多壁碳纳米管固相萃取技术同时测定蜂蜜中多类兽药残留

采用多壁碳纳米管固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术同时测定蜂蜜中的磺胺类、喹诺酮类、硝基咪唑类和四环素类等52种兽药残留. 样品用Na₂EDTA-Mcllvaine提取,经改性的多壁碳纳米管固相萃取小柱净化,通过Waters C₁₈色谱柱分离,以乙腈和0.1%（体积分数）的甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾-正离子多反应监测的质谱模式,以基质外标法进行定量分析. 实验结果表明,52种兽药在相应的浓度范围内线性相关系数均大于0.99,该方法的定量限为1.5 ~7.5 μg/kg. 在7.5,25和50 μg/kg 3个浓度添加水平下,各种兽药的回收率为67.3% ~117.8%,相对标准偏差为1.9% ~17.4%. 结果表明,多壁碳纳米管固相萃取材料具有较好的净化效果,适用于蜂蜜中多类兽药残留的同时检测.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定畜牧粪便中13种抗生素药物残留

建立了固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱法测定畜牧粪便中5种磺胺类、4种四环素类、2种喹诺酮类以及氯霉素和呋喃唑酮的检测方法.采用乙腈和0.01 mol/L草酸作为流动相分离4种四环素类和氯霉素,乙腈和0.025 mol/L醋酸铵作为流动相分离5种磺胺类和其它3种抗生素.结果表明,检测的13种抗生素出峰时间稳定,峰形较好,检出限0.01～0.05 mg/L,定量下限0.03～0.167 mg/L,采用柠檬酸缓冲液酸化的乙腈对猪粪便样品前处理,采用EDTA-McIlvaine提取液对鸡粪便样品前处理,两类样品均通过HLB固相萃取小柱纯化富集,回收率为54%～103%.该方法成功用于天津市4个畜牧养殖基地的20个畜牧粪便样品中抗生素的检测.结果表明,均有不同浓度的抗生素检出,浓度范围0.3～173 mg/kg.     

UPLC-MS法同时测定牛奶中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、甾体激素类及四环素类兽药残留

建立并优化了同时测定牛奶中10种磺胺类、6种喹诺酮类、8种甾体激素类以及1种四环素类药物共25种兽药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品中目标药物经5%乙酸乙腈提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后,通过UPLC-MS测定,外标法定量。25种兽药在不同加标浓度下的回收率为61.6%~119.2%,组内相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~13.4%,组间RSD为5.8%~14.2%,方法检出限为0.5~2.0μg/kg。     

QuEChERS结合液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定猪肉中多类兽药残留

采用改进的QuEChERS方法提取和净化猪肉样品,建立了同时测定磺胺类、磺胺类增效剂、β-受体激动剂、四环素类、喹诺酮类、金刚烷胺和性激素共7类35种兽药残留的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品经 Na₂EDTA（乙二胺四乙酸）-Mcllvaine缓冲液-2.5%（体积分数）乙酸乙腈溶液提取,提取液经盐析后取乙腈相,用氨基（NH₂）吸附剂分散固相萃取净化后,在电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测（MRM）模式下进行测定,基质外标法定量。35种兽药在1.0～50.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.996。在3个不同添加水平下的平均回收率为71.8%～113.5%,相对标准偏差为0.6%～9.8%（n=6）,检出限和定量限分别为0.01～1.01 μg/kg和0.04～3.37 μg/kg。该方法操作简单,净化效果好,灵敏度高,适用于猪肉中兽药多残留的同时快速定性、定量分析。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物组织中19种兽药残留量

提出了应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物组织中13种磺胺和6种喹诺酮类兽药残留量的方法。采用乙腈萃取动物组织中兽药成分,经Waters BEH C18色谱柱分离,外标法定量,多反应监测模式采集质谱数据。19种兽药的检出限(3S/N)均为0.5μg.kg-1。在0.01,0.05,0.20 mg.kg-13个添加水平下,19种兽药的回收率为72.0%～105.1%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.02%～9.13%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定鸡粪中四环素类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素

建立了一种高效、低成本的固相萃取-高效液相色谱（SPE-HPLC）同时测定鸡粪中6种常见抗生素（2种四环素类、2种喹诺酮类和2种磺胺类）的分析方法。样品经EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲液和有机混合提取液（甲醇-乙腈-丙酮，2：2：1，v/v/v）提取，过HLB固相萃取柱净化，甲醇-二氯甲烷（7：3，v/v）洗脱，高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器测定，检测波长λ=270 nm，柱温32℃，流动相为乙腈-0.7%（v/v）磷酸水溶液。该方法在0.5~100 mg/L质量浓度范围内的标准曲线相关系数r²在0.9999~1之间，样品加标回收率在70.0%~116.3%之间，相对标准偏差为1.2%~16.6%。方法检出限为1.3~6.7 μg/kg，定量限为3.5~9.2 μg/kg。应用该方法对辽宁省抚顺市某养鸡场当天的鸡粪进行检测，诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星（喹诺酮类）含量为未检出~9.23 mg/kg和1.57~7.69 mg/kg，磺胺二甲嘧啶（磺胺类）含量为2.02~13.05 mg/kg，磺胺甲恶唑、土霉素和四环素未测出。     

用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测浓缩饲料中的多种兽药残留

建立了浓缩饲料中6种喹诺酮类兽药、14种磺胺类兽药、3种硝基呋喃类兽药、6种大环内酯类兽药共29种兽药残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品经甲醇-乙腈(体积比1∶1)混合溶液提取,提取液经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化,29种兽药经Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱分离,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱。电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。结果表明,29种兽药在0.01～5.0mg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.993;浓缩饲料中3个浓度添加水平平均回收率为61.4%～93.3%;相对标准偏差为2.62%～13.9%。     

改进的QuEChERS结合LC-MS/MS同时测定蜂蜜中60种兽药残留

建立了同时测定蜂蜜中60种兽药残留的LC-MS/MS检测方法。蜂蜜样品采用Mcllvaine缓冲溶液(pH 4)稀释,5%乙酸乙腈提取,提取液经盐析,NH2吸附剂分散固相萃取净化,LC-MS/MS动态多反应监控模式测定。在3个添加水平下(n=6),60种兽药平均回收率在70%～120%范围内的占比分别为96.7%,98.3%和98.3%,RSD为0.6%～20%。在0.1～1000μg/kg范围内,81.7%的目标物的线性相关系数(r2)>0.995,检出限和定量限范围分别为0.01～17.99μg/kg和0.02～59.97μg/kg。对16个市售蜂蜜样品进行测定,其中5个样品中检出磺胺类、喹诺酮类、硝基咪唑类等兽药残留。该方法具有一次处理样品,可同时测定60种兽药残留的特点,适合于蜂蜜中多类兽药的高通量筛查检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽肉中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、硝基咪唑类兽药残留

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽肉中7种磺胺类、3种喹诺酮类及4种硝基咪唑类残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂,MCX小柱净化后,由超高效液相色谱分离、三重四极杆质谱检测,基质外标法定量。14种兽药含量在1~50.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.994,加标回收率为75.2%~103.4%,检出限为0.1~0.5μg/kg,空白加标重复测定的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.3%~12%。方法适用于畜禽肉中多种兽药残留的快速测定。     

HPLC法对鱼肉中3种四环素类和5种氟喹诺酮类兽药残留的同时测定

建立了水产品中四环素类和氟喹诺酮类兽药多残留同时检测的高效液相色谱分析方法。样品经甲醇-水（体积比2：8,pH5．3）提取,C18固相萃取小柱净化,以甲醇-丙二酸＋氯化镁水溶液作流动相,梯度洗脱,紫外检测器检测。对样品前处理和色谱分析条件进行了优化,8种抗生素（土霉素、四环素、金霉素、沙拉沙星、恩诺沙星、达氟沙星、环丙沙星、单诺沙星）在0．1～10mg／L范围内线性关系良好。方法的检出限（S／N=3）为0．011～0．051mg／kg,定量下限（S／N=10）为0．035～0．17mg／kg,平均加标回收率为81％～96％,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2．5％～10．5％。该方法适用于水产品中抗生素多残留的测定。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测畜禽粪便中14种兽药抗生素

研究并优化了同时分析畜禽粪便中14种抗生素(四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类)的加速溶剂萃取参数、固相富集净化程序、以及高效液相色谱分离和检测条件。结果表明,以1%乙酸(pH 2.6)作为流动相,在270 nm的检测波长下,14种抗生素能达到基线分离。3倍信噪比下,四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素的检出限分别为35～90μg/kg,12～28μg/kg,9～17μg/kg及19μg/kg。加标浓度在1和10μg/g时,畜禽粪便样品经过50%甲醇的柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液提取,HLB固相萃取柱富集净化后,四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素的回收率分别达到了58%～75%和66%～83%,74%～93%和91%～101%,74%～80%和80%～88%,85%和68%,相对标准偏差分别为6.2%～10.7%和7.8%～13.6,2.6%～10.2%和4.4%～13.2%,6.1%～12.5%和8.3%～14.6%,10.6%和12.3%。采用此方法对辽宁省部分规模化养殖场的猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪样品进行了检测。4类抗生素都有检出,浓度范围分别为0.75～22.34 mg/kg,0.10～1.71 mg/kg,0.38～4.46 mg/kg和0.23～0.35 mg/kg。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定土壤中氟喹诺酮、四环素和磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测土壤中氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和磺胺类18种抗生素的分析方法。土样经含50%乙腈的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=3)提取后,以SAX-HLB串联小柱净化富集,在HPLC/MS/MS多反应监测模式下进行定性及定量分析。添加浓度为200和50μg/kg时,土壤中氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、磺胺类的加标回收率分别为67.2%～89.0%,62.2%～85.4%和55.8%～97.4%;其相对标准偏差为1.1%～17.2%。以3倍信噪比估算出氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、磺胺类的检出限分别为3.4～8.9μg/kg,0.56～0.91μg/kg和0.07～1.85μg/kg。应用此方法检测6种不同类型土壤样品,结果表明,污灌区土壤中检出有抗生素,浓度为1.72～119.6μg/kg。     

Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones,sulfonamides and tetracyclines in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

A new scheme for the quantitative determination of traces of fluoroquinolones (FQs), tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides (SAs) in sewage sludge was developed. The compounds were simultaneously extracted from sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). A novel and effective method for PLE was developed. Solid-phase extraction was used for cleaning up the extracts. Identification and quantification of the compounds was done using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring mode. The best recovery of FQs and TCs was obtained by using hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges, recoveries ranged 59% for norfloxacin to 82% for ofloxacin and 95% for doxycycline; for SAs strong cation-exchange cartridges were more efficient, recoveries were 96% for sulfamethoxazole and 43% for sulfadimethoxine. Limit of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/g for SAs to 160 ng/g for tetracycline. Method precision for TCs was 5.06% and 1.12%, and for SAs 0.43% and 2.01%. FQs precision ranged from 0.77% to 1.89%.     

Simultaneous Analysis of Selected Typical Antibiotics in Manure by Microwave-Assisted Extraction and LC–MS n

Analysis of antibiotics in the environment has become an urgent issue. A novel method entailing microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (LC–MS ⁿ ) has been developed for determination of selected typical antibiotics, including quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines, in manure. Compared with ultrasonic extraction, MAE significantly increased recovery of fluoroquinolones (63–106%), sulfonamides (64–133%), and tetracyclines (64–109%) from manure. Acetonitrile acidified with formic acid buffer solution (pH 4.0) was used for extraction of swine manure whereas chicken manure was extracted with 0.1 M EDTA–McIlvaine buffer solution. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for all compounds were in the range 5.12–168.4 μg kg^?1 dry matter, which were satisfactory for analysis of all samples. The suitability of the method was assessed by analysis of manure from six different sites.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定畜禽粪便中的残留抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定畜禽粪便中四环素类化合物(四环素、金霉素、土霉素)、喹诺酮类化合物(诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星)和磺胺二甲嘧啶7种抗生素的检测方法。样品中的抗生素用含有甲醇、乙酸和水(6:3:1, 体积比)的混合溶液提取后,经HLB固相萃取小柱纯化富集,采用Symmetry C₁₈色谱柱分离,0.3%甲酸水溶液和0.3%甲酸乙腈溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI⁺)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,四环素类化合物和喹诺酮类化合物在50~1000 μg/L、磺胺二甲嘧啶在5~100 μg/L的范围内具有良好线性。3倍信噪比下,四环素类化合物、喹诺酮类化合物和磺胺二甲嘧啶的检出限分别为0.25~7.18、0.15~3.16和0.04 μg/kg。在猪粪和鸡粪样品中添加0.1~10 μg/g水平的四环素类化合物、喹诺酮类化合物和磺胺二甲嘧啶,其平均添加回收率为40%~124%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.0%~9.5%。采用该方法对部分养殖场的猪粪和鸡粪进行了检测,结果表明,四环素类化合物均有不同程度的检出,喹诺酮类化合物和磺胺二甲嘧啶有部分检出。该方法具有灵敏度和准确度高的特点,可满足畜禽粪便中四环素类化合物、喹诺酮类化合物及磺胺二甲嘧啶的检测。     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定蜂蜜中三种氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留

采用沉淀聚合法,以诺氟沙星为模板分子,合成了对氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素特异性识别的分子印迹聚合物(MIPs),其印迹因子为3.17,亲和位点总数为3.27μmol/g。以该MIPs做为固相萃取柱填料,建立了分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测蜂蜜中三种FQs抗生素残留的方法。与Oasis HLB固相萃取柱相比,该分子印迹固相萃取柱(MISPE)具有更好的净化能力和更高的富集效率。最佳条件下,三种FQs抗生素的线性范围为0.125～12.5mg/kg,相关系数均大于0.999。方法的检出限(S/N=3)为9～12μg/kg,三种FQs抗生素的加标回收率为96.5%～104.1%,相对标准偏差不高于6.2%(n=5)。该方法有望用于蜂蜜中FQs抗生素残留的常规检测。     

Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone and tetracycline antibacterials in sewage sludge using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and HPLC-MS/MS

A reliable method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of five fluoroquinolones (FQs) and two tetracyclines (TCs) in sewage sludge using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (USE) followed by SPE cleanup and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS)/MS analysis with electrospray ionisation (ESI) in a positive mode. The USE conditions (e.g. extraction solvent, pH, and extraction cycles) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) parameters were optimised. Quantification was performed by internal standard calibration in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Recoveries of the antibacterials ranged from 41 to 123%, with relative standard deviations within 17%. The sample-based limits of quantification were 10–63?ng?g^?1 dry weight (dw) for FQs (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin) and 250–500?ng?g^?1 dw for TCs (tetracycline and oxytetracycline). The method was applied to determine the antibacterials in sewage sludge and sediment samples were collected from the Pearl River Delta, China. Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were frequently detected, ranging from 1052 to 17740?ng?g^?1 dw in dewatered sludge samples, 585–3545?ng?g^?1 dw in untreated solids, and 98–258?ng?g^?1 dw in an urban stream sediment sample, respectively. Lomefloxacin and enrofloxacin were also occasionally detected.     

Simultaneous extraction and determination of fluoroquinolones,tetracyclines and sulfonamides antibiotics in soils using optimised solid phase extraction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of 18 fluoroquinolones (FQs), tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides (SAs) antibiotics from soils using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The soils were extracted by different solvents with the help of mechanical shaking and ultrasonic treatment at 59?kHz, followed by a strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridge to clean up soil samples and a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge as enrichment. The method was evaluated by testing the following variables: extraction solvents, the type of SPE cartridges, solvent volumes, initial spiking levels and soil types (silty clay loam and clay loam soils). The soil extraction method was validated using these two types of soils, representing two typical agricultural soils in northern China. For 2?g soil, the extraction steps with the mixture of potassium phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (ACN) (1/1, v/v, pH 3.2) provided satisfactory recoveries. In the clay loam soil, the recoveries of all the compounds were from 56% to 89% at the spiking level of 50?µg?kg^?1 soil, and from 69% to 97% at the spiking level of 200?µg?kg^?1 soil, respectively. Recoveries in silty clay loam soil were similar to that in clay loam. The method was successfully employed using soil samples collected from a farmland and afforestion area irrigated with sewage in northern China. The result indicates that trace antibiotics in sewage may accumulate in soil irrigated by river water containing sewage.     

Determination of tetracyclines in food samples by molecularly imprinted monolithic column coupling with high performance liquid chromatography

A novel solid phase extraction (SPE) method for determination of tetracyclines (TCs) in milk and honey samples by molecularly imprinted monolithic column was developed. Using tetracycline (TC) as the template, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, methanol as the solvent, cyclohexanol and dodecanol as the mixed porogenic solvents, a TC imprinted monolithic column was prepared by in situ molecular imprinting technique for the first time, and the optimal synthesis conditions and the selectivity of TC imprinted monolithic column were investigated. The interfering substances in food samples and TCs can be separated successfully on imprinted column. Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupling with C18 column was used to determinate the TCs in milk and honey. The recoveries of this method for six tetracyclines antibiotics such as tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MINO), chlortetracycline (CTC), metacycline (MTC) and doxycycline (DTC) were investigated, and high recoveries of 73.3-90.6% from milk samples and 62.6-82.3% from honey samples were obtained. A method for determination of TCs at low concentration level in milk and honey samples was successfully developed by using the monolithic column as the precolumn for solid phase extraction of six TCs compounds.