费托(FT)合成及相关反应的研究进展(英文)

按催化剂分类介绍了改性ＦＴ合成及与其相关反应的近期研究成果。即通过调制催化剂组成和反应条件,由合成气直接合成其他有价值的化工原料如醇、烯烃、芳香烃和石蜡等。分子筛,如ＡＩ－ＭＣＭ－４１和ＺＳＭ－５／磷铝分子筛等在ＦＴ及其相关反应中扮演着越来越重要的角色,但由于金属作为反应活性中心,所以金属催化剂如Ｆｅ,Ｃｏ、Ｐｄ、Ｒｈ和Ｎｉ,双金属如Ｆｅ－Ｉｒ和Ｐｔ－Ｍｏ仍然是人们研究的重点。另外,一些新的反应方法和新的材料也被采用,如超临界方法及超微粒催化剂等。     

甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的研究Ⅲ. 催化剂的失活再生

碳酸二甲酯 (ＤＭＣ)是一种对环境友好的绿色化学品 ,其洁净合成工艺的开发 ,已引起国内外研究者的广泛重视。真田等人[1 ] 对ＰｄＣｌ2 存在下ＣＯ和亚硝酸甲酯反应合成ＤＭＣ过程所用催化剂的失活原因和再生方法进行了研究 ,认为ＰｄＣｌ2 中的Ｃｌ被还原消除生成氯甲酸甲酯导致催化剂失活 ,并发现氯甲酸甲酯在ＤＭＣ合成中可使Ｐｄ催化剂再生和提高寿命。ＤＯＷ公司[2 ] 开发的气相氧化羰基化法催化剂ＣｕＣｌ2-ＫＣｌ ＡＣ易失活 ,该催化剂运行 50～ 1 0 0ｈ后需进行再生。再生时 ,于 1 2 0℃条件下通入 1 0 %ＨＣｌ Ｎ2 混合物 ,再生后…     

合成低碳醇超细Mo-Co-K催化剂的TPD研究

近年来 ,Ｍｏ基催化剂由于其独特的耐硫性而在各种合成低碳醇催化剂体系中倍受青睐。许多研究表明 ,以Ｃｏ作为Ｍｏ基催化剂的第二组分可明显改善其催化合成低碳醇的反应性能[1～ 4] 。一般认为 ,Ｋ是这类催化剂通用的促进剂[1,3 ,5,6] 。我们曾经报道[7] ,还原态超细Ｍｏ Ｃｏ Ｋ催化剂具有优良的合成低碳醇性能。同时 ,催化剂的Ｃｏ Ｍｏ比对其合成低碳醇性能具有显著的影响。为了解这种影响的原因 ,本文运用ＴＰＤ技术对此类催化剂进行了研究。催化剂经还原后 ,在催化剂表面即形成了不同的吸附中心[8] 。了解这些不同的吸附中心 ,对于研…     

Li-La/NaZSM-5催化剂的表征及其酯交换性能的研究

用氧化物对ＮａＺＳＭ－５分子筛进行改性来调节其表面酸碱性，已越来越受到人们重视，本文报道用Ｌｉ２Ｏ、Ｌａ２Ｏ３双组份对ＮａＺＳＭ－５进行改性，并将改性分子筛用作甲醇和碳酸乙烯酯（简称ＢＣ）反应制碳酸二甲酯（简称ＤＭＣ）体系的催化剂。文献报道用作此反应...     

含钛MCM-48分子筛上二十碳醇氧化制二十碳酸

采用水热合成法制备含钛ＭＣＭ－４８型中孔分子筛系列催化剂，用ＩＲ和ＸＲＤ等技术对催化剂进行了表征，对α－二十碳醇氧化制α－二十碳酸反应进行了研究，对目的反应的催化性能进行了评价，并确定出反应的最佳温度和反应时间，结果表明，添加适量的Ｔｉ可提高α－二十碳酸的收率。用ＩＲ技术对目的产物进行跟踪分析，所得结果与化学检测结果一致，将反应产物的收率与分子筛催化剂的Ｌ酸进行了关联。     

MCM—48介孔分子筛的合成研究

利用水热法合成了ＭＣＭ－４８介孔分子筛,通过ＩＲ,ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ,ＸＲＤ,ＸＲＤ,ＴＥＭ,Ｎ２吸附等方法对产物进行了表征,并系统地研究了晶化温度、晶化时间、凝胶组成等对合成ＭＣＭ－４８介孔分子筛的影响。     

CuZSM-5分子筛上苯酚羟化制苯二酚

在Ｎａ２Ｏ－ＳｉＯ２－ＣｕＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ体系中以１５％ＴＰＡＢｒ－８５％ＨＭＤＡ为模板剂合成了ＣｕＺＳＭ－５分子筛，并用ＸＲＤ，ＩＲ及ＳＥＭ等方法进行了表征，考察了ＣｕＺＳＭ－５分子筛催化苯酚与过氧化氢的羟化活性，研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间及ｎ（ＰｈＯＨ）／ｎ（Ｈ２Ｏ２）等对羟化活性的影响．     

苯酚和草酸二甲酯在不同分子筛催化下的酯交换反应

研究了以TS－1、H－ZSM－5、Hβ和H－丝光沸石等不同分子筛为催化剂，苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成草酸二苯酯反应。通过对催化剂进行吸附吡啶的红外光谱和NH3－TPD表征，考察了不同分子筛催化剂的酸性和酸强度对草酸二苯酯合成反应的影响，确定了催化剂上的弱酸中心是催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成草酸二苯酯反应的活性位，且催化剂的酸性中心越多，酸量越大，催化活性越好。催化剂上的强酸中心促进了副产物苯甲醚的生成。     

复合催化剂中H-ZSM-5酸性对合成气制二甲醚的影响

对合成气制二甲醚（ Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ）复合催化剂中脱水组分 Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ ５ 分子筛进行水热处理及 Ｎ Ｈ３ Ｔ Ｐ Ｄ、 Ｃ Ｏ２ Ｔ Ｐ Ｄ 表征． 研究结果表明, 在 Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ ５ 分子筛脱水组分上具有两种酸性中心,高温 Ｎ Ｈ３ 的脱附峰代表强酸中心, 低温 Ｎ Ｈ３ 的脱附峰代表弱酸中心． 同时, 亦有两种不同强度的碱中心． 随 Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ ５ 水热处理温度的提高, 总酸量及强酸中心数量逐渐降低, 碱性中心数目随 Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ ５ 水热处理温度的提高略有增加, Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ的选择性随之提高． Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ 主要是在 Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ５ 分子筛的弱酸中心上生成． 对 Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ５ 于 ６００ ℃处理后与铜基催化剂混合制得的复合催化剂, 对其反应性能考察后发现, 当 Ｈ２／ Ｃ Ｏ≈２ 时, ４～６ Ｍ Ｐａ、２ ０００～３ ０００ ｈ－ １、２６０ ℃为最适宜反应条件． 此时, Ｃ Ｏ 的转化率≥ ９０％ , 对 Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ 和甲醇的选择性为９６％ , Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ 在所有有机产物中的选择性≥ ８０％ , Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ的含量≥ ２０％ ． 提高反应压力, Ｃ Ｏ 的转化率及 Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ 在产物中的含量有较大提高, 但对 Ｄ Ｍ Ｅ的选择性影响不大．     

铜基甲醇合成催化剂的失活研究

选用了两个化肥厂的失活甲醇合成催化剂,采用ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ、ＳＥＭ－ＥＤＳ、ＴＥＭ、ＸＰＳ、ＴＲＰ、ＣＯ－ＴＰＤ和化学吸附等方法对催化剂进行比较测试。结果表明,硫中毒、积炭、铜粒长大和杂质金属沉积等是造成甲醇合成催化剂失活的因素。由于某一种或几种因素都导致催化剂活性表面积的降低,对反应物ＣＯ吸附量减少,或造成催化剂对ＣＯ吸附能力的降低,从而降低合成甲醇反应的活性。硫中毒和铜粒长大是普遍存在的最主要因     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Catalyst free,visible-light promoted photoaddition reactions between C60 and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted tertiary amines for synthesis of aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes

An efficient and benign method for the preparation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerenes has been developed. The process, involving catalyst free, visible-light irradiation of 10% EtOH-toluene solutions containing fullerene C₆₀ and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted amines by using a 20 W compact fluorescent lamp, leads to formation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerene adducts in a highly efficient manner. The photoaddition reaction takes place via a pathway initiated by visible light absorption by C₆₀, followed by SET from the amine to the triplet excited state of C₆₀. Ethanol-promoted desilylation of the resulting a minimum radical then generates the corresponding α-amino radical which couples with the C₆₀ radical anion to form the anion precursor of the fullerene adducts. The new approach using visible-light takes place under mild conditions and it does not require the use of photocatalysts. Thus, the method developed in this effort could broadens the range of functionalized fullerene derivatives that can be readily prepared.     

Highly efficient and stereoselective cycloaddition of nitrones to indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates

The reactions of various nitrones with indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates proceeds regioselectively with high diastereoselectivity in the case of aldonitrones, and represents an effective method for obtaining new indolyl- and pyrrolyl-substituted isoxazolidine carboxylates stabilized by weak (CH?O) and moderate (NH?N) strength intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The resulting cycloadducts exhibit promising in vitro anti-influenza activities.     

Transition metal-free direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources

A transition metal-free method for the direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources is reported, which was mediated by an inexpensive and environmentally friendly tetrabutylammonium iodide/tert-butyl hydroperoxide system and gave the 2-aminobenzoxazole derivatives with moderate to good yields.     

l-Proline-catalyzed five-component domino reaction leading to multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines

Multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines are concisely synthesized in good yields via l-proline-catalyzed or l-proline/FeCl₃-cocatalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs). The MCRs involve a domino hydroamination/prins reaction/Mannich-type reaction/intramolecular dehydration-cyclization process. The molecular structure of 5baa, one of multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Exploring the scope of the Gewald reaction: Expansion to a four-component process

An efficient four-component reaction was developed to take advantage of the reactivity of the 2-aminothiophene-3-carbonitrile functionality, which is obtained during the classical three-component Gewald reaction. Various α-methylene bearing ketones were reacted with malononitrile, elemental sulfur, and aryl/heteroarylnitrile derivatives in t-BuOH/NaOH to afford 2-arylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines in high yields. Preliminary studies revealed the photophysical properties of the products and their potential for use as metal sensors.