Ternary systems LiBr-Li2MoO4-Li2WO4 and LiF-Li2MoO4-Li2WO4

The ternary systems LiBr-Li₂MoO₄-Li₂WO₄ and LiF-Li₂MoO₄-Li₂WO₄ were studied by differential thermal analysis. The fields of crystallizing phases are delimited, and di- and monovariant equilibria for surfaces and monovariant curves are described.     

Kristallstrukturen von MgCr2O4-Typ Li2VCl4 und Spinell-Typ Li2MgCl4 und Li2CdCl4

Crystal Structures of MgCrO₄-type Li₂VCl₄ and Spinel-type Li₂MgCl₄ and Li₂CdCl₄ The crystal structures of the ternary lithium chlorides Li₂MCl₄ (M = Mg, V, Cd) have been determined firstly by X-ray single-crystal experiments. Li₂MgCl₄ and Li₂CdCl₄ crystallize in an inverse spinel structure (space group Fd3 m, Z = 8, a = 1 040.1(2) and 1 062.06(9) pm, structural parameters u = 0.25699(2) and 0.2550(1), R = 1.7 and 3.7% for 218 and 211 unique reflections). The Li? Cl distances of the tetrahedrally coordinated Li⁺ ions are significantly greater than calculated with Shannon's crystal radii ( > 238 ± 1 instead of 233 pm). Contrary to the results of X-ray powder data reported in the literature, Li₂VCl₄ crystallizes in the distorted spinel structure of MgCr₂O₄ type (space group F4 3m, Z = 8, a = 1 037.49(2) pm, R = 5.9% for 217 unique reflections). The decrease of the site symmetry of the octahedrally coordinated ions (V²⁺, Li⁺) from 3 m to 3m resulting in contracted and widened tetrahedral M₄ entities of the spinel structure is obviously caused by V? V metal—metal bonds (shortest V? V distance 366.2(7) pm).     

Zur Kenntnis der Chlorid-Spinelle Li2MgCl4, Li2MnCl4, Li2FeCl4, Li2CdCl4

About the Chloride Spinels Li₂MgCl₄, Li₂MnCl₄, Li₂FeCl₄, Li₂CdCl₄ FIR, Raman, and X-ray data of the spinel type chlorides Li₂TCl₄ (T = Mg, Mn, Fe, Cd) are presented. The vibrational spectra indicate that there is no 1:1 ordering on the octahedral sites of the lattice. Both DTA measurements and high temperature X-ray photographs show that the chloride spinels undergo a reversible phase transition to a cubic high temperature defect structure at 535°C (Li₂MgCl₄), 460°C (Li₂MnCl₄) and 385°C (Li₂CdCl₄), which has unit cell dimensions two times smaller than the spinel lattice. Disordering of the lithium sublattice still begins at much lower temperatures, as measurements of the electric conductivity indicate.     

Darstellung und Struktur von BaAl2Se4, BaGa2Se4, CaGa2Se4 und Caln2Te4

Preparation and Crystal Structure of BaAl₂Se₄, BaGa₂Se₄, CaGa₂Se₄, and CaIn₂Te₄ The new compounds BaAl₂Se₄, BaGa₂Se₄, CaGa₂Se₄ and CaIn₃Te₄ crystallize with constants see “Inhaltsübersicht”. The structures are strongly related to the TlSe structure.     

Studies on Li2SO4-MgSO4 and Li2SO4-Li4SiO4 systems

The phase equilibria as well as the properties and crystal structures of the compounds formed in both Li₂SO₄-MgSO₄ and Li₂SO₄-Li₄SiO₄ systems have been studied by means of x-ray diffraction technique (at high and room temperatures) as well as by the thermal analyses (DTA, DSC, TGA, etc.). In Li₂SO₄-MgSO₄ system there exists a compound Mg₄Li₂(SO₄)₅ formed by peritectic reaction at 840°C and decomposed at 105°C into the Li₂SO₄-base solid solution and MgSO₄ · Mg₄Li₂(SO₄)₅ and Li₂SO₄-base solid solution conduct an eutectic reaction at 663°C with the composition of eutectic point lying in 22 mol% MgSO₄. The solubility of MgSO₄ in Li₂SO₄ is a little smaller than 10 mol% while at the same time the Li₂SO₄ phase transition temperature decreases from 574 to 560°C On the other hand, no noticeable solid solubility of Li₂SO₄ in MgSO₄ has been observed. The reaction is an endothermal one and its heat of formation is 2.57 kJ/mol. The activation energy of the reaction calculated by thermal peak displacement method at various heating rates is 173.5 kJ/mol (1.80 ev). The crystal Mg₄Li₂(SO₄)₅ belongs to orthorhombic system with lattice parameters at 180°C: a = 8.577, b=8.741, c= 11.918 Å. The space group seems to be either P222 or P mmm. Assuming that there are two formula units in a unit cell, the density calculated is then 2.20 g/cm³ very close to that of Li₂SO₄ or MgSO₄. Meanwhile, in Li₂SO₄-Li₄SiO₄ system a new phase Li_8-2x(SiO₄)_8-x(SO₄)_x is formed by peritectic reaction at 953°C with a range of composition x=0.96 ?0.58. The crystal belongs to ortho-rhombic system with lattice parameters at x=0.8: a = 5.002, b= 6.173 and c=10.608Å. The density observed is 2.31 g/cm³ and there are 2 formula units in an unit cell. It is shown from the measurements of piezoelectric and laser SHG coefficients of the crystal that the crystal posseses a symmetrical center with the space group belonging to P mmn. The lattice parameter c has a maximum at x=0.8. In the air Li_8-2x(SiO₄)_2-x(SO₄)_x can absorb 7.6 wt% water vapour and other gases which can only be desorbed by heating it at a temperature above 350°C. Neither absorption nor desorbtion can change its crystal structure, a characteristic similar to that of zeolite molecular sieve. The dewater activation energy of Li_8-2x(SiO₄)_2-x(SO₄)_x is 171.5 kJ/mol. Li_8-2x(SiO₄)_2-x(SO₄)_x and Li₄SO₄ bring about an eutectic reaction at 823°C with its eutectic composition being 12 mol% Li₄SiO₄. No observable solubility of Li₄SiO₄ in Li₃SO₄ has been noticed. The solubility of Li₂SO₄ in Li₄SiO₄ is approximately equal to 5 mol%. With Li₂SO₄ being dissolved in, the phase transition temperature of Li₄SiO₄ is decreased. After being fused, the specimens Li₃SO₄-MgSO₄ and Li₂SO₄-Li₄SiO₄ are cooled at a rate of 10°C/min, their metastable eutectic systems are resulted respectively.     

Li~2SO~4-MgSO~4、LiSO~4-Li~4SiO~4体系的研究

本文用X射线衍射(高温、室温)和热分析(DTA、DSC、TGA)等方法测定了Li~2SO~4-MgSO~4和Li~2SO~4-Li~4SO~4体系相图,并研究了化合物的性能和晶体结构。Mg~4Li~2(SO~4)~5在840℃由包晶反应形成,它在105℃分解为Li~2SO~4为基的固溶体和MgSO~4.在105℃反应时,形成每摩尔的Mg~4Li~2(SO~4)~5吸热2.57kJ,反应激活能为173.5kJ/mol. Mg~4Li~2(SO~4)~5属正交晶系,在180℃的点阵常数α=8.577A,b=8.741A, c=11.918A, 可能的空间群为P222或Pmmm,Z=2。Li~8-2x(SiO~4)~2-x(SO~4)~x是在953℃由包晶反应形成的新相.随着温度的降低,相区扩大,在室湿x=0.96-0.58.该相属正交晶系,空间群为Pmmn,Z=2.晶体的点阵常数在x=0.8时有一定最大值,a=5.002A,b=6.173A, c=10.608A.Li~g-2x(SiO~4)~2-x(SO~4)~x在空气中能吸收7.6wt%的水蒸汽和其他气体,脱水温度高于350℃,水份的吸脱不改变晶体结构,与沸石分子筛具有相似性质,脱水激活能为171.5kJ/mol.熔化后的Li~2SO~4-MgSO~4和Li~2SO~4-Li~4SiO~4试样以10℃/min速率降温,分别形成亚稳态共晶体系。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Gd2[Pt2(SO4)4(HSO4)2](HSO4)2

Red single crystals of Gd₂[Pt₂(SO₄)₄(HSO₄)₂](HSO₄)₂ (triclinic, , Z = 1, a = 844.02(9), b = 908.50(9), c = 939.49(8) pm, α = 107.73(1)°, β = 112.10(1)°, γ = 103.53(1)°) were obtained by the reaction of [Gd(NO₃)(H₂O)₇][PtCl₆]·4H₂O with sulfuric acid at 320 °C in a sealed glass ampoule. In the crystal structure, Pt₂ dumbbells are coordinated by four chelating sulfate groups and two monodentate hydrogensulfate ions. Two further HSO₄^? ions are not bonded to the Pt₂ dumbbell. The Gd³⁺ ions are eightfold coordinated by oxygen atoms. The IR data of Gd₂[Pt₂(SO₄)₄(HSO₄)₂](HSO₄)₂ are typical for these type of compounds. The thermal decomposition of the compound leads to elemental platinum and Gd₂O₃.     

Four-component system LiF-K2WO4-CaF2-CaWO4

The four-component system LiF-K₂WO₄-CaF₂-CaWO₄ has been studied by physicochemical analysis. The phase and crystallization trees have been predicted a priori and have been experimentally verified by constructing a topological model of the phase diagram and by solving the equations expressing the general law of liquidus surface formation. The heat-storage properties of the eutectic compositions are evaluated.     

Na2Co(H2PO4)4·4H2O

In the title compound, disodium cobalt tetrakis­(dihydrogen­phosphate) tetrahydrate, the Co^II ion lies on an inversion centre and is octahedrally surrounded by two water molecules and four H₂PO₄ groups to give a cobalt complex anion of the form [Co(H₂PO₄)₄(OH₂)]^2?. The three‐dimensional framework results from hydrogen bonding between the anions. The relationship with the structures of Co(H₂PO₄)₂·2H₂O and K₂CoP₄O₁₂·5H₂O is discussed.     

Photolyse von 2, 2, 4, 4-Tetramethylcyclobutanon-Derivaten

The photochemical reactions of the 2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethylcyclobutanones 1–6 carrying various substituents in 3-position were investigated. The major reaction in alcoholic solution or in the presence of other protic compounds was the formation of the semicyclic acetals 7–12 . Parallel to this reaction decarbonylation occurred, leading to stable cyclopropane derivatives in some cases, depending on the substituents present. Cyclopropanes with an exocyclic double bond underwent ring opening easily or, in case of an exocyclic carbon-nitrogen double bond, added alcohol, thus forming cyclopropane O, N-ketals. Alkyl-acyl biradicals are proposed as common intermediates for both photoreactions. Based on analogy to similar photoreactions reported in the literature, the formation of the semicyclic acetals is assumed to involve a carbene intermediate.     

4-Hydroxyquinolones-2

Hydrazinolysis of 1-R-3-carbethoxy-4-hydroxyquinolones-2 was used to synthesize the corresponding hydrazides; thermal cyclodehydration of the latter yielded 3-oxopyrazolo-[4,3-c]-5-R-quinolones-4. Findings relating to their analgesic and antiphlogistic activity are outlined.For previous report, see [1].Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1086–1090, August, 1992.     

Solubility in the systems Rb2SO4-H2SO4-H2O and Cs2SO4-H2SO4-H2O at 25°

Conclusions The solubility of rubidium and cesium sulfates in aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid was studied at 25°. Rubidium sulfate forms the compounds 3Rb₂SO₄· H₂SO₄, Rb₂SO₄ · H₂SO₄, Rb₂SO₄·3H₂SO₄ and Rb₂SO₄·7H₂SO₄ with sulfuric acid, while cesium sulfate forms the compounds Cs₂SO₄·H₂SO₄; Cs₂SO₄·3H₂SO₄ and Cs₂SO₄ · 7H₂SO₄.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1166–1170, June, 1968.     

Sättigungsdrucke,Bildungsenthalpien von WOBr4 und WO2Br2, die Reaktionsgleichgewichte 2WO2Br2 = WO3 + WOBr4 und 2WOBr4 + SiO2 = 2WO2Br2 + SiBr4

The saturation vapour pressures of WOBr₄ and WO₂Br₂ and their reaction equilibria have been determined by means of a membrane zero manometer and ampoule quenching experiments, respectively. From the pressuretemperature dependence the following sublimation data were estimated: Δ H° (subl., WOBr₄, 298) = 29.4 (± 1.0) kcal/mole; Δ H° (subl., WO₂Br₂, 298) = 36.6 (±1.5) kcal/mole; Δ S° (subl., WOBr₄, 298) = 50.1 (± 1) cl; Δ S° (subl. WO₂Br₂, 298) = 53.0 (±1.5) cl. For the decomposition reaction of solid WO₂Br₂ were obtained: Δ H° (s, 690) 37.5 (± 0.7) kcal/mole, Δ S° (s, 690) = 49.0 (± 0.5) cl; and for the decomposition of gaseous WO₂Br₂: Δ H° (g, 690) = ?29.6 (± 2.0) kcal/mole, Δ S°. (g, 690) = ?44.5 (± 1.5) cl.     

Cs2BeCl4 und Cs2 YbCl4: Endglieder der homologen Reihe Cs2MCl4

Cs₂BeCl₄ and Cs₂YbCl₄: End Members of the Homologous Series Cs₂MCl₄ Cs₂BeCl₄ belongs to the β-K₂SO₄ type structure (orthorhombic, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 964.2(4), b = 717.8(3), c = 1246.8(5) pm) and Cs₂YbCl₄ to the K₂NiF₄ type (tetragonal, I4/mmm, Z = 2, a = 541.8(2), c = 1727.6(10) pm). They are with the exception of Cs₂TmCl₄ the end members of minimum and maximum molar volume of the homologous series Cs₂MCl₄. The application of the “theorem of optimal (preferred) volumes” suggests that the other members of the series also can only belong to one of these two structure types (β-K₂SO₄ and K₂NiF₄ type, respectively).     

Thermal decomposition of (NH4)2MoS4 and (NH4)2WS4heat of formation of (NH4)2MoS4

The reactions (NH₄)₂MeS₄ = 2 NH₃ + H₂S + MeS₃ (Me = Mo, W) were investigated by measuring the decomposition vapour pressures. Thermochemical data were obtained from these measurements: ΔH = 52 kcal/mole and ΔS = 105 cal/deg.mole for the decomposition of the tetrathiomolybdate. Similarly, ΔH = 69 kcal/mole and ΔS = 106 cal/deg.mole were obtained for the decomposition of the tetrathiotungstate. The normal heat of formation of (NH₄)₂MoS₄ was found to be ΔH = ?140 kcal/mole. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of the above reactions were also measured.     

Die IR-Spektren von NH4UO2AsO4·3H2O und NH4UO2PO4·3H2O

The infrared spectra of the title compounds, as well as that of the structurally related mineral meta-autunite, [Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂·n H₂O], are reported and discussed using the available crystallographic data. The results can be considered as representative for the full group of the so-called torbernite-minerals.     

Synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate

2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP, 2) and 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol (CDPME, 3) are metabolites in the MEP pathway for biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds in bacteria, plant chloroplasts, and algae. The free phosphoacid of 2 was prepared from benzyloxyacetone in five steps with an overall yield of 27% and an enantiomeric ratio (er) of 75:25. Following titration to the corresponding tributylammonium salt, 2 was coupled to cytidine 5'-monophosphate using a protocol originally developed for synthesis of base-sensitive nucleoside diphosphate sugars to give 3 in 40% yield, following purification by size exclusion chromatography.