水环境中微塑料的样品采集与分析进展

微塑料在环境中难以降解,可在水体、沉积物等环境介质中长期存在,并在水生生物体内积累,成为人们高度关注的环境问题之一。有关水环境中微塑料的污染研究尚处于起步阶段,快速、高效、准确的检测技术是水环境中微塑料研究的重要环节,对于优化研究路线、分析研究结果、总结微塑料污染规律至关重要。本文结合国内外微塑料污染研究进展,介绍了微塑料污染现状,并通过对环境样品中微塑料的采样、预处理以及定性定量分析方法的系统比较,总结了现行各种检测方法的优缺点及各自应用范围,最后指出了进一步研究的方向。     

微塑料介导重金属在陆生植物中迁移及生物效应的影响

随着地膜在现代化农业中的广泛应用,微塑料在土壤中的残留问题日益严重。环境中释放的微塑料可能会与先前存在的重金属相互作用,导致生物效应(生物积累/毒性),并对人类健康和农产品安全构成威胁。目前,大多数研究集中于单一影响因素在土壤系统中的暴露和转化分析,有关微塑料和共存金属对环境联合影响的相当有限。本文综述了微塑料与重金属来源、相互作用机理与影响因素的研究现状,阐述了陆生植物对二者联合污染的生理响应。此外,未来的研究还应重点探讨微塑料与重金属共同在植物上暴露的具体分子机制、通过食物链对人类健康的影响、与其他混合污染物联合作用及微塑料老化过程对重金属迁移动态变化过程的影响。     

土壤样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展

微塑料作为一种新型污染物,因其粒径小、难以降解、本身含有多种污染物、且易吸附疏水性有机污染物和重金属等产生复合污染,已成为国内外学者研究的热点问题。微塑料广泛存在于土壤环境中,进入土壤中的微塑料会影响土壤理化性质,同时影响土壤动物生长、植物生长和微生物活动等,并且,微塑料会在土壤中发生迁移或沿食物链传递从而对人类健康构成潜在风险。高效、统一、准确的微塑料分析方法是研究微塑料在土壤中分布、迁移、归趋和生态风险的基础。本文对近年来土壤中微塑料的采集、分离提取、鉴定量化和分析方法的质量保证等方面的研究进展进行了评述,比较了各个方法的优缺点及应用范围。最后,结合国内外微塑料污染最新研究进展,针对目前土壤微塑料分析方法存在的问题,对今后土壤微塑料分析技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

微塑料在食品中的来源及其检测技术研究进展

为促进食品中微塑料的治理,该文从食品中微塑料的来源、提取和分析方法等方面展开了系统综述,并针对食品中微塑料的规范分析提出了相关建议。研究表明从食品原料到生产加工过程及食品包装材料,都可能成为食品中微塑料污染的潜在来源。消解法是食品中微塑料提取的主要方法。目前,对食品中微塑料进行鉴别以及定量的主流方法有目检法、傅里叶变换－红外光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热裂解/气相色谱－质谱联用法等。今后,建议开展食品中微塑料检测的标准方法研究,开发纳米级微塑料的光谱鉴别和定量技术。同时,面对食品中越来越严重的微塑料污染情况,应加强微塑料在食品生产过程中的溯源分析和控制技术研究,加快新型材料的开发速度。     

基于显微光谱法的双壳类海洋生物中微塑料的检测方法研究

建立准确、高效的微塑料分析方法是研究微塑料在环境中的迁移、转化、归趋和生态毒理效应的前提。该研究系统优化了4种消解条件和滤膜种类,建立了用显微红外和拉曼光谱检测海产品中微塑料的方法,确定使用氢氧化钾在40 ℃下消解36 h,并用混合纤维素滤膜过滤的前处理方法。结果显示,大颗粒微塑料可使用显微红外全反射（ATR）、成像模式和显微拉曼单点检测模式进行检测,小颗粒微塑料可使用显微拉曼单点检测模式或显微拉曼和显微红外的成像模式进行检测。该文通过分析典型双壳类海洋生物中的微塑料,系统研究了检测微塑料的光谱方法。     

微塑料:生物效应、分析和降解方法综述

微塑料(MPs)的出现引起了全球的广泛关注,它们遍布海洋和陆地的各个环境介质中,造成了严重的环境污染。微塑料通常被定义为粒径小于5 mm的塑料纤维、颗粒或者薄膜,可被生物吸收积累,产生生态风险和健康风险。实际上很多微塑料可达微米乃至纳米级别,肉眼是不可见的,因此也被形象地比作海洋中的“PM2.5”。作为目前学术界和社会各界争论的热点问题,本篇综述旨在系统地介绍环境中微塑料的来源与分布、生物效应以及分析鉴定方法,并重点介绍了微塑料污染的降解策略和研究成果,为今后微塑料降解方法的研究提供了参考。     

土壤微塑料污染及生态环境效应研究进展

微塑料作为一种新的污染物,具有粒径小、疏水性强、性质稳定、可以吸附多种污染物等特点,近年来受到了广泛的关注。目前关于微塑料的研究主要集中在水环境中,土壤环境中的微塑料研究相对滞后。土壤与人类生活息息相关,但土壤微塑料污染的现状却不容乐观,土壤微塑料的环境效应需要重视。本文综述了土壤微塑料的来源、分离和鉴定方法、微塑料在土壤环境中的行为和生态效应,并对土壤微塑料的研究前景进行了展望。     

土壤中微塑料检测技术及生态效应研究进展

微塑料(MPs)指长度或宽度小于5 mm的塑料颗粒.作为一种新兴污染物,其因粒径小、性质稳定、难降解,已成为地球系统功能的重大威胁之一.目前,水体环境中微塑料污染已得到广泛研究,而土壤中微塑料污染研究刚刚起步.本文对国内外土壤中微塑料污染现状、分离检测方法及生态风险进行综述,对未来土壤中微塑料研究提出展望.土壤中微塑料分离方法主要包括筛分法、密度分离法、泡沫浮选法等.微塑料的鉴别及表征方法包括显微镜观察法、傅里叶红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法等.这些方法存在耗时长、破坏微塑料结构等问题,将各方法适当结合或改进有望弥补不足.土壤微塑料的生态影响主要体现在动物的生长、发育、繁殖,植物的光合作用、氧化应激、生长存活以及微生物多样性等方面.今后研究重点为:(1)规范微塑料分离鉴别方法;(2)明确微塑料污染的剂量-效应关系;(3)土壤微塑料降解及其与其他污染物协同作用造成的土壤生态影响.     

微塑料富集金属铅元素的能力与特征分析

以微塑料为载体,考察了其对溶液中铅离子的富集能力。首先利用2%HNO_3为解吸溶液,并用超声波仪进行辅助解吸,然后用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定其吸附的铅含量,从而研究微塑料吸附铅离子的能力。对微塑料的材质、吸附时间、粒径、离子浓度、选择性以及共存离子等进行了考察,分析了微塑料吸附铅离子的特征。实验结果表明:不同材质的微塑料对铅离子的吸附能力不同,其中聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚丙烯(PP)吸附量最高,分别达到1.32μg/g和0.63μg/g。微塑料粒径越大,其对铅离子的吸附量越低。随着吸附时间和铅离子浓度的增加,微塑料对铅离子的吸附效率出现先升后降的趋势。共存离子实验表明,当溶液中存在其他离子时,不同材质的微塑料对铅离子的吸附能力受到不同程度的影响,当铅离子和铜离子共存时,2种离子存在竞争性吸附现象。该文探索了微塑料对铅离子的吸附特性,可为深入研究海洋中微塑料富集重金属及其环境行为提供理论基础。     

双壳贝类消化系统中微塑料的分离鉴定及应用研究

通过比较10%KOH和30%H_2O_2消解体系,建立了分离贝类消化系统中微塑料的前处理技术,采用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪(μ-FT-IR)和体式显微镜实现了微塑料的定性与定量分析,并用于检测栉孔扇贝和紫贻贝中的微塑料。结果表明,10%KOH消解体系的消解效率较高,聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)、聚乙烯(Polyethylene,PE)、聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene,PS)和聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl chloride,PVC)加标回收率为96.7%~98.6%,方法精密度较好,相对标准偏差≤3.2%,能够满足检测要求。检测了青岛5个大型水产品市场采集的市售栉孔扇贝(50个)和紫贻贝(50个),以及野生紫贻贝(15个)中的微塑料,贝类中微塑料的个体检出率达80%以上,野生贝类中微塑料的个体检出率仅为40%。不同市区市售栉孔扇贝中微塑料平均丰度变化范围为5.2~19.4个/个体和3.2~7.1个/g(消化系统组织湿重),不同市区市售紫贻贝中微塑料平均丰度变化范围为1.9~9.6个/个体和2.0~12.8个/g,其中,市售紫贻贝中微塑料的平均丰度(1.9个/个体,3.17个/g)高于野生紫贻贝中微塑料的平均丰度(0.53个/个体,2.0个/g)。在贝类中分离到纤维、碎片和颗粒3种形状的微塑料,其中,纤维状微塑料的丰度最高且平均粒径最大。不同市区贝类消化系统中的微塑料随着粒径增大,数量呈递减的总体趋势,其中,小于500μm的微塑料占微塑料总量的26%~84%。贝类中丰度最高的微塑料的聚合物成分是赛璐玢(Cellophane,CP),其次是聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)。本方法具有简单、高效、对样品中微塑料损害低等优点,适用于海产品中微塑料的检测分析。     

How well-protected are protected areas from anthropogenic microplastic contamination? Review of analytical methods,current trends,and prospects

Microplastics have sparked global concern due to their negative effects on organisms' health and the environment. Microplastics research in protected areas (marine and freshwater) has recently gained prominence and is expected to grow in the coming years. This review of 36 published studies examines current progress and identifies future research challenges. It begins with an overview of microplastic evaluation methodologies, followed by a discussion of recent advances in the abundance of microplastics in water, sediment, biota, wet and dry deposition, and particulate matter. Current quality assurance and control measures are also summarized. The majority of studies (44 %) examined sediment samples. In biota, the gastrointestinal system was the most evaluated for microplastics. Digestion (using H₂O₂ and KOH) and density separation (using NaCl) are the most common microplastic extraction methods. We found that microplastic contamination is pervasive in all the surveyed protected areas, with varying levels of abundance geographically, and over 50 % of the biota ingest microplastics. The methodological discrepancies amongst the investigations, from sampling to microplastics characterization, make it difficult to compare the results and generate baseline data on microplastic contamination levels. Close monitoring and a standardized approach are thus required to determine the extent to which microplastics might enter and persist in protected area environments, as well as to devise effective mitigating strategies.     

ToF-SIMS characterization of microplastics in soils

Microplastics pollution is becoming one of the most serious threats to the surface ecosystem of the earth; it is widespread in oceans, rivers, sediments, soils, and organisms. It is a growing concern as an environmental pollutant, which currently has no clear detection standard. Detection methods still need to be constantly supplemented and improved. This study explored a novel method called time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) in this field. Four types of microplastics in farmland soils, namely, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyamide 6, were successfully identified in terms of particle size and abundance by combining the high molecular specificity with ion imaging capability of ToF-SIMS. The procedure based on ToF-SIMS analysis also provides a methodological reference and basic data for the investigation and research of microplastics in soil, coastal beaches, and sediment.     

环境中手性污染物对映体分析方法的研究进展

手性污染物对映体尽管具有相似的物理化学性质,但在环境中的吸附、转移、降解等过程往往存在一定差异。生态安全问题与人类健康密切相关,因此,对手性环境污染物进行对映体水平上的分离分析是十分重要的研究课题。目前,国内外对环境中的手性污染物已开展了相关研究,然而全面评述相关分析测定方法的新进展鲜有报道。本文主要对环境中手性污染物的种类以及近5年环境中手性污染物的分析检测技术如液相色谱-质谱联用法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、毛细管电泳法、超临界流体色谱-质谱联用法等进行了归纳、综述和展望,为后续手性污染物的分析检测提供依据和参考。     

Microplastics and associated emerging contaminants in the environment: Analysis,sorption mechanisms and effects of co-exposure

Microplastics (MPs) and other emerging pollutants exist together in the environment and their co-exposure represents a source of increasing concern as MPs have been reported to act as carriers of pollutants due to their high sorption capacity. The ingestion of contaminated MPs by organisms can enhance the desorption of pollutants, increasing their bioavailability and toxicity. This review examines the role of MPs as vectors of environmental emerging contaminants. First, the main tools used to identify and characterise MPs and the analytical methods used for the determination of associated emerging contaminants are discussed. Insightful explanations of the sorption interaction between several groups of emerging pollutants and MPs are provided. MP type (polarity, crystallinity, size) and aging process together with the environmental conditions and pollutant properties (hydrophobicity and dissociated forms) are key factors influencing the sorption process. The literature review showed that polyethylene and polystyrene were the most commonly studied polymers. Antibiotics, perfluoroalkyl compounds and triclosan showed high sorption capacities onto MPs. Finally, the effect of co-exposure to MPs-emerging pollutants and bioaccumulation in aquatic and terrestrial organisms is discussed. The combined exposure may impact the toxic effects in different ways, through synergistic or antagonic interactions. Examples of different scenarios are provided, but in general the research conducted on terrestrial systems is scarce. The results revealed a lack of standardization in laboratory studies and in the testing conditions that reflect actual environmental exposure.     

Organic pollutants adsorbed on microplastics: Analytical methodologies and occurrence in oceans

The massive use of plastics in several products has generated microplastic debris worldwide. Besides their negative effect on marine organisms by ingestion, microplastics are a contamination vector due to their capacity to transport organic pollutants around our planet. To evaluate the magnitude of this issue, it is necessary to know what kinds of contaminants are adsorbed on microplastics, as well as their concentrations. In order to assess the adsorption and desorption of pollutants from microplastics, effective and reliable extraction procedures are required. In this overview, literature reports, in which extraction, separation and determination methods have been applied to analyse the organic pollutants adsorbed on microplastics, are revised and discussed. Furthermore, the worldwide occurrence of organic compounds found on microplastics in oceans is reviewed and the results obtained from different geographical areas and their global distribution trends are compared. Priority organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorinated benzenes, perfluoroalkyl substances or bisphenol analogues, have been widely found on microplastic samples. Future research that focuses on different kinds of emerging pollutants is required.     

Advances in organic–inorganic hybrid sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants in different types of food and environmental samples

The efficiency of the extraction and removal of pollutants from food and the environment has been an important issue in analytical science. By incorporating inorganic species into an organic matrix, a new material known as an organic–inorganic hybrid material is formed. As it possesses high selectivity, permeability, and mechanical and chemical stabilities, organic–inorganic hybrid materials constitute an emerging research field and have become popular to serve as sorbents in various separaton science methods. Here, we review recent significant advances in analytical solid‐phase extraction employing organic–inorganic composite/nanocomposite sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants from various types of food and environmental matrices. The physicochemical characteristics, extraction properties, and analytical performances of sorbents are discussed; including morphology and surface characteristics, types of functional groups, interaction mechanism, selectivity and sensitivity, accuracy, and regeneration abilities. Organic–inorganic hybrid sorbents combined with extraction techniques are highly promising for sample preparation of various food and environmental matrixes with analytes at trace levels.     

微萃取技术在环境分析中的应用

微萃取技术是近年来出现的绿色样品前处理技术。它具有操作简便、环境友好等优点,并且在环境、医药及食品等领域得到广泛的应用。本文仅就固相微萃取和液相微萃取在环境分析中的应用作一简要综述。