泛研究。碳材料的组成及表面孔结构直接影响其电化学性能,为进一步提高碳材料的电容性能,本文首次以聚多巴胺球为前体,KOH为活化剂,通过高温碳化成功制备了良好电化学性能的氮掺杂多孔碳材料。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和Raman光谱等对所制备的氮掺杂多孔碳材料进行了形貌及结构组成的表征。在6 mol/L KOH电解液中,采用循环伏安、恒电流充放电对多孔碳材料的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明,由于双电层电容和赝电容的协同作用,在电流密度为1 A/g时,材料的比电容可达269 F/g,充放电循环1000圈后电容仍可保留初始值的93.5%。     

N-Doped porous carbon supported palladium nanoparticles as a highly efficient and recyclable catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction

A new catalyst, Pd particles supported on the N-doped porous carbon(PC) derived from Zn-based metal–organic frameworks(zeolitic imidazolate framework: ZIF-8), was successfully prepared for the first time.The as-prepared catalyst was designated as N-doped PC-Pd, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, N_2 adsorption and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The N-doped PC-Pd composite exhibited high catalytic activity toward the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The yields of the products were in the range of 90%–99%. The catalyst could be readily recycled and reused at least 6 consecutive cycles without a significant loss of its catalytic activity.