可逆Diels-Alder反应

通过高效的反应精确合成功能分子已成为现代化学发展的趋势之一。基于呋喃/马来酰亚胺(MI)之间的Diels-Alder(D-A)反应作为一种高效的和高选择性的点击反应,克服了铜催化的叠氮/炔之间的1,3-偶极环化加成(CuAAC)反应中引起的金属污染等缺点,为生物医药载体、功能性材料的制备提供更可行的途径。同时,呋喃/MI之间的D-A反应具备原料易得、反应条件温和及易发生retro D-A(rD-A)反应等优点,在制备响应性材料领域备受关注。本文综述了近年基于呋喃/MI的可逆D-A反应在响应性聚合物合成、智能材料、生物分子及表面修饰等方面的应用,并展望了D-A反应的发展前景。     

多重点击反应制备拓扑结构聚合物

点击反应由Sharpless提出,是一类具有高效、可靠、高选择性等特点的反应,被广泛用于各种拓扑结构聚合物的制备.目前,应用较为广泛的点击反应主要有Cu(I)催化的叠氮/炔环加成反应(CuAAC)、Diels-Alder(D-A)反应、巯基-烯及巯基-炔点击反应和氮氧自由基偶合反应.近年来,将多种点击反应结合起来,为高效合成拓扑结构聚合物提供了新的思路.本文综述了近几年来采用多重点击反应策略联用制备拓扑结构聚合物的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行展望.     

基于铜催化叠氮-炔环加成反应的聚氨酯功能化

聚氨酯(PU)作为一种重要的工业材料,具有诸多独特优异的性能,这使得PU材料在众多领域内具有极其广泛的应用。由于PU骨架上缺乏进一步修饰的功能基团,限制了PU材料的高附加值化,在高科技领域广泛应用受到阻碍。因此,PU的改性和功能化是学术界和工业界热门的课题之一。当前PU材料的改性和功能化方法较多,其中,叠氮化物与末端炔在铜(Ⅰ)催化下生成反式1,2,3-三唑化合物的Huisgen1,3-偶极环加成(CuAAC)反应具有操作简单方便和灵活高效的特点,是点击化学反应的精髓,在PU材料的功能化改性研究中占有独特而重要的地位。本文简要介绍了基于CuAAC反应PU材料功能化改性的设计思路,重点综述了基于CuAAC反应,PU材料的生物相容性、疏水性、荧光性、抗菌性、阻燃性、形状记忆效应、机械性能和热稳定性的功能化改性研究和应用,最后总结了CuAAC反应在改性PU上存在的主要问题,并对其研究方向进行了展望。     

催化抗体

利用特异性的抗原产生的单克隆抗体具有催化很多有机化学反应的性质。特异性抗原可用适当的化学模型物与载体蛋白连接而成。设计化学模型物可考虑:(1)反应过渡态的稳定性;(2)反应基团的接近效应;(3)引入催化基团。     

新型环糊精手性色谱拆分材料的点击化学调控及拆分性能研究

通过点击化学方式对单叠氮环糊精进行衍生,引入具备不同作用位点的功能化基团,对环糊精手性分离性能进行调控.首先通过醚键将单叠氮环糊精接枝到硅胶表面,进一步通过Cu(I)催化的1,3-偶极环加成反应(点击化学)在环糊精小口端分别引入叔丁基、苯基、酯基和羟基基团,构建了4种新型环糊精手性固定相并通过红外光谱和元素分析对其进行了结构表征.通过高效液相色谱反相分离模式实现了异噁唑啉和丹磺酰氨基酸共16种对映体的手性拆分.酯基功能化的环糊精手性固定相对多数异噁唑啉类有良好的拆分效果,其中,2-氯苯基-异噁唑(2ClPh-OPr)分离度可达1.62.丹磺酰氨基酸类最佳分离pH值为5.0,叔丁基功能化固定相具有最好的分离效果,大部分样品可实现基线分离(Rs＞1.5).     

基于无铜点击反应的水凝胶合成

水凝胶是一种交联高分子材料, 在药物传输、传感器技术、组织工程中发挥重要作用。通过高效率和高精确度的点击反应合成水凝胶, 具有快速、模块化以及副反应少等优点, 并且能够得到近乎理想的网络结构。Cu（Ⅰ） 催化的叠氮-炔之间的环加成 （CuAAC） 反应作为点击反应的典型代表, 已广泛应用于水凝胶的制备。但由于该反应在制备水凝胶的过程中使用了Cu（Ⅰ） 催化剂, 导致产品易被金属铜盐污染, 从而使该反应在其制备领域受到限制。基于此, 无铜点击反应,如巯基-烯/炔反应、呋喃/蒽-马来酰亚胺 （MI） 修饰的 Diels-Alder 环加成 （D-A） 反应以及环张力促进的叠氮-炔环加成反应 （SPAAC） 已经被应用到水凝胶的制备以及功能化方面。本文就近年来上述无铜点击反应在水凝胶合成及功能化方面的应用进行综述, 并对其发展趋势进行展望。     

含有非对称型双吡啶甲基吡唑甲基胺配体的高活性双核铜配合物催化叠氮与炔烃环加成反应（英文）

Cu(I)催化的炔烃与叠氮的Huisgen 1,3-偶极环加成反应(CuAAC)可用于构建三唑环,该反应条件温和,产物专一,被认为是"点击化学"的精髓,并广泛应用于医药、生物有机及材料化学等多个领域.CuSO_4/抗坏血酸钠体系是该反应最常用的催化方法,但近年来,大量更高效的催化体系被成功开发以解决当前催化体系中存在的问题,例如,外加配体的使用可以明显加快反应速率,从而降低催化剂用量和缩短反应时间,这归因于配体参与配位可以更好地稳定Cu(I)催化中心.目前应用于该反应体系的配体大多为对称型多齿氮配体,例如三三唑甲胺衍生物(TBTA)等.我们开发了两类含有吡唑、苯并咪唑等基团的非对称型多齿氮配体及其应用,发现这类配体除了具有稳定金属中心的作用外,还因有吡唑或苯并咪唑等基团的存在,所形成的配合物往往比那些包含对称型配体的配合物表现出更高的催化活性.本文合成了一类含有非对称型配体的铜配合物.将铜前体Cu(CH_3CN)_4PF_6与非对称型多齿氮配体二吡啶甲基吡唑甲基胺(HNpy2pz)在甲醇中反应,由于配体结构中吡唑NH基团的存在,反应在最终脱除一分子H_2O后,意外获得了一种双核结构的铜配合物,其分子结构通过X射线单晶衍射成功表征.受到两个金属中心协同效应的影响,双核配合物催化剂往往能表现出比单核配合物更优异的催化性能,因此,我们进一步考察了该双核配合物催化CuAAC反应的活性.结果表明,在催化剂用量低至0.1 0.3 mol%的情况下,22种炔烃和叠氮在25 oC反应16 h均能得到单一的1,4-二取代三唑产物,分离收率在95%以上,且抗坏血酸钠还原剂用量仅需1 3 mol%,说明受到配体的影响,催化剂的稳定性非常好.这是目前该反应成功开发出的几个高效双核催化剂之一.     

含"点击"反应基团的苯并恶嗪类长波长光学探针的合成及其生物分析应用

"点击化学"是指在Cu(Ⅰ)离子的催化作用下,端基炔和叠氮化合物之间的1,3-环加成反应.自从2001年被发现以来,点击反应已用于多种化合物的合成制备~([1,2]).该反应的条件十分温和,甚至在pH7的水溶液中、室温条件下即可进行.此外,该反应还具有高选择性、高效率、高稳定性以及良好的生物兼容性,因而在生物分子的共价标记方面具有重要的应用前景.目前,点击反应不仅用于离体状态下生物分子的标记,而且还成功用于活体肿瘤细胞的靶向检测~([3]).     

酰氯的Schmidt反应制备芳并吡咯里西啶

主要开展了烷基叠氮参与的分子内酰氯的Schmidt反应研究,合成了13种芳基取代的叠氮羧酸,并对其进行Schmidt重排反应研究.通过草酰氯原位活化反应底物中的羧基,将其转化为酰氯单元,提升其与叠氮基团的反应能力.通过底物结构的设计,使得重排反应主要经历异氰酸盐阳离子中间体,进而被芳环亲核捕获.芳环带强供电子基团对该转化效率具有比较明显的影响:当羧基邻位为叔碳时,其反应效率很低;而当羧基邻位为季碳时,其反应则十分高效.研究人员对此现象进行分析,并提出了合理解释.通过酰氯的Schmidt重排反应,成功高效地合成了一系列的芳并吡咯里西啶产物.     

高密度柱状聚合物刷的合成

通过铜催化的叠氮-炔偶联反应(CuAAC),利用grafting-onto方法合成每个主链重复单元带有多于一条侧链的高接枝密度的柱状聚合物刷.首先,合成了带有缩酮保护的甲基丙烯酸2,2-双羟甲基丙酯单体(bisMPMA),并通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合得到窄分子量分布的线形聚合物.在酸性条件下脱去缩酮保护后,以羟基与戊炔酸酐的酯化反应,得到了每个重复单元带有2个炔基的聚合物主链.之后,利用高效的CuAAC反应,将末端带有叠氮基团的聚环氧乙烷(PEO)或聚苯乙烯(PS)侧链接枝到主链上,用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)和体积排阻色谱(SEC)等对聚合物刷的结构进行表征.     

How good is CuAAC “click” chemistry for polymer coupling reactions?

¹H NMR and SEC analyses are used to investigate the overall efficiency of Copper Catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” coupling reactions between alkyne‐ and azide‐terminated polymers using polystyrene as a model. Quantitative convolution modeling of the entire molecular weight distribution is applied to characterize the outcomes of the functional polymer synthesis reactions (i.e., by atom transfer radical polymerization), as well as the CuAAC coupling reaction. Incomplete functionality of the azide‐terminated polystyrene (∼92%) proves to be the largest factor compromising the efficacy of the CuAAC coupling reaction and is attributed primarily to the loss of terminal bromide functionality during its synthesis. The efficiency of the S_N2 reaction converting bromide to azide was found to be about 99%. After taking into account the influence of non‐functional polymer, we find that, under the reaction conditions used, the efficiency of the CuAAC coupling reaction determined from both techniques is about 94%. These inefficiencies compromise the fidelity and potential utility of CuAAC coupling reactions for the synthesis of hierarchically structured polymers. While CuAAC efficiency is expected to depend on the specific reaction conditions used, the framework described for determining reaction efficiency does provide a means for ultimately optimizing the reaction conditions for CuAAC coupling reactions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 75–84     

Recent advances of CuAAC click reaction in building cyclic polymer

Cyclic polymers have attracted more and more attentions in recent years because of their unique topological structures and characteristic properties in both solution and bulk state. There are relatively few reports on cyclic polymers, partly because of the more demanding synthetic procedures. In recent years, “click” reaction, especially Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), has been widely utilized in the synthesis of cyclic polymer materials because of its high efficiency and low susceptibility to side reactions. In this review, we will focus on three aspects: (1) Constructions of monocyclic polymer using CuAAC “click” chemistry; (2) Formation of complex cyclic polymer topologies through CuAAC reactions; (3) Using CuAAC “click” reaction in the precise synthesis of molecularly defined macrocycles. We believe that the CuAAC click reaction is playing an important role in the design and synthesis of functional cyclic polymers.     

DNA-associated click chemistry

This review highlights the most recent advances in click chemistry associated with DNA.Cu[I]-catalyzed azides-alkynes Huisgen cycloadditions(CuAAC)and a strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition(SPAAC)are two popular click reactions that have great impact in DNA science.The simplicity,versatility,orthogonality,and high efficiency of click reaction along with a stable triazole product have been instrumental for the successful application of this reaction in the field of nucleic acid chemistry.CuAAC and SPAAC reactions have been widely used for DNA modification,including DNA labeling,metallization,conjugation,cross-linking,and ligation.Modified oligodeoxynucleotides obtained from click reaction have been extensively applied in the fields of drug discovery,nanotechnology,bio-conjugation,and material sciences,among others.The most recent advances in the synthesis and applications of clickable DNAs are discussed in detail in this article.     

Synthesis of stable azide and alkyne functionalized phosphoramidite nucleosides

The use of CuAAC chemistry to crosslink and stabilize oligonucleotides has been limited by the incompatibility of azides with the phosphoramidites used in automated oligonucleotide synthesis. Herein we report optimized reaction conditions to synthesize azide derivatives of thymidine and cytidine phosphoramidites. Investigation of the stability of the novel phosphoramidites using ³¹P NMR at room temperature showed less than 10% degradation after 6?h. The azide modified thymidine was successfully utilized as an internal modifier in the standard phosphoramidite synthesis of a DNA sequence. The synthesized azide and alkyne derivatives of pyrimidines will allow efficient incorporation of azide and alkyne click pairs into nucleic acids, thus widening the applicability of click chemistry in investigating the chemistry of nucleic acids.     

Visible-Light-Mediated Click Chemistry for Highly Regioselective Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition by a Photoredox Electron-Transfer Strategy

Click chemistry focuses on the development of highly selective reactions using simple precursors for the exquisite synthesis of molecules. Undisputedly, the Cu^I-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is one of the most valuable examples of click chemistry, but it suffers from some limitations as it requires additional reducing agents and ligands as well as cytotoxic copper. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy for the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction that involves a photoredox electron-transfer radical mechanism instead of the traditional metal-catalyzed coordination process. This newly developed photocatalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction can be performed under mild conditions at room temperature in the presence of air and visible light and shows good functional group tolerance, excellent atom economy, high yields of up to 99 %, and absolute regioselectivity, affording a variety of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, including bioactive molecules and pharmaceuticals. The use of a recyclable photocatalyst, solar energy, and water as solvent makes this photocatalytic system sustainable and environmentally friendly. Moreover, the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction could be photocatalyzed in the presence of a metal-free catalyst with excellent regioselectivity, which represents an important development for click chemistry and should find versatile applications in organic synthesis, chemical biology, and materials science.     

Click Chemistry: Evolving on the Fringe

The article herein briefly introduces the story of the birth of click chemistry and its evolution after that. A new angle to interpret click reactions was proposed using the “reactivity‐availability‐functionality” trilogy. CuAAC (Copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition), the most popular click reaction by far, was revisited along with the thiol‐ene, metal‐free AAC, SuFEx (Sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange) and the lately discovered diazotransfer process. By encountering more and more near‐perfect reactions, click chemistry is evolving and expanding on the fringe of the chemistry and different scientific disciplines, destination unknown.      

Iridium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition of Internal Thioalkynes under Mild Conditions

An iridium‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (IrAAC) of electron‐rich internal alkynes is described. It is the first efficient intermolecular AAC of internal thioalkynes. The reaction exhibits remarkable features, such as high efficiency and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easy operation, and excellent compatibility with air and a broad spectrum of organic and aqueous solvents. It complements the well‐known CuAAC and RuAAC click reactions.     

Star polymers by photoinduced copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry

Well‐defined star polymers consisting of tri‐, tetra‐, or octa‐arms have been prepared via coupling‐onto strategy using photoinduced copper(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition click reaction. An azide end‐functionalized polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), and an alkyne end‐functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone) as the integrating arms of the star polymers are prepared by the combination of controlled polymerization and nucleophilic substitution reactions; whereas, multifunctional cores containing either azide or alkyne functionalities were synthesized in quantitatively via etherification and ring‐opening reactions. By using photoinduced copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction, reactive linear polymers are simply attached onto multifunctional cores to form corresponding star polymers via coupling‐onto methodology. The chromatographic, spectroscopic, and thermal analyses have clearly demonstrated that successful star formations can be obtained via photoinduced CuAAC click reaction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1687–1695     

An Organocatalytic Azide–Aldehyde [3+2] Cycloaddition: High‐Yielding Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles

An organocatalytic azide–aldehyde [3+2] cycloaddition (organo‐click) reaction of a variety of enolizable aldehydes is reported. The organo‐click reaction is characterized by a high rate and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easily available substrates with simple operation, and excellent yields with a broad spectrum of substrates. It constitutes an alternative to the previously known CuAAC, RuAAC, and IrAAC click reactions.     

On the Mechanism of Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

The copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction regiospecifically produces 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole molecules. This heterocycle formation chemistry has high tolerance to reaction conditions and substrate structures. Therefore, it has been practiced not only within, but also far beyond the area of heterocyclic chemistry. Herein, the mechanistic understanding of CuAAC is summarized, with a particular emphasis on the significance of copper/azide interactions. Our analysis concludes that the formation of the azide/copper(I) acetylide complex in the early stage of the reaction dictates the reaction rate. The subsequent triazole ring‐formation step is fast and consequently possibly kinetically invisible. Therefore, structures of substrates and copper catalysts, as well as other reaction variables that are conducive to the formation of the copper/alkyne/azide ternary complex predisposed for cycloaddition would result in highly efficient CuAAC reactions. Specifically, terminal alkynes with relatively low pK_a values and an inclination to engage in π‐backbonding with copper(I), azides with ancillary copper‐binding ligands (aka chelating azides), and copper catalysts that resist aggregation, balance redox activity with Lewis acidity, and allow for dinuclear cooperative catalysis are favored in CuAAC reactions. Brief discussions on the mechanistic aspects of internal alkyne‐involved CuAAC reactions are also included, based on the relatively limited data that are available at this point.