流化床O2/CO2气氛下添加石灰石对燃煤PM2.5的控制

采用小型流化床研究了在O₂/CO₂气氛下添加石灰石对PM_2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5 μm的颗粒物)的控制.实验采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM_2.5.结果表明,添加石灰石是燃烧过程中影响PM_2.5生成的重要因素.添加石灰石后,生成PM_1.0的数量浓度均降低,而PM_1.0~2.5的数量浓度均略有增加;PM_2.5质量粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值分别出现在0.2和2.0 μm左右.随着Ca/S物质的量比的增加,PM_2.5中Si、Na、K、S和Cu的含量呈减少的趋势;随着颗粒粒径的减小,S、Cu、K和Na的含量有增大的趋势,而Si的含量有减少的趋势.     

O2/CO2气氛下O2浓度对燃煤PM2.5形成的影响

采用管式炉和荷电低压撞击器(electrical low pressure-impactor,ELPI)研究了徐州烟煤在O₂/CO₂条件下燃烧后生成的PM_2.5排放特性。结果表明,在O₂/CO₂气氛下,煤粉在不同O₂浓度燃烧所产生的PM_2.5质量浓度均呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.1和2.0 mm左右;随着氧含量的增加,PM_2.5的质量浓度增加;S、K和Na在亚微米颗粒上明显富集,而Si和Ca未在亚微米颗粒上富集;通过对颗粒物的粒径分布、元素分析和形貌观察,认为亚微米颗粒主要是矿物质蒸发鄄凝结机制形成的,而超微米颗粒主要是煤焦与外部矿物质的破碎以及内在矿物质聚合形成的。     

脱硫废水蒸发增强电除尘脱除PM2.5和SO3实验研究

搭建燃煤热态实验系统,研究脱硫废水蒸发对电除尘和脱硫系统的影响;考察脱硫废水蒸发前后细颗粒粒径的变化、电除尘出口PM_2.5和SO₃浓度变化;分析增强电除尘脱除PM_2.5和SO₃机理。结果表明,脱硫废水蒸发后,蒸发室出口细颗粒粒径峰值由0.1 μm增大到1.1 μm,观察脱硫废水蒸发前后扫描电镜,明显观察到废水蒸发后颗粒团聚长大,颗粒间存在絮状物;采用脱硫废水烟道蒸发后,电除尘细颗粒脱除效率提高5%左右,PM_2.5数量浓度脱除效率提高25%左右;SO₃脱除效率为60%-80%,烟气中SO₃浓度对增强电除尘脱除PM_2.5和SO₃均有影响;脱硫废水蒸发对脱硫系统的效率和脱硫浆液的pH值没有影响。     

435 m2烧结机机头化学团聚强化细颗粒物及重金属脱除试验研究

针对某435 m²烧结机机头,在静电除尘器前安装化学团聚强化除尘系统,研究化学团聚强化细颗粒物及重金属（As、Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn七种）脱除特性。实验结果表明,化学团聚后,细颗粒团聚成较大颗粒,静电除尘器后烟气中PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁颗粒质量浓度均降低49%以上,静电除尘器飞灰平均粒度增长46%以上,细颗粒物团聚效果显著,提升了静电除尘器脱除细颗粒物效率;静电除尘器飞灰及细颗粒物中重金属质量浓度上升,静电除尘器后烟气中重金属质量浓度均下降,表明化学团聚作用促使气态重金属向颗粒态重金属及飞灰中迁移,细颗粒重金属团聚长大。化学团聚不仅可以强化细颗粒物的脱除,同时有效提升了重金属的脱除效率。     

木醋调质石灰石用于O2/CO2燃煤同时脱硫脱硝性能

采用管式炉和沉降炉分别研究了O₂/CO₂气氛下燃煤预混和烟气喷入木醋调质石灰石的同时脱硫脱硝性能。结果表明,在温度1 173~1 323 K、钙硫比为2.0的条件下,木醋调质石灰石混煤燃烧脱硫效率91.0%~94.9%、脱硝效率23.5%~30.8%。随着钙硫比的增加,木醋调质石灰石混煤燃烧脱硫脱硝效率增大,适宜的钙硫比为1.5~2.0。相同的燃烧温度和钙硫比,含硫量高的煤预混木醋调质石灰石燃烧获得较高的脱硫、脱硝效率。木醋调质石灰石用于O₂/CO₂燃煤脱硫脱硝性能优于醋酸钙。O₂/CO₂燃煤烟气中喷入木醋调质石灰石、钙硫比为2.0、停留时间为0.8 s、在1 223和1 323 K时获得最大脱硫效率和最大脱硝效率为75.8%和86.6%。在上述条件下将氨气喷入反应区,氨氮比为0.75、温度为1 223和1 323 K时,脱硫效率分别为73.2%和63.9%,脱硝效率分别为93.2%和94.8%。     

复合聚并协同脱除燃煤颗粒物及颗粒态重金属的中试研究

燃煤颗粒物和其上富集的As、Se、Pb等重金属排入大气后危害环境和人体健康。本研究开发以湍流聚并、壁面回流吸附为原理的复合聚并器，研究了聚并前后对颗粒物和颗粒态重金属的聚并效果。首先采用数值模拟方法综合考虑压力损失、速度均匀性和颗粒物聚并效果，优选了折叶片作为复合聚并器的叶片类型。随后进行了不同流量的颗粒物聚并中试研究，发现复合聚并器对PM₁的聚并率可达32.84%，随着流量从11.1 m/s增加到17.6 m/s，PM_2.5聚并率呈现一定下降趋势，说明了流量增加导致颗粒停留时间缩短和颗粒物聚并率的下降。通过对比聚并前后颗粒物中As、Se、Pb的浓度变化，发现聚并过程增强了对气态重金属的吸附，也会聚集富含重金属的纳米级颗粒物，从而造成PM₁中重金属浓度的增加。聚并后PM₁内的As、Se、Pb绝对浓度的降低，显示了复合聚并器对颗粒物和颗粒态重金属的协同脱除效果。     

O_2/CO_2气氛添加高岭石对燃煤PM_(2.5)排放的影响

采用管式炉研究了在O2/CO2气氛下添加高岭石对PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物)排放特性的影响。实验采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集和分析燃烧后的PM2.5。结果表明,添加高岭石是燃烧过程中影响PM2.5生成的重要因素。添加高岭石后,生成PM1的数量和质量浓度均降低,而PM1-2.5的数量和质量浓度均略有增加,PM2.5粒径分布均呈双峰分布,峰值点分别出现在0.2μm和2.0μm左右。随着高岭石添加质量比的增加,PM2.5中的S、Pb、Cu、Na和K五种元素的浓度呈下降趋势。粒径小于0.317μm的亚微米颗粒通过气化-凝结机理形成,而超微米颗粒则是通过亚微米颗粒凝聚、聚结和矿物质熔融、破碎、聚结形成。     

O2/CO2气氛下煤焦燃烧实验研究

在热重分析仪上进行了不同气氛下徐州烟煤及其煤焦的燃烧实验,分析了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度和颗粒粒径等参数对其燃烧特性的影响;并对其进行了燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,气氛对煤和煤焦开始脱挥发分的时间影响不明显,但对其燃烧速率和燃尽时间影响很大;高浓度CO₂使煤焦的燃尽时间延长。气氛没有改变煤焦的燃烧反应动力学机理。O₂浓度提高、CO₂浓度降低和煤粉细化均可改善燃料的燃烧特性,但对煤焦的改善程度比对烟煤的小。扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示,同等O₂浓度下O₂/CO₂气氛较空气气氛煤灰表面孔隙结构更丰富。     

无机盐活化剂-氨基酸盐基溶液捕集温室气体CO2

将无机盐K₃PO₄、K₂HPO₄和KH₂PO₄作为活化剂,分别添加于氨基乙酸盐溶液中,形成CO₂活化吸收剂,采用膜接触器 再生循环装置,评价和比较了氨基乙酸盐和活化吸收剂捕集CO₂的性能,研究了活化剂的浓度、气液流速等因素对总体积传质系数、传质通量和捕集率的影响。结果表明,磷酸盐活化剂在氨基乙酸盐吸收剂中,对CO₂的捕集均产生影响,活化效应存在PO₄^3－＞HPO₄^2－＞H₂PO₄^－的规律;添加少量活化剂的作用比添加较多量的活化作用大;活化吸收剂的捕集率明显大于非活化吸收剂;膜吸收流体力学状态的改变,能够改善膜接触器传质性能,增大传质通量,但增大的程度有限。     

燃烧源PM2.5凝结洗涤脱除实验研究

利用蒸汽在燃烧源PM2.5表面凝结,促使PM2.5凝结长大,建立一套燃烧源PM2.5凝结洗涤的实验台;考察了颗粒粒径分布、蒸汽添加量、液气比等对两种燃烧源PM2.5凝结洗涤脱除效果的影响。采用电称低压冲击器 (ELPI)在线测试分析燃煤和燃油PM2.5凝结洗涤前后的数浓度和粒径分布特性,并用SEM和XPS对两种不同燃烧源的颗粒进行了形貌和元素组分分析。结果表明,燃煤和燃油产生的PM2.5形貌和组分具有较大的差别,燃煤PM2.5主要为硅铝矿物质,而燃油PM2.5主要为含炭物质;相同条件下,燃煤PM2.5相变脱除效果优于燃油PM2.5;随着蒸汽添加量的增加,两者的脱除效率均升高;随粒径的增大,脱除效率提高;蒸汽添加量为0.08kg/m3时,粒径为0.4μm的燃煤和燃油细颗粒的脱除效率分别81％和72％;此外,适当增加液气比有利于凝结长大含尘液滴的脱除。     

Competitive immunoassay for monitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in PM2.5 in Shanghai

In this paper, a sensitive biotin–streptavidin (BS)-ELISA was developed for determining the polybrominated diphenyl ethers in PM_2.5. For establishing this proposed BS-ELISA, we prepared the biotinylated antibody primarily. And for reducing the background interference, some in?uencing factors and procedures for this immunoassay were also discussed and optimised. Under the optimal conditions, the IC₅₀ = 0.53 ng/mL; IC₁₀ was 0.002 ng/mL; and the results were almost consistent with those using the gas chromatography and electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Less procedures and simpler sample preparation were required for this method compared with the GC-ECD. The results showed that the highest value of BDE-47 concentration occurred in December, which might re?ect the combination of heating and industrial pollution. In our analysis, we studied the Pearson correlations between BDE-47/PM_2.5 and gaseous pollutants (such as NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5). BDE-47 showed a higher correlation with NO₂ than that with PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and SO₂, which implied that the BDE-47 emission process might be accompanied by the emission of NO₂. Moreover, during the Spring Festival, the concentration of BDE-47 in PM_2.5 decreased significantly, whereas the PM_2.5 changed little. This suggested factories and vehicles might be the major contributors to BDE-47 emissions (but not to PM_2.5).     

K2CO3修饰的铁锆复合氧载体-煤焦化学链气化制氢反应特性研究

以K₂CO₃修饰的Fe₂O₃和ZrO₂复合型氧化物为氧载体(K3-Fe70Zr30),在固定床装置上考察了温度和原料配比对煤焦化学链制氢过程中产气率及组成的影响。程序升温实验结果表明,煤焦与氧载体500 ℃时开始反应,温度高于750 ℃时反应速率快速增大;而还原态氧载体与水蒸气400 ℃时开始反应,当温度高于500 ℃时出口氢气浓度明显增大。恒温实验表明,随温度升高,产品气中CO/CO₂体积比增大,导致产氢量降低。随煤焦与氧载体比例增加,产品气体中CO/CO₂体积比增加,而产氢量先增大后降低,其最大值可达1.734 L/g。K3-Fe70Zr30氧载体在前两次循环能维持良好的反应活性,但在第3次循环反应中活性降低,而重新添加K₂CO₃之后氧载体活性恢复,表明氧载体活性降低主要是由于K₂CO₃的流失所致。     

Portable,Ambient PM2.5 Sensor for Human and/or Animal Exposure Studies

A field-portable device for logging PM_2.5 mass concentration data has been developed. The device combines the Arduino microprocessor with an SD card, a Sharp DN7C3CA006 optical dust monitor, and 10,000-mAh battery. The dust sensor uses a virtual impactor to size select particles <2.5 microns prior to illuminating the selected fraction with an LED. The LED is triggered by a circuit controlled with the Arduino. Nephelometric detection at 120° referenced to incidence is used. The voltage signal reported by the dust sensor is converted to PM_2.5 mass through calibration onboard the Arduino. Data points can be saved to the SD card as rapidly as 0.3?s, although averaging signals over 60?s produced more optimal detection limits. For a 60?s average, the PM_2.5 mass limit of detection was 9?µg?m^?3, indicating that the sensor will be useful for monitoring human exposure to fine particles. Portable exposure monitoring has been demonstrated with the sensing platform as several individuals carried the device with them during daily activities in Lubbock, TX and Atlanta, GA. For this group of test subjects, values of PM_2.5 exposure varied from 0 to 1000?µg?m^?3 during the sampling periods. It was observed that, by far, the highest levels of PM_2.5 occur during periods of cooking, or being near cooking operations. Other periods of high PM_2.5 occurred during ground transportation, use of personal care products, vacuuming, and visiting restrooms. When hourly personal exposure data were correlated with hourly average PM_2.5 for outdoor air for the Atlanta data set, a very weak correlation was found (R²?=?0.026). Only two out of eight sampling periods did the personal monitoring estimate of exposure agree with that predicted by outdoor monitoring to within 15%. Personal exposure was often affected by circumstantial, short-term, high exposure events that are difficult to model or predict effectively. The short-term exposure events generally cause true exposure to be higher than that predicted by using outdoor ambient PM_2.5 to generate estimates. This finding complicates interpretation of epidemiological studies that find links between ambient outdoor PM_2.5 levels and human health, while it buttresses the case for using personal ambient monitors.     

H2气氛下褐煤快速热解过程中CH4逸出规律的分析

在带有输送煤样的管式反应器上进行了霍林河褐煤加压快速氢解实验,分析了H₂对煤/半焦的化学键断裂和对CH₄生成规律的影响。在加压快速氢解条件下,CH₄产率随着热解温度升高、压力的增大而增大;在50% H₂气氛下,操作压力为1.0 MPa、温度为900 ℃时,CH₄产率为8.08%,达到最大,较N₂气氛下的提高了72.5%。H₂或H·自由基诱发了芳环的开裂、侧链、脂肪链和醚键的断裂,促进了煤热解。CH₄产率的增加主要是由于外部供H的结果;热解温度低于700 ℃时,H₂对煤结构中活性基团的作用促进了煤热解,导致了CH₄产率的增加;而热解温度高于700 ℃后,煤/半焦加氢气化促进了CH₄产率的增加。     

Sulfur evolution from coal combustion in O2/CO2 mixture

O₂/CO₂ coal combustion technology is considered as one of the most promising technologies for CO₂ sequestration due to its economical advantages and technical feasibility. It is significant to study the sulfur transfer behavior of coal in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere for organizing combustion properly and controlling SO₂ emission effectively. To clarify the effect of atmosphere on the sulfur transfer behavior, thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (TG-FTIR) system was employed to study the formation behavior of sulfur-containing gas species from Xuzhou bituminous coal pyrolysis in CO₂ atmosphere compared with that in N₂ atmosphere. Also the SO₂ formation behaviors during Xuzhou bituminous coal combustion in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ atmospheres were investigated. Results show that COS is preferentially formed during the coal pyrolysis process in CO₂ atmosphere rather than in N₂ atmosphere. When temperature is above 1000 K, sulfate in the CO₂ atmosphere begins to decompose due to the reduction effect of CO, which comes from the CO₂ gasification. During coal combustion process, replacing N₂ with CO₂ enhances the SO₂ releasing rate. SO₂ emission increases first and then decreases as O₂ fraction increases in the O₂/CO₂ mixture. XPS result of the ash after combustion indicates that higher O₂ concentration elevates the sulfur retention ability of the mineral matter in the coal.     

Fe2O3/ATP载氧体制备及煤化学链燃烧性能研究

以天然凹凸棒(ATP)为载体,分别利用机械混合法、浸渍法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了3种铁基复合载氧体。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱(EDS)、N₂-吸附脱附等温线等对其进行物化表征,并在900 ℃流化床中考察其煤化学链燃烧反应性能。结果表明,ATP能显著增加载氧体比表面积和抗磨损能力,并对煤转化过程有催化作用,其与Fe₂O₃的协同作用使初始碳转化速率显著提高。溶胶-凝胶法制备的U-Fe4ATP6表面Ca元素含量为4.3%,比表面积为4.920 7 m²/g,均高于其他两种载氧体,表现出更高的催化性能和反应活性:初始碳转化速率为0.168 min^-1,平均CO₂浓度为98.6%,燃烧效率为98.7%。20次反应后,U-Fe4ATP6催化性能略有降低,对应的初始碳转化速率降至0.108 min^-1,停留时间t₉₅延长到18 min;且能维持较高的反应活性,对应的CO₂捕集效率和燃烧效率分别稳定在98.6%和96.7%。     

Size-fractionated airborne particulate matter characterization of a residential area near Islamabad airport by IBA methods

Size fractionated PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10 airborne particulates collected from the airport housing society site in Rawalpindi were characterized using the non destructive ion beam analysis method. Proton induced X-ray emission and Proton induced gamma ray emission were employed to quantify 28 trace elements in fine and coarse filter samples. The average PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10 masses were found to be 15.7 and 144???g/m³, respectively which, when combined exceed the Pakistani limit for PM₁₀ of 100???g/m³. The average black carbon (BC) content was found to be 3.49 and 5.95???g/m³ corresponding to 23.8 and 4.30% of the fine and coarse masses, respectively. The reconstructed mass (RCM) was calculated for both particle modes using 5 pseudo sources, namely soil, sulfate, smoke, sea salt and BC. It was found that 5 sources could account for 80.6 and 49.0% of the fine and coarse masses, respectively. The low value of RCM for the coarse mode may imply a much higher organic content. The major sources contributing to the fine mode were soil, sulfate and BC. Similarly for the coarse mass fraction it was found that soil was the major source whereas the sulfate and BC sources did not contribute as much.     

Characterizing air particulate matter composition and sources in Lisbon,Portugal

The goal of this research is to determine trends and sources of airborne particulates in the centre of Lisbon, by using speciated particulate-matter data and back-trajectory analyses. Results showed that, in 2007, the annual PM_2.5 concentration exceeded the World Health Organization recommended levels. PM_2.5 diurnal variability and the ratio between weekdays’ and weekends’ concentrations indicated that traffic contributed highly to decreasing air quality. Air back-trajectory analysis showed that maritime air mass transport had a significant role on air quality in Lisbon, promoting the decrease of anthropogenic aerosol concentrations.