植物样品中单宁的微波溶出快速测定法研究

研究了利用微波代替一般的沸水浴处理试样的方法。对不同植物样品中单宁的浸提测定，与常规方法做了对照，并讨论了微波功率、时间、酸度等因素对测定结果的影响。研究表明，此法可大大地缩短测定时间，提高测定效率，节省人力、物力，不污染环境，便于大批量样品的测定，相对标准偏差≤１．４％，测定结果较为满意。为植物样品中单宁的测定，提供了一个快速、简便、准确的分析方法，并可借鉴于其它样品的测定。     

微波在样品消解中的应用

介绍微波消解样品的基本原理、特点、应用及注意事项。用微波消解样品，效率高、速度快、易于控制、对环境无污染，应用于矿石、金属、食品、化工产品、医药及环境样品等样品化学分析的预处理，是传统加热消解样品的理想替代方法。     

涡流色谱技术在生物样品分析中的应用

生物样品的复杂性使其在进行分析测定前必须经过处理。传统的样品前处理方法(如液-液萃取、固相萃取等)耗时长且操作繁琐。涡流色谱作为在线萃取技术,可以实现生物样品直接进样,减少了样品处理步骤,有效富集纯化了分析物,是一种高通量、高选择性的生物样品前处理方法。为此,本文介绍了涡流色谱技术的原理及优势,并总结了不同涡流柱的特点及其在生物样品分析领域中的应用情况。     

用系统聚类分析法与ALKNN法进行地质、合金样品分类研究

运用系统聚类分析、ALKNN等模式识别方法对地质样品、合金样品进行了分类研究，并从分类方法、浓度、强度、特征值等方面考察了影响样品识别率的因素。     

环境样品分析

本文是“分析试验室”定期评述“环境试样分析”的第７篇评述。它全面评述了１９９８年１对１９９９年１２月间我国环境分析的进展,内容包括：概述,大气样品分析,水样品分析,土壤和沉积物样品分析,生物样品分析,放射性监测,标准、质量控制和质量保证,展望。     

地质样品中氯的测定方法的近期进展

对地质样品中氯的测定方法,包括其样品的前处理方法在近十年中的研究进展作了综述。涉及的样品前处理方法有浸提法、碱熔融法、半熔法、水蒸气蒸馏法及高温水解法等;涉及的测定方法包括分光光度法、离子选择性电极法、离子色谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法及中子活化法等。并对这方面的发展前景作了简要的展望(引用文献91篇)。     

组合蒸馏技术用于气相色谱分析的样品前处理

研究了一种组合蒸馏方法的样品前处理技术，并将其研制成样品预处理装置,运用载体、携带体和组合蒸馏技术实现待测样品中微量成分的提取、分离和富集。将分子蒸馏收集端的冷端接收器设计为可更换结构,避免了样品的交叉污染问题。在乙酸乙酯中添加4种有机磷农残标样作为评价样品,所研制的装置能自动将农残组分富集到2 mL邻苯二甲酸二甲酯中。利用气相色谱分析的结果,对该样品前处理装置的分离富集参数进行了优化。实验结果表明,该方法能完全除去蛋白、脂肪、色素等对气相色谱分析有干扰的组分;能将待测微量组分的浓度富集150倍以上;回收率为90%～117%，相对标准偏差为1.3%~10%;最小检出浓度为1 ng/mL；可以处理高于100 g的样品量；可以得到几十毫克至上百毫克的目标组分；有机试剂的回收利用率大于95%；操作简单方便。用模拟样品做了实际应用实验。该技术适合沸程为120～600 ℃组分的富集。所研制的装置适用于大量样品中痕量组分的半制备级富集。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定植物样品中的磷、硫

本方法采用微波消解处理样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定植物样品中的磷、硫的含量,选用优化微波消解条件进行消解,磷和硫方法最低检出限分别为0.925mg/kg、1.82 mg/kg。精密度RSD和相对误差RE均小于3%,对新鲜植物样品进行加标回收试验,加标回收率为90.5%~107%,证明本方法既可用于检测干植物样品,又可检测新鲜植物样品。     

烟叶样品在进行近红外分析测试前的样品处理方法

本发明涉及烟叶样品在进行近红外分析测试前的样品处理方法，属烟草样品的近红外光谱分析测试技术领域。本发明的烟叶样品在进行近红外分析测试前的样品处理方法包括干燥粉碎及压样三步骤，其中：a．粉碎步骤为：将干燥的样品取出并静止10S后放入家用食物搅拌器中进行粉碎处理，粉碎时间为20-30S，粉碎粒度达375μm以下；b．压样步骤为：将质量为300g的重锤自然平稳置入装有粉碎后样品的样品杯中，取出重锤，随后将样品杯放入仪器样品池内进行测量10min就能完成一个烟叶样品的测试工作。本发明具有操作简单、节省时间、成本低、效率高等优点。     

气相色谱法在有机锡化合物形态分离与测定中的应用

综述了利用气相色谱分析各类环境样品中有机锡形态的方法进展，主要包括样品前处理与测定这两大方面的讨论，引用文献88篇。     

Trends in ultrasonic-based equipment for analytical sample treatment

The recent developments achieved in ultrasonic equipment urges the need for the revision of its applications in analytical chemistry. In the present work, the last ultrasonic devices are easily presented and their applications for sample treatment are critically discussed. Comments are given on edge areas of research, such as proteomics or polymer science, which are presently taking advantage of ultrasonic sample treatments. Future applications and trends for ultrasonic-based handling approaches are also given and commented.     

Activation analysis with a high-resolution high rate gamma-spectroscopy system

A high-resolution high-rate ψ-spectroscopy system is essential or, respectively, useful in three groups of applications: (1) measurement of nuclides with half-lives of less than one second; (2) Measurement of nuclides with half-lives in the second range at high sample activity; (3) Measurement in the same counting geometry of sample series of highly different sample activities. Examples are given for these applications.     

A Review: Application of Microwave Techniques for Environmental Analytical Chemistry

Abstract

The acceptance of microwave digestion technique is based on procedures successfully carried out for mist different kinds of samples. The goals of this paper are to gather all information concerning applications of microwave digestion methods to analytical chemistry. Some applications of microwave techniques to sample digestion, solvent extraction, sample drying, the measurements of moisture, analyte desorption and adsorption, sample clean up, chromomeric reaction, speciation, and nebulization of analytical samples are presented.     

Miniaturized sample preparation combined with liquid phase separations

Miniaturized sample preparation methods designed as the sample pretreatment for liquid phase separations, such as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been reviewed especially for the on-line coupling of the sample preparation process and the separation process. The development of the desorption interfaces for the effective combining of the sample preparation and subsequent liquid phase separations is briefly described along with the applications of the combined analytical systems to the analysis of complex sample mixtures such as biological and environmental matrices. Novel use of fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium for microscale liquid phase separation methods are investigated and a comparison is made with other sample preparation techniques. Polymer coating onto the fibrous material is also introduced to further develop microscale sample preparation methods with improved extraction performance. Several other microscale sample preparation methods having a potential compatibility to the liquid phase separations are also described for future applications of these techniques.     

Basic principles,recent trends and future directions of microextraction techniques for the analysis of aqueous environmental samples

Microextraction-based sample preparation techniques have exhibited remarkable importance in analytical chemistry since they were first developed in the 1980s. The application of these techniques involves efficient and, at the same time, environmentally-friendly analytical methodologies. They are also generally faster when compared with classical sample preparation techniques, requiring low solvent and sample volumes, and also allowing for automated or semi-automated procedures. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles of sample preparation techniques and the important applications and developments that have taken place in this area over the past five years. These procedures include solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE), rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE), micro solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). The main variations are discussed with a focus on recent applications in the analysis of environmental water samples. Lastly, some of the trends and perspectives associated with these outstanding microextraction sample preparation approaches are highlighted.     

Solid-phase microextraction in pesticide residue analysis

The applications of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for sample preparation in pesticide residue analysis are reviewed in this paper taking into account the different approaches of this technique coupled mainly to gas chromatography but also to high-performance liquid chromatography. A complete revision of the existing literature has been made considering the different applications divided according to the pesticide families (organochlorine, organophosphorus, triazines, thiocarbamates, substituted uracils, urea derivatives and dinitroanilines among others) and the sample matrices analysed which included environmental samples (water and soil), food samples and biological fluids. Details on the analytical characteristics of the procedures described in the reviewed papers are given, and new trends in the applications of SPME in this field are discussed.     

Optimal configuration of capillary electrophoresis microchip with expansion chamber in separation channel

This study develops a novel capillary electrophoresis (CE) microfluidic device featuring a conventional cross-form injection system and an expansion chamber located at the inlet of the separation channel. The combined injection system/expansion chamber arrangement is designed to deliver a high-quality sample band into the separation channel such that the detection performance of the device is enhanced. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the electrokinetic transport processes in the microfluidic device and to establish the optimal configuration of the expansion chamber. The results indicate that an expansion chamber with an expansion ratio of 2.5 and an expansion length of 500 microm delivers a sample plug with the correct shape and orientation. With this particular configuration, the peak intensities of the sample are sharp and clearly distinguishable in the detection region of the separation channel. Therefore, this configuration is well suited for capillary electrophoresis applications which require a highly sensitive resolution of the sample plug. The novel CE microfluidic device developed in this study has an exciting potential for use in high-performance, high-throughput chemical analysis applications and in many other applications throughout the field of micro-total-analysis-systems.     

膜分离样品前处理技术

高通量的自动化样品前处理技术正越来越引起分析化学家的关注。综述了常用的膜分离样品前处理技术的原理、影响因素、联用技术及应用。引用文献63篇。     

Sample preparation with solid phase microextraction and exhaustive extraction approaches: Comparison for challenging cases

In chemical analysis, sample preparation is frequently considered the bottleneck of the entire analytical method. The success of the final method strongly depends on understanding the entire process of analysis of a particular type of analyte in a sample, namely: the physicochemical properties of the analytes (solubility, volatility, polarity etc.), the environmental conditions, and the matrix components of the sample. Various sample preparation strategies have been developed based on exhaustive or non-exhaustive extraction of analytes from matrices. Undoubtedly, amongst all sample preparation approaches, liquid extraction, including liquid–liquid (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE), are the most well-known, widely used, and commonly accepted methods by many international organizations and accredited laboratories. Both methods are well documented and there are many well defined procedures, which make them, at first sight, the methods of choice. However, many challenging tasks, such as complex matrix applications, on-site and in vivo applications, and determination of matrix-bound and free concentrations of analytes, are not easily attainable with these classical approaches for sample preparation.     

Ionic liquids: solvents and sorbents in sample preparation

The applications of ionic liquids (ILs) and IL‐derived sorbents are rapidly expanding. By careful selection of the cation and anion components, the physicochemical properties of ILs can be altered to meet the requirements of specific applications. Reports of IL solvents possessing high selectivity for specific analytes are numerous and continue to motivate the development of new IL‐based sample preparation methods that are faster, more selective, and environmentally benign compared to conventional organic solvents. The advantages of ILs have also been exploited in solid/polymer formats in which ordinarily nonspecific sorbents are functionalized with IL moieties in order to impart selectivity for an analyte or analyte class. Furthermore, new ILs that incorporate a paramagnetic component into the IL structure, known as magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), have emerged as useful solvents for bioanalytical applications. In this rapidly changing field, this Review focuses on the applications of ILs and IL‐based sorbents in sample preparation with a special emphasis on liquid phase extraction techniques using ILs and MILs, IL‐based solid‐phase extraction, ILs in mass spectrometry, and biological applications.