重力场中的热力学简述及其应用

本文讨论了一个封闭的热力学平衡体系在重力场中的行为，并得到了重力场中的热力学判据，与不考虑重力场影响的热力学判据相比较，二者相差一项势能项ｄφ。本文还讨论了受重力场作用时的热力学四大平衡条件，其中热平衡和化学平衡条件与不受重力场影响时相同，力学平衡和相平衡条件则出现修正项。本文定量地剖析了两个受重力场影响的封闭体系平衡现象实例。     

关于开尔文公式推导的讨论

应用弯曲界面存在的气液平衡条件和界面热力学方法,分析讨论了物理化学教材中开尔文公式的推导方法和过程,指出了存在的一些容易产生误解的问题。明确指出:等温下小液滴饱和蒸气压相对于平面液体饱和蒸气压的增大是由弯曲液面下液体的附加压力引起的,而不是界面自由能变化所致。并提出了一些教学建议。     

关于等温循环方法推导开尔文公式的讨论

等温循环方法是物理化学教材中推导开尔文公式的一个经典方法。本文从热力学基本原理出发,明确指出其中小液滴可逆相变为气体的吉布斯自由能变化值应由吉布斯自由能判据求解,并对温度恒定、两相压强分别恒定时的判据进行了重新推导。同时,本文还提出了一种对推导开尔文公式的等温循环法的新理解方式,该方式在建立的"箱管模型"辅助下,意义明确,便于理解,更适宜教学使用。     

对球状液滴拉普拉斯公式热力学推导方法的讨论

本文针对球状液滴拉普拉斯公式热力学推导方法进行了讨论分析。首先从界面热力学基本方程的建立方法和界面热力学基本方程中作为偏微分的压强的数学定义两个角度进行分析,得出了液滴界面热力学基本方程中,压强为与之平衡的外界气体压强。另外,从实际发生的物理过程来看,本文所质疑的球状液滴拉普拉斯公式的热力学推导方法采用无外力做功时液滴体积增大d V的过程是明显违反热力学第一定律的。     

基于格子的链状流体分子热力学模型

格子模型是高分子溶液理论最常采用的流体模型,在此基础上建立的分子热力学模型在流体混合物的热力学性质、相平衡行为的计算等方面有广泛的应用．最近,我们对基于格子的混合亥氏函数模型重新进行了审视,采用统计力学理论推导与计算机模拟相结合的现代分子热力学研究方法建立了新的分子热力学模型,可以反映高分子链枝化、配位数、链刚性、共聚物链组成、氢键、压力等的影响,对小分子系统和高分子溶液的热力学性质和相平衡关系的计算不仅与Monte Carlo模拟结果吻合,比现有其他理论预测效果更好,对高分子溶液、离子液体混合物等实际系统的相平衡计算也取得令人满意的结果,显示出模型优越的工程应用价值．本文对上述工作进行了系统总结．     

开尔文公式的推导方法新思路

应用解决热力学问题的重要方法--状态函数法,依据宏观实际过程设计途径,从相平衡条件及热力学基本关系式入手,推导出开尔文公式。有助于通过感性认识更好地理解开尔文公式及亚稳状态的本质。     

两相平衡范特霍夫方程的应用

应用相平衡常数讨论了范特霍夫方程在简化一些两相平衡热力学公式推导时的应用。     

含锶卤水体系相平衡和热力学研究进展

相平衡与热力学研究是卤水资源开发利用的理论依据,开展含锶多组分卤水体系相平衡和热力学研究,对于我国含锶卤水资源的开发利用具有重要的意义。从相平衡和热力学研究两方面,归纳总结国内外关于含锶卤水体系的研究现状,并指出了存在的主要问题和发展方向。     

室温离子液体混合物的相平衡研究进展

室温离子液体混合物的相平衡数据是设计和优化涉及离子液体的化学反应与分离工程的重要基础。本文综述了近年来室温离子液体混合物，特别是室温离子液体＋有机物体系的气－液平衡、液－液平衡和固－液平衡的研究进展，总结了这些混合物相行为的基本热力学规律以及对萃取分离工程的指导作用。     

注意热力学公式应用条件和导出条件的一致性

化学热力学中极强调公式成立的条件。一般来说,公式成立的条件应当就是公式导出过程中所用到的条件;公式也只有在满足导出条件的前提下才能被应用。然而,许多中外关于物理化学或化学热力学的著作中,对于“两相平衡时存在于两相的物质的化学位相等”这一结论,却普遍地存在着应用条件和导出条件不相一致的问题。大多数著作中对“相平衡时化学位相等”的推导是这样的:     

Ground, sieved, and C18 modified monolithic silica particles for packing material of microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography

We here report a new type of stationary phase for microcolumns. C18 modified silica monolith particles were prepared by grinding and sieving the silica monolith followed by C18 modification and end-capping, and were used as packing material. Ground silica monolith particles were not spherical but irregular with some residual monolithic network structure. The separation efficiency of the stationary phase made of sieved monolith particles (5-10 microm) was better than that of the stationary phase made of unsieved particles. The microcolumn packed with the sieved C18 ground monolith particles (5-10 microm) showed quite good separation efficiency (height equivalent to theoretical plate, HETP, as low as 15 microm) and it was even superior to the microcolumn packed with a commercial spherical 5 microm C18 stationary phase. The column pressure drop of C18 monolith particles was about two-third of that of the commercial spherical C18 phase. The preparation method of C18 stationary phase with ground and sieved silica monolith particles presumably suggests advantages of simplicity and convenience in modification and washing procedures compared to bulk silica monolith. It also showed both improved separation efficiency and low back pressure.     

Ringing gels: Their structure and macroscopic properties

The phase diagram of the ternary surfactant system which consists of dimethyltetradecylaminoxide, hydrocarbon, and water contains a highly elastic gel phase which borders on the micellarL ₁-phase. This gel phase is transparent, optically isotropic, and shows the ringing phenomena when it is excited to mechanical vibrations. From SANS and light-scattering measurements it is shown that this phase consists of the same spherical microemulsion droplets which are present in the adjacent micellar solution. Even in the micellar solution the droplets are fairly monodisperse and in the SANS scattering functions a second scattering maximum was observed. Both the light scattering and SANS data can be described quantitatively on the basis of hard sphere interactions between the particles. Furthermore, it is shown that elasticity and shear modulus of the gel phase, which were determined experimentally, correlate with the compressibility modulus as calculated from the scattering data. The elasticity modulus and hence the osmotic compressibility modulus are related to the Laplace pressure inside the globules. For the calculation of this pressure it is possible to take the interfacial tension, which is obtained from a dilute micellar solution against the hydrocarbon which is used for the system. The radius of the particles and the hydrocarbon content in the system can be increased when some of the dimethyltetradecylaminoxide is replaced by dimethyltetradecylphosphinoxide.     

Pressure dependence of the contact angle

When a liquid and its vapor contact a smooth, homogeneous surface, Gibbsian thermodynamics indicates that the contact angle depends on the pressure at the three-phase line of an isothermal system. When a recently proposed adsorption isotherm for a solid-vapor interface is combined with the equilibrium conditions and the system is assumed to be in a cylinder where the liquid-vapor interface can be approximated as spherical, the contact-angle-pressure relation can be made explicit. It indicates that a range of contact angles can be observed on a smooth homogeneous surface by changing the pressure at the three-phase line, but it also indicates that the adsorption at the solid-liquid interface is negative, and leads to the prediction that the contact angle increases with pressure. The predicted dependence of the contact angle on pressure is investigated experimentally in a system that has an independent mechanism for determining when thermodynamic equilibrium is reached. The predictions are in agreement with the measurements. The results provide a possible explanation for contact angle hysteresis.     

由L-J流体的FMSA状态方程计算流体的PVT性质

运用Tang等提出的Lennard-Jones (L-J)流体两参数的一阶平均球形近似(FMSA)状态方程, 计算了流体的汽液共存相图和饱和蒸汽压曲线, 以及非饱和区的PVT性质, 并与文献数据进行比较. L-J参数由Tr＜0.95的汽液相共存数据回归得到. 计算结果表明, 对于分子较接近球形的流体, 除临界点附近外, 该方程可以在较大的温度和压力范围内计算真实流体的PVT性质, 结果满意. 对于球形分子, 该方程的精确度随分子尺寸的变大基本保持稳定. 该方程不适用于强极性物质. 在高密度区, 该方程的计算结果明显优于P-R方程. 对于分子偏离球形较远的流体, 该方程的适用性变差, 此时要考虑分子形状的影响, 可采用三参数的FMSA状态方程进行计算.     

Surfactant mediated synthesis of spherical binary oxides photocatalytic with enhanced activity in visible light

Spherical silica and zirconia mixed titania and pure titania samples were prepared in presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) through controlled hydrolysis of corresponding metal alcoxides. Effect of surfactant amount and calcinations temperature on morphology, surface area and photocatalytic activity is studied using PXRD, SEM, FTIR, Solid state UV-vis spectroscopy and BET surface area. It is well observed that in presence of 2 mol% CTAB, uniform sized spherical oxide particles can be synthesized. However, increasing or decreasing the surfactant amount does not favor the spherical particle formation. Material synthesis in presence of CTAB not only helps in the spherical particle formation but also increases the surface area and visible light absorption. Studies on photocatalytic lead removal with respect to calcination temperature indicate that the calcination at 500 degrees C is most suitable for the best photocatalytic activity. Mixing of zirconia and silica helps in anatase phase stabilization even at 900 degrees C calcination. Accordingly low decrease in surface area even at 900 degrees C calcination is observed. Due to the phase stabilization and higher surface area binary oxide materials showed comparatively better photocatalytic activity even after calcination at 900 degrees C. So it can be concluded that present synthesis approach can produce uniform sized spherical binary oxide materials with better photocatalytic activity in visible light.     

PVC–rubber blends. VI. The structure

The dependence of the dynamic shear modulus of blends of polyvinyl chloride and rubber on the temperature and concentration of the rubber was investigated. For a calculation of a theoretical value of the modulus a formula recently derived by Uemura and Takayanagi was adopted. This formula is based on the assumption of a two-phase system, in which one phase is a continual matrix and the other is discrete spherical particles, and of perfect adhesion between the phases. Most of the theories that clarify the part played by rubber in rubber-modified vitreous materials are based on these assumptions. In most cases we have found a good conformity between the theoretical and experimental values of the modulus. In a certain system with an outstanding impact strength, however, a severe discrepancy has been found. This implies that the present structural explanation of the high impact strengths of two-phase systems is not quite generally applicable.     

Hydrodynamic impact of particle shape in slurry packed liquid chromatography columns

We report on a series of flow velocity and efficiency profiles, which were measured across the cross section of preparative chromatographic columns packed with different stationary phase materials using computed tomography. It is shown that this non-invasive technique is very useful for visualization of the inner part of a packed column and measurement of the spatial resolved column packing properties. For evaluation of the influence of the particle shape on the velocity distribution and column performance, irregular and spherical reversed phases were studied in detail. The results showed a decreasing velocity towards the column wall most certainly due to a lower permeability. This effect was much less pronounced in the case of spherical particles, indicating a more homogenous packing structure. The influence of the column packing pressure, as a possible measure for improvement of the packing homogeneity was also studied. It was shown that under the same packing conditions spherical particles always lead to a more homogeneous packing. The overall results of this work contribute to the origin of the fact that spherical material is superior to irregular one from the hydrodynamic point of view.     

Chemical potentials and phase equilibria of Lennard-Jones mixtures: a self-consistent integral equation approach

We explore the vapor-liquid phase behavior of binary mixtures of Lennard-Jones-type molecules where one component is supercritical, given the system temperature. We apply the self-consistency approach to the Ornstein-Zernike integral equations to obtain the correlation functions. The consistency checks include not only thermodynamic consistencies (pressure consistency and Gibbs-Duhem consistency), but also pointwise consistencies, such as the zero-separation theorems on the cavity functions. The consistencies are enforced via the bridge functions in the closure which contain adjustable parameters. The full solution requires the values of not only the monomer chemical potentials, but also the dimer chemical potentials present in the zero-separation theorems. These are evaluated by the direct chemical-potential formula [L. L. Lee, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 8606 (1992)] that does not require temperature nor density integration. In order to assess the integral equation accuracy, molecular-dynamics simulations are carried out alongside the states studied. The integral equation results compare well with simulation data. In phase calculations, it is important to have pressure consistency and valid chemical potentials, since the matching of phase boundaries requires the equality of the pressures and chemical potentials of both the liquid and vapor phases. The mixtures studied are methane-type and pentane-type molecules, both characterized by effective Lennard-Jones potentials. Calculations on one isotherm show that the integral equation approach yields valid answers as compared with the experimental data of Sage and Lacey. To study vapor-liquid phase behavior, it is necessary to use consistent theories; any inconsistencies, especially in pressure, will vitiate the phase boundary calculations.     

Numerical calculation of the electrophoretic mobility of a spherical particle in a salt-free medium

By extending an approximate theory of the electrophoretic mobility of dilute spherical colloidal particles in a salt-free medium containing only counterions (H. Ohshima, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 248 (2002) 499--503), a systematic numerical method is given for the calculation of the electrophoretic mobility, which is based on an iteration method. We assume that each sphere is surrounded by a spherical free volume, within which counterions are distributed so that electro-neutrality is satisfied. The electrophoretic mobility is found to be determined mainly by the pressure due to the counterions at the outer surface of the free volume. It is shown how the mobility values deviate from those expected from Hückel's formula for high particle charges or zeta potentials because of the counterion condensation effect.