离子对内电子转移型染料阴离子-翁盐阳离子光敏体系中的溶剂效应和结构效应

本文研究了溶剂效应和结构效应对染料碘翁盐光物理, 光化学性质的影响。观察到在溶剂中离子对可以各种形式存在, 如紧密离子对、溶剂分隔离子对或溶剂化的自由离子, 溶剂的极性不仅影响各种存在形式的光谱性质, 而且影响它们之间的平衡关系, 进而影响离子对体系的物理化学性质。染料母核和碘翁阳离子的结构均对离子对体系的性质有影响。光诱导电子转移反应的热力学驱动力越大, 反应速度越快。用分子模拟技术(Molecular Modeling)对离子对体系的立体结构进行了研究, 为理解离子对体系的各种物理化学行为提供了重要的参考。     

离子对内电子转移型染料阴离子-鎓盐阳离子光敏体系中的溶剂效应和结构效应

本文研究了溶剂效应和结构效应对染料碘(钅翁)盐光物理,光化学性质的影响.观察到在溶剂中离子对可以各种形式存在,如紧密离子对、溶剂分隔离子对或溶剂化的自由离子.溶剂的极性不仅影响各种存在形式的光谱性质,而且影响它们之间的平衡关系,进而影响离子对体系的物理化学性质.染料母核和碘(钅翁)阳离子的结构均对离子对体系的性质有影响.光诱导电子转移反应的热力学驱动力越大,反应速度越快.用分子模拟技术(Molecular Modeling)对离子对体系的立体结构进行了研究,为理解离子对体系的各种物理化学行为提供了重要的参考.     

可见光敏引发体系荧光黄双二苯基碘钅翁盐的研究

通过计算呫吨染料与二苯基碘钅翁盐反应的电子转移参数, 发现荧光黄与二苯基碘钅翁盐反应的热力学驱动力最大, 证明了实现光敏化方式是电子转移反应. 通过对引发体系吸收光谱的研究, 考察了不同价键结构、溶剂效应及引发剂浓度对引发体系吸收光谱的影响, 证实了与C-6位酚氧离子相结合的离子种类很大程度上决定了染料敏化体系的吸收峰强度及峰形状, 溶剂极性增大, 吸收光谱红移; 溶剂极性减小, 其吸收光谱蓝移. 在非极性溶剂中, 引发剂浓度越高, 其解离度越大, 引发剂更多地以自由离子形式存在.     

酰胺-盐溶剂体系中的缔合解离平衡和溶剂化效应

本文研究了酰胺-盐溶剂体系中盐的缔合解离平衡和离子的溶剂化效应,以及这些因素对该溶剂体系溶解能力的影响。研究结果表明,盐在溶剂体系中存在多级缔合-解离平衡,阳离子周围有较强的溶剂化效应。自由离子浓度最大和溶剂化效应最强时的盐浓度对应于聚合时的最佳盐用量。     

离子液体的辐射效应研究进展

离子液体（ILs）具有低挥发性和化学稳定性,在萃取金属离子方面有着优异的表现,被认为是乏燃料后处理中的新一代绿色溶剂. 然而在萃取放射性核素过程中,离子液体将处于强辐射场,因此离子液体辐射效应研究是其实际应用的前提. 本文综述了国内外关于离子液体的辐射效应研究进展,包括辐照对离子液体结构和性质的影响,离子液体的脉冲辐解和激光光解研究,离子液体辐解产物的分析及其对核素萃取的影响等研究进展,并对今后该领域的研究方向进行了展望.     

离子液体的辐射效应研究进展

离子液体(ILs)具有低挥发性和化学稳定性,在萃取金属离子方面有着优异的表现,被认为是乏燃料后处理中的新一代绿色溶剂.然而在萃取放射性核素过程中,离子液体将处于强辐射场,因此离子液体辐射效应研究是其实际应用的前提.本文综述了国内外关于离子液体的辐射效应研究进展,包括辐照对离子液体结构和性质的影响,离子液体的脉冲辐解和激光光解研究,离子液体辐解产物的分析及其对核素萃取的影响等研究进展,并对今后该领域的研究方向进行了展望.     

咪唑离子液体及其萃取体系的辐射效应研究

离子液体因其低挥发性,高热稳定性及在萃取金属离子方面的优良表现被认为是乏燃料后处理中萃取分离放射性核素的新一代绿色溶剂。但从乏燃料后处理强辐射的应用环境来看,需要首先对离子液体及其萃取体系的辐射效应进行系统研究和评估。本文以两种常见的憎水性咪唑离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐( )和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酰亚胺酸盐( )为例,综述了我们在离子液体及其萃取体系的γ辐射效应方面的最新研究进展,内容包括纯离子液体在氮气气氛下的辐射效应,硝酸对离子液体辐射效应的影响,离子液体辐解产物的分离分析及γ辐照对离子液体体系萃取金属离子的影响等。基于以上研究对离子液体用于乏燃料后处理的可行性进行了评估,同时对离子液体及其萃取体系的辐射效应研究进行了展望。     

高分子的离子效应

在传统理论中,离子通常被作为点电荷处理,其对高分子性质的影响主要基于离子强度效应.然而,高分子体系中许多重要实验现象都无法简单地通过离子强度效应加以理解,这需要从超越离子强度概念的角度来考虑高分子的离子效应.本专题论述将主要讨论高分子体系中的离子特异性效应、离子氢键效应、离子亲/疏水效应以及多价离子效应.离子特异性效应普遍存在于带电高分子体系以及中性高分子体系,且可以在不同溶剂体系中观察到;离子氢键效应可被应用于调控强聚电解质刷的水化、润湿、黏附等多种性质;离子亲/疏水效应不但可以调控界面接枝聚电解质的性质,还可以调控聚电解质溶液以及聚电解质凝胶的性质;通过多价离子交联作用,多价离子效应可被应用于调控聚电解质刷以及高分子凝胶的性质.这些高分子的离子效应拓宽和加深了我们对离子与高分子间相互作用的理解,为基于不同离子效应调控高分子性能奠定了基础,并可进一步拓展至其他类型重要的离子-高分子间相互作用.     

离子对水结构的影响

液态水中广泛存在的氢键网络使其作为一种结构性很强的液体在自然界中发挥着独一无二的作用。电解质溶于水中后,以水合离子形式存在,离子附近强大的电场使水合层中的偶极水分子发生重排,这些水分子的结构与本体水的结构存在差异。一个多世纪以来,科学家做了大量关于离子对水结构影响的研究。本文从静态谱学和溶剂动力学两方面综述了离子对水结构影响的研究进展,概括了水中氢键的研究情况,并就离子对水结构影响在生物化学方向的重大意义-Hofmeister效应作了解释。     

在离子液体体系中苯环上氯取代基电子效应差异性研究

在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim]BF4)离子液体中,研究不同取代基的苯氧负离子与溴代异丙烷亲核取代反应及不同取代基的苯甲醛与脲、乙酰乙酸乙酯亲核加成反应活性,通过测定反应转化率获得离子液体体系中不同取代基的电子效应.研究发现氯取代基表现出推电子性质,进而提出在离子液体体系中带苯环结构的反应物可与含杂芳环离子液体形成多层大π配合物结构,大π配合物影响了极性基团的正常溶剂化效应形成,产生独特的离子层溶剂效应.     

Microscopic hydration of the sodium chloride ion pair

Hydration of ion pairs is an essential process in various physicochemical phenomena occurring in solutions. Isolated clusters of an ion pair solvated with finite number of waters have been considered as a model system for the critical evaluation of microscopic interactions involved in the process, and theoretical studies have contributed exclusively to the subject up to now. Here we report the first experimental characterization of structure and internal dynamics of hydrated ion pairs, NaCl-(H2O)n (n = 1-3). The measurements of their rotational spectra have proven that the clusters have cyclic forms, in which Na+ and Cl- ions are strongly interacted with the O and H atoms of the solvent molecules, respectively. The Na-Cl distance shows a pronounced increase with the successive addition of water molecules. The separation for n = 3 approaches the value predicted for the contact ion-pair state in aqueous solution by recent molecular dynamics simulations.     

Influence de la solvatation par le tert-butanol sur la structure et la reactivite de l'enolate de potassium de l'acetylacetate d'ethyle en presence de couronne ou de cryptand. etude par spectrometrie infra-rouge et cinetique

The structure and the nucleophilic reactivity of crowned (18-crown-6) or cryptated {cryptand (2.2.2)} potassium ethyl acetoacetate enolate have been compared in tert-butanol and in DME (or THF). In the protic solvent tert-butanol, the crowned and the cryptated potassium enolate species both exist as loose ion pairs in which the enolate anion, strongly hydrogen-bonded to the solvent, is in a “transoid” (non chelating) conformation. Both species show similar reactivities towards alkylating agents but completely different reactivities are observed in aprotic weakly dissociating media (THF, DME). In contrast to what is observed in tert-butanol, the cryptated species and the crowned species have very different nucleophilic reactivities in THF or DME; in those solvents only the cryptated species retains a loose ion pair structure; the crowned species is a contact ion pair in which the enolate anion chelates the potassium cation. The solvation of this crowned chelate species by tert-butanol has been demonstrated in binary mixtures of solvents (C₆D₆-t-BuOH, THF-t-BuOH). The oxygen basicity of the enolate anion is very different in the crowned chelated ion pair compared with the cryptand separated ion pair.     

Ion-Selective Electrodes for Determining Penicillin Antibiotics in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Forms

Ion-selective electrodes with plasticized membranes based on ion pairs formed by tetradecylammonium and benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, or oxacillin were proposed. The physicochemical properties of ionophores and electroanalytical properties of membranes based on them were studied. Procedures were developed for determining penicillin antibiotics in pharmaceutical forms and biological fluids.     

Hydrogen bonding mediated ion pairs of some aprotic ionic liquids and their structural transition in aqueous solution

Ion pair speciation of ionic liquids(ILs) has an important effect on the physical and chemical properties of ILs and recognition of the structure of ion pairs in solution is essential. It has been reported that ion pairs of some ILs can be formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between cations and anions of them. Considering the fact that far-IR(FIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool in indicating the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, in this work, this spectroscopic technique has been combined with molecular dynamic(MD) simulation and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy(~1H NMR) to investigate ion pairs of aprotic ILs [Bmim][NO_3], [BuPy][NO_3], [Pyr_(14)][NO_3], [PP_(14)][NO_3] and [Bu-choline][NO_3] in aqueous IL mixtures. The FIR spectra have been assigned with the aid of density functional theory(DFT) calculations, and the results are used to understand the effect of cationic nature on the structure of ion pairs. It is found that contact ion pairs formed in the neat aprotic ILs by hydrogen bonding interactions between cation and anion, were still maintained in aqueous solutions up to high water mole fraction(say 0.80 for [BuPy][NO3]). When water content was increased to a critical mole fraction of water(say 0.83 for [BuPy][NO3]), the contact ion pairs could be transformed into solvent-separated ion pairs due to the formation of the hydrogen bonding between ions and water. With the further dilution of the aqueous ILs solution, the solvent-separated ion pairs was finally turned into free cations and free anions(fully hydrated cations or anions). The concentrations of the ILs at which the contact ion pairs were transformed into solvent-separated ion pairs and solvent-separated ion pairs were transformed into free ions(fully hydrated ion) were dependent on the cationic structures. These information provides direct spectral evidence for ion pair structures of the aprotic ILs in aqueous solution. MD simulation and ~1H NMR results support the conclusion drawn from FIR spectra investigations.     

Solvent and temperature studies of some indenyl- and fluorenyllithiums using 13C NMR spectroscopy

¹³C NMR spectra of indenyl- and fluorenyllithium and some of their methyl substituted derivatives have been obtained. The shielding differentials induced by varying the temperature or coordinating ability of the solvent are discussed in terms of an equilibrium between discrete ion pairs or differences in external solvation. An increase of the coordinating ability of the solvent induces shift differentials of similar signs as those given by lowering the temperature. Methyl substituents close to the cation location are found to have only a minor effect on the observed ion pair ratio but seem to influence the preferred cation position in the tight ion pair structure.     

Premicellar and micelle formation behavior of dye surfactant ion pairs in aqueous solutions: deprotonation of dye in ion pair micelles

The premicellar and micelle formation behavior of dye surfactant ion pairs in aqueous solutions monitored by surface tension and spectroscopic measurements has been described. The measurements have been made for three anionic sulfonephthalein dyes and cationic surfactants of different chain lengths, head groups, and counterions. The observations have been attributed to the formation of closely packed dye surfactant ion pairs which is similar to nonionic surfactants in very dilute concentrations of the surfactant. These ion pairs dominate in the monolayer at the air-water interface of the aqueous dye surfactant solutions below the CMC of the pure surfactant. It has been shown that the dye in the ion pair deprotonates on micelle formation by the ion pair surfactants at near CMC but submicellar surfactant concentrations. The results of an equilibrium study at varying pH agree with the model of deprotonated 1:1 dye-surfactant ion pair formation in the near CMC submicellar solutions. At concentrations above the CMC of the cationic surfactant the dye is solubilized in normal micelles and the monolayer at the air-water interface consists of the cationic surfactant alone even in the presence of the dyes.     

Polarization effects and charge separation in AgCl-water clusters

Structural, energetic, vibrational, and electronic properties of salt ion pairs (AgCl and NaCl) in water (W) clusters were investigated by density functional theory. In agreement with recent theoretical studies of NaCl-water clusters, structures where the salt ion pair is separated by solvent molecules or solvent separated ion pair (SSIP) were found in AgCl-W(6) and AgCl-W(8) aggregates. Our results indicate that for small AgCl-water clusters, contact ion pair (CIP) structures are energetically more stable than SSIP, whereas an opposite tendency was observed for NaCl-water clusters. In comparison with CIP, SSIP are characterized by extensive electronic density reorganization, reflecting enhanced polarization effects. A major difference between AgCl-water and NaCl-water CIP aggregates concerns charge transfer. In AgCl-water CIP clusters, charge is transferred from the solvent (water) to the ion pair. However, in NaCl-water CIP clusters charge is transferred from the ion pair to the water molecules. The electronic density reorganization in the aggregates was also discussed through the analysis of electronic density difference isosurfaces. Time dependent density functional theory calculations show that upon complexation of AgCl and NaCl with water molecules, excitation energies are significantly blueshifted relative to the isolated ion pairs ( approximately 2 eV for AgCl-W(8) SSIP). In keeping with results for NaI-water clusters [Peslherbe et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 4533 (2000)], electronic oscillator strengths of transitions to excited states are weaker for SSIP than for CIP structures. However, our results also suggest that the difference between excitation energies and oscillator strengths of CIP and SSIP structures may decrease with increasing cluster size.     

Effect of anionic additive type on ion pair formation constants of basic pharmaceuticals

Due to their beneficial effect on selectivity, peak shape, and sample loading, the use of mobile phase anionic additives, such as formate (HCOO-), chloride (Cl-), and trifluoroacetate (CF3COO-), is increasing in both reversed-phase chromatography (RPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Similarly, perchlorate is a common "ion pair" agent in reversed-phase separation of peptides. Although many studies have suggested that anions effect in chromatography is due to the formation of ion pairs in the mobile phase between the anions and cationic analytes, there has been no independent verification that ion pairs are, in fact, responsible for these observations. In order to understand the mechanisms by which anionic additives influence retention in chromatography and ionization efficiency in electrospray mass spectrometry, we studied the formation of ion pairs between a number of prototypical basic drugs and various additives by measuring the effect of anionic additives on the electrophoretic mobility of the probe drugs under solvent conditions commonly used in chromatography. For the first time, ion pair formation between basic drugs and anionic additives under conditions commonly used in reversed-phase liquid chromatography has been confirmed independently with all anions (i.e. hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate, trifluoroacetate, and chloride) used in this study. We measured ion pair formation constants (Kip) for different anionic additives using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and obtained quantitative estimates for the extent of ion pairing in buffered acetonitrile-water. The data clearly indicate that different anionic additives ion pair with cationic drugs to quite different extents. The ion pair formation constants show a clear trend with the order being: PF6- > ClO4- > CF3COO- > Cl-. However, the extent of ion pairing is not large. At a typical RPLC mobile phase additive concentration of 20mM, the percentages of the analytes that are present as ion pairs are about 15%, 6%, and 3% for hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate, and trifluoroacetate, respectively. The fraction of the analytes present as a chloride pair is even smaller.     

Hg(II) ion specifically binds with T:T mismatched base pair in duplex DNA

Metal-mediated base pair formation, resulting from the interaction between metal ions and artificial bases in oligonucleotides, has been developed for its potential application in nanotechnology. We have recently found that the T:T mismatched base pair binds with Hg(II) ions to generate a novel metal-mediated base pair in duplex DNA. The thermal stability of the duplex with the T-Hg-T base pair was comparable to that of the corresponding T:A or A:T. The novel T-Hg-T base pair involving the natural base thymine is more convenient than the metal-mediated base pairs involving artificial bases due to the lack of time-consuming synthesis. Here, we examine the specificity and thermodynamic properties of the binding between Hg(II) ions and the T:T mismatched base pair. Only the melting temperature of the duplex with T:T and not of the perfectly matched or other mismatched base pairs was found to specifically increase in the presence of Hg(II) ions. Hg(II) specifically bound with the T:T mismatched base pair at a molar ratio of 1:1 with a binding constant of 10(6) M(-1), which is significantly higher than that for nonspecific metal ion-DNA interactions. Furthermore, the higher-order structure of the duplex was not significantly distorted by the Hg(II) ion binding. Our results support the idea that the T-Hg-T base pair could eventually lead to progress in potential applications of metal-mediated base pairs in nanotechnology.     

Microsolvation of the sodium and iodide ions and their ion pair in acetonitrile clusters: a theoretical study

The structural and thermodynamic properties of Na+(CH3CN)n, I-(CH3CN)n, and NaI(CH3CN)n clusters have been investigated by means of room-temperature Monte Carlo simulations with model potentials developed to reproduce the properties of small clusters predicted by quantum chemistry. Ions are found to adopt an interior solvation shell structure, with a first solvation shell containing approximately 6 and approximately 8 acetonitrile molecules for large Na+(CH3CN)n and I-(CH3CN)n clusters, respectively. Structural features of Na+(CH3CN)n are found to be similar to those of Na+(H2O)n clusters, but those of I-(CH3CN)n contrast with those of I-(H2O)n, for which "surface" solvation structures were observed. The potential of mean force calculations demonstrates that the NaI ion pair is thermodynamically stable with respect to ground-state ionic dissociation in acetonitrile clusters. The properties of NaI(CH3CN)n clusters exhibit some similarities with NaI(H2O)n clusters, with the existence of contact ion pair and solvent-separated ion pair structures, but, in contrast to water clusters, both types of ion pairs adopt a well-defined interior ionic solvation shell structure in acetonitrile clusters. Whereas contact ion pair species are thermodynamically favored in small clusters, solvent-separated ion pairs tend to become thermodynamically more stable above a cluster size of approximately 26. Hence, ground-state charge separation appears to occur at larger cluster sizes for acetonitrile clusters than for water clusters. We propose that the lack of a large Na+(CH3CN)n product signal in NaI(CH3CN)n multiphoton ionization experiments could arise from extensive stabilization of the ground ionic state by the solvent and possible inhibition of the photoexcitation mechanism, which may be less pronounced for NaI(H2O)n clusters because of surface solvation structures. Alternatively, increased solvent evaporation resulting from larger excess energies upon photoexcitation or major solvent reorganization on the ionized state could account for the observed solvent-selectivity in NaI cluster multiphoton ionization.