表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态组分的选择性萃取分离及其吸附铜/锌的特性

采用化学萃取技术对表层沉积物(生物膜)的非残渣态组分(铁、锰氧化物及有机质)进行了分离, 并研究了表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态和残渣态组分吸附铜、锌的特性. 结果表明, 0.1 mol/L NH2OH·HCl+0.1 mol/L HNO3, (NH4)2C2O4-H2C2O4缓冲溶液和体积分数为30%的H2O2可选择性地萃取分离表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态的锰氧化物、铁锰氧化物和有机质, 萃取率为63.15%～97.59%, 同时对非目的组分影响较小; 表层沉积物(生物膜)及其各组分对铜的吸附能力均大于对锌的吸附能力, 且生物膜及其各组分对铜、锌的吸附能力均高于表层沉积物及其相应组分对铜、锌的吸附能力; 表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态组分对铜、锌的吸附能力均大于残渣态组分, 且非残渣态组分中锰氧化物的单位吸附能力最强, 其次是铁氧化物, 而有机质的单位吸附能力较弱, 比锰氧化物低2个数量级, 说明生物膜对水体中痕量重金属的迁移转化作用强于表层沉积物, 而表层沉积物(生物膜)中金属(铁、锰)氧化物对水中痕量重金属起主要控制作用.     

不同水体生物膜中各化学组分对铅的吸附作用研究

水中的底泥、悬浮物和生物膜等固相物质对重金属在水中的迁移和转化有重要影响 [1,2 ] ,而固相物质中起主要作用的是吸附能力强的铁、锰氧化物和有机质 [3,4 ] .对生物膜与重金属相互作用的研究已经有报道 [5,6] .Nelson等[3] 用吸附加和模型模拟生物膜上各组分对铅吸附 ;Dong等 [7] 用选择性萃取的方法研究生物膜各组分对铅、镉的吸附情况 ,但他们的研究均局限于单一水体 ,本文采用萃取 -吸附-统计分析的方法研究多个自然水体生物膜中铁、锰氧化物和有机质对铅吸附的相对贡献 .1　实验部分1 .1　生物膜的培养及组分测定　选吉林省境内的净…     

湖水中的颗粒物对水体生物膜吸附铅、镉的影响

采用逐级过滤的方式对湖水进行过滤,并用含有不同粒径颗粒物的湖水进行生物膜的培养,以研究水中颗粒物对生物膜吸附痕量重金属的影响.研究结果表明,生物膜上铁、锰氧化物含量与水中总铁、总锰含量呈明显的线性关系,锰氧化物的含量受水中颗粒物粒径分布的影响很大.生物膜吸附铅、镉的热力学过程符合Langmuir方程,且膜上铁、锰氧化物吸附铅、镉的能力随着湖水中颗粒物粒径的减小呈增强的趋势.     

中草药及其生长土壤中6种重金属元素含量相关性初探

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了中草药中重金属元素(铁、锰、铜、锌、镉、铅)的含量,并对中草药的生长环境土壤中重金属元素的化学形态及其分布进行了研究。文中提出了中草药样品用硝酸-过氧化氢-水(5+2+1)混合溶液消解,并叙述了土壤样品中元素的各种形态(水溶态、可溶态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物态、有机质结合态)的提取方法和试液。结果表明:所测中草药中重金属元素含量明显低于土壤中元素的含量;土壤中铁、锌、铜主要以有机质结合态存在,锰以铁锰氧化物态为主。几种药材中均含有较高量的铁、锰、锌,土壤中也含有较高量的有效态铁、锰、锌,说明中草药与土壤中重金属之间存在有生物迁移作用。     

Pb, Cu和Zn在自然水体生物膜中铁/锰氧化物等组分上的富集规律

用选择性萃取法萃取天然基质采集的生物膜中的铁/锰氧化物, 考察生物膜上铁/锰氧化物对水体中Pb, Cu及Zn的富集作用. 结果表明, 锰氧化物对生物膜富集Pb起主要作用, 而铁氧化物和除铁/锰氧化物以外的以有机质为主的其它组分的作用很小; 膜上其它组分对Cu的富集贡献较大, 锰氧化物的贡献与铁氧化物的接近; 锰氧化物对Zn的富集贡献最大, 铁氧化物和其它组分的贡献比较接近. 锰氧化物对Pb, Cu及Zn的富集能力分别高于铁氧化物的富集能力, 铁氧化物和锰氧化物对3种金属富集能力的大小顺序分别是Zn>Cu>Pb和Zn>Pb≥Cu.     

自然水体中生物膜不同化学组分与铅、镉最大吸附量的关系

生物膜存在于河流、湖泊和湿地环境中岩石和表层沉积物表面上 ,并由地球上不同种类的微生物组成 [1,2 ] .大量证据表明 ,生物膜在决定水环境中痕量金属的迁移、最终归宿、生物地球化学特性、生物可利用性和毒性过程中起着非常重要的作用 .因此 ,研究生物膜对痕量金属的吸附、预测重金属在水环境中的迁移转化规律具有重要的理论意义 .从环境化学角度看 ,生物膜上的主要成分铁氧化物、锰氧化物和有机质一直被认为是影响痕量金属在固体表面吸附的 3个最重要的因素[3] .有的文献认为 ,金属氧化物是痕量金属吸附唯一最重要的决定因素 [4 ,5] ,有…     

铁、锰氧化物在自然水体生物膜上的分布

在自然水体中 ,生物膜是一个开放的动力学系统 ,生物膜的形成及其组分处于动态的变化中——水环境中的各种成分在生物膜上发生着合成、聚结、转化、降解等作用 ,从而成为生物膜的一部分 ,还会随着生物膜的脱落重新进入水相中 ,所有这些变化 ,与生物膜本身的性质是分不开的 [1～ 3] 。从环境化学角度看 ,自然水体中生物膜主要化学组分包括金属氧化物 (铁氧化物、锰氧化物和铝氧化物等 )、有机质及少量的矿物质 ,其中 ,铁、锰氧化物在影响痕量重金属在水环境中的迁移、最终归宿、生物地球化学特性、生物可利用性和毒性过程中起着非常重要的作…     

自然水体悬浮颗粒物中主要化学组分对铅、铜的吸附作用——实验室模拟吸附特征与水环境中富集特征的比较

利用主要组分萃取-吸附-统计分析方法研究了自然水体悬浮颗粒物样品中主要化学组分对铅、铜的吸附特征, 并采用天然悬浮颗粒物样品直接萃取的方法研究了实际水环境中悬浮颗粒物样品各组分对重金属的富集特征, 通过二者对比进一步研究了悬浮颗粒物中主要化学组分在铅、铜吸附中的作用. 结果表明, 悬浮颗粒物样品中各组分的吸附特征与富集特征具有较好的可比性, 铅主要与颗粒物中的铁氧化物相结合, 铜则主要与有机质相结合.     

中草药龙胆中微量元素的形态分析

采用传统煎煮法对丽水当地中草药龙胆中钙、锌、铁、铜、锰、铅、镉和铬等8种元素进行提取,并用微孔滤膜分离提取液中可溶态与悬浮态;利用大孔吸附树脂分离可溶态中有机态与无机态;采用正辛醇/水分配体系模拟水煎液中这8种微量元素在人体胃肠中分配情况,再用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定了各种形态中的8种元素。研究结果显示:龙胆中8种元素的提取率在34.25%～74.53%,浸留比在49.58%～371.1%,悬浮态颗粒吸附率在6.5%～29.8%,该法对各元素的加标回收率在91.3%～108.5%;相对标准偏差小于3.5%;锌、铁、铜、锰在正辛醇/水分配体系中溶出性受酸碱性影响大些。     

提取对中药材中金属元素含量的影响

中药材中常因含有一定量的重金属元素而使其质量受到影响。采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定几种常用中药材提取前后金属元素铜、铅、镉、锰、锌、铁的含量变化。结果表明,大部分中药材提取后金属元素含量均有不同程度的下降,这为去除中药材中的铅、铜等重金属提供了参考依据。     

Comparison of lead, cadmium, copper and cobalt adsorption onto metal oxides and organic materials in natural surface coatings

Selective extraction techniques followed by adsorption experiment and statistical analysis were employed to estimate and compare the relative roles of metal oxides and organic substance in adsorption of Pb, Cd, Cu and Co onto surface coatings. Results indicated that metal oxides were very important sorbents for all of metal ions involved in this study, especially for Pb and Co. Furthermore, manganese oxides contributed to the absolute majority of Co adsorption regardless of concentration. But for Cu and Cd, organic materials are also very important sorbent phases, particularly for Cu, organic materials contributed to most of the Cu adsorption regardless of concentration. In addition, the analysis suggested the extraordinary predominance of Mn oxides for metal adsorption at the low concentrations. Considering the low concentration in natural water environments, Mn oxides might exert the greatest influence on the behavior of heavy metals.     

Measurement of Atrazine Adsorption onto Surficial Sediments (Natural Surface Coatings)——New Evidence for the Importance of Fe Oxides

To reveal the relative contribution of the components, Fe, Mn oxides or organic materials(OMs) in the surficial sediments(SSs), and the natural surface coating samples(NSCSs) to adsorbing atrazine(AT), a selective chemical extraction technique was employed, to remove the different components, and the adsorption characteristics of AT on the SSs and the NSCSs were investigated. The observed adsorptions of AT on the original and extracted SSs and NSCSs were analyzed by nonlinear least squares fitting(NLSF) to estimate the relative contribution of the com-ponents. The results showed that the maximum adsorption of AT on the NSCSs was greater than that in the SSs, be-fore and after extraction treatments, implying that the NSCSs were more dominant than the SSs for organic pollutant adsorption. It was also found that the Fe oxides, OMs, and residues in SSs(NSCSs) facilitated the adsorption of AT, but Mn oxides directly or indirectly restrained the interaction of AT with SSs(NSCSs) particles. The contribution of the Fe oxides to AT adsorption was more than that of OMs; the greatest contribution to AT adsorption on a molar ba-sis was from the Fe oxides in the nonresidual fractions, indicating that the Fe oxides played an important role in con-trolling the environmental behavior of AT in an aquatic environment.     

Environmental mobility of trace metals in sediments collected in the Lake Balaton

In environmental pollution studies on solid materials sequential extraction techniques are used for the identification of the main binding sites of trace metals. A four-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to the determination of the distribution of elements like Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Al, Fe, and Mn in sediment samples collected in the Lake Balaton. The fractions were (1) exchangeable and bound to carbonate, (2) bound to Fe/Mn oxide, (3) bound to organic matter and sulfides, and (4) acid-soluble. Elements were mainly accumulated in the stable, acid-soluble fractions. Arsenic and Cd-ions were found in low concentration (1.2–13 mg/kg and < 1 mg/kg, respectively) in the samples. Based on the results determined at 15 sampling points it can be stated that the Lake Balaton has not yet been polluted by the elements investigated.     

Assessment of heavy metals leachability from metallo-organic sorbent-iron humate-with the aid of sequential extraction test

The sequential extraction test, known as a BCR procedure, was used to assess a leachability of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) from the metallo-organic sorbent—iron humate—loaded with these metals. The sequential test allowed to discriminate between various fractions of heavy metals, namely the acid-extractable fraction, the fraction bound to Fe oxides, and the fraction bound to organic matter. It was proven that the heavy metals are bound mainly to Fe oxides and organic matter, and thus they may be relatively hardly liberated into the environment. The BCR sequential extraction test exhibited a very good repeatability, when it was applied to the loaded sorbent—relative standard deviations were typically lower than 10%.     

Distribution of heavy metals of agricultural soils of central Greece using the modified BCR sequential extraction method

The state of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cr) pollution was studied, in 440 texturally different soil profiles in Thessaly, an intensely cultivated region in Central Greece. The study was carried out in 2004 and 2005 on 220 soil samples for each year. Soil samples were classified in three soil orders: Endisols, Alfisols, and Vertisols according to the Soil Taxonomy System. The pseudo-total concentrations of heavy metals were determined by the aqua regia procedure. Heavy metals were also determined after division into four fractions by sequential extraction with (a) acetic acid (exchangeable and specifically adsorbed metals), (b) a reducing agent (bound to Fe/Mn hydroxides), (c) an oxidizing agent (bound to soil organic matter), and (d) aqua regia (bound to mineral structures, residual). The concentrations of all the metals studied were higher in the topsoil (0–30?cm) and lower in the second soil layer (30–60?cm). Concentrations of 70–82% of Cd, 39–64% of Cu, 41–69% of Ni, 29–51% of Zn, 75–89% of Pb, and 52–87% of Cr were found in the first two fractions. Cd appeared to be the most mobile of the metals studied, while Cu and Zn were found in forms associated with soil organic matter. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb and Cr indicated that these metals are largely associated with the Fe–Mn hydroxides, while Cr was also found in the residual fractions. Significant correlations between heavy metals fractions and soil physicochemical parameters were obtained and discussed.     

煎煮对几种特色南药中重金属元素含量和形态影响

考察了几种特色南药中重金属(Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Sr,Zn)的含量状况,并采用形态连续萃取法分析重金属在药材中的形态分布,研究了药材煎煮时药材中重金属的释放及煎煮过程对药材中重金属形态分布的影响。结果表明,几种南药中Cr,Pb,Zn的含量较高,且巴戟天中的重金属总量高于限量标准;原药材中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn主要存在于有机态和残留态,Fe和Sr主要存在于残留态。煎煮使南药中大量重金属迁移到药汤中;药汤中Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Zn主要来自于其在药材中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机态,而药汤中Sr,Ni和Fe不仅包含其非残留态,更多来自于它们的残留态。为减少药汤中重金属,对于Cu,Mn,Cr,Pb和Zn既要控制在药材中的总量,且需降低它们在药材中的非残留态含量;对于Fe,Ni和Sr则主要是控制其在药材中的总量。     

Evaluation of Ammonium Oxalate for Fractionating Metallic Trace Elements in Soils by Sequential Extraction

Abstract

Ammonium oxalate is largely used to extract the trace elements bound to Mn-oxides, amorphous compounds and crystalline Fe-oxides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity and the efficiency of ammonium oxalate for extracting Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn by sequential extraction of soils. For this purpose, three schemes were selected and applied to three different soil samples of the Swiss Jura. Each extraction scheme consisted of six steps, where different reagents were used to extract Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn bound to the Mn and Fe compounds. The results showed that metallic trace elements extraction with ammonium oxalate are very dependant on the metal studied. The reason could be the capability of oxalate to form stable complexes with the metals considered which sometimes are only slightly soluble.     

Comparison of Pb, Cd Adsorption to Surface Coatings Developed in Natural Waters with that in Plant Effluents

The comparative studies of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings (Fe, Mn, AI oxides, organic materials, and associated minerals), which were developed on glass slides in five natural and two technical waters (plant effluents), were carried out under controlled |aboratory conditions(mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic strength 0.05 mol/L, 25 ℃ and pH 6. 0). The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimating the equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coat-ings. The results show that the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd to the surface coatings mentioned above varied widely. There was a systemic increase in the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd to the surface coatings with increasing the contents of Mn and Fe oxides in the surface coatings in significant correlation, respective-ly, not only highlighting the relative importance of the metal oxide fraction for Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings developed in natural and technical water samples, but also implying the same adsorption mechanisms of Pb and Cd to the surface coatings developed both in natural and technical water samples.