MCF固载离子液体催化CO2合成碳酸丙烯酯的研究

通过原位合成法将[(EtO)3SiPMIm]Cl固载在MCF材料上,制得MCF固载化离子液体催化剂[(EtO)3Si PMIm]Cl/MCF。用N2吸附-脱附、TEM和FT-IR等手段表征催化剂,并考察其在CO2与环氧丙烷(PO)环加成合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,嫁接等量离子液体后,MCF固载化离子液体催化剂体系对CO2环加成合成PC反应的催化活性高于SBA-15催化剂体系。在2.5MPa、140℃反应条件下,PO的转化率高达85.4%,且催化剂具有良好的循环使用性。     

CoPc/Al2O3催化分子氧环氧化环己烯的研究

常使用均相催化剂[1-4]催化氧化剂对烯烃进行环氧化来制备环氧环己烷,但均相催化剂存在分离回收难,易二聚失活的缺点.近年来对均相催化剂的固载开展了广泛的研究,如郑岩等[5]使用溶胶 -凝胶包容乙酰丙酮镍,M.Salavati-Niasari等[6]用Al2O3固载Mn(Salen)、Mn(en)2和Mn(acac)2金属配合物用于烯烃环氧化,由于Al2O3廉价易得,酞菁具有不易二聚、降解等较稳定的优点[3],本文以酸性Al2O3为载体,固载酞菁钴金属配合物制备CoPc/Al2O3新型环氧化催化剂,并对其结构进行表征,同时以分子氧为氧源,异丁醛为还原剂考察CoPc/Al2O3催化剂对环己烯的催化环氧化活性,探索了环己烯环氧化的较佳工艺参数.     

四氮大环席夫碱配合物研究（Ⅱ）：1,3：6,7：10,11：14,15—四苯并—1,4,9,12四 …

自从1968年Jager合成第一个四氮[14]大环席夫碱配合物以来[1],四氮大环席夫碱配合物的研究受到人们很大的关注.这类配体与天然卟啉环非常相似,对小分子如O2、CO、CO2等均有较强的键联能力,对于研究生物体内的金属蛋白质及酶有着重要的意义[2,3].].另外,这类配合物具有作为催化剂、萃取剂、导体等潜在的应用价值.     

铱催化环加成反应的研究进展

过渡金属催化环加成反应是合成单环及多环化合物的重要方法,也是有机化学的研究热点之一.综述了近年来铱催化环加成反应的研究进展,主要包括了[2+2+1],[2+2+2],[4+2],1,3-偶极环加成反应等,及少量关于[3+2+2],[3+2],[5+1]环加成反应的报道,并讨论了部分铱催化环加成反应机理.     

KI与无机铵盐催化CO2与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯

以无毒、合成简单、廉价的无机铵盐(氨基甲酸铵、碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵等)为助催化剂,研究其对卤化钾(KCl、KBr、KI)催化CO2与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的影响.结果表明,卤化钾与无机铵盐显示出很好的协同催化效应.其中以氨基甲酸铵为助催化剂,KI为主催化剂时,催化合成PC的效果最好.同时考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、CO2初始压力、PC的预加入量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响.在优化条件下,PC收率大于99%.     

铁取代的钴-磷多酸作为酸性介质中性能增强的析氧催化剂

纯无机的非贵金属基双/三金属氢氧(氧)化物因其优异的析氧反应(OER)性能而得到广泛关注及研究.但这些催化剂的原子精度的结构表征较为困难,阻碍了人们对其构效关系的认识,从而影响了进一步对催化性能的精确调控.金属有机框架(MOFs)材料因具有明确的结构及化学组成可调等优点,可以作为一类结构确定的OER电催化剂,但是MOFs为有机配体和金属离子配位形成的框架材料,与金属氢氧(氧)化物结构类型不同.多酸是由高氧化态的Mo^Ⅵ/Ⅴ,W^Ⅵ/Ⅴ,V^Ⅴ/Ⅳ,Nb^Ⅴ和Ta^Ⅴ等组成的金属-氧簇.多酸尺寸介于分子与块体氧化物之间,可以被看作一种具有明确结构的分子氧化物.因此,多酸可用作模型体系从分子水平上探究金属氢氧(氧)化物催化剂的反应机理.此外,多酸已被证明是很有前景的非贵金属水氧化催化剂.对于OER,酸性介质更具优势,因为它与碱性介质相比具有高能效、低欧姆损耗、易于产物分离等优点.但是,非贵金属OER电催化剂在酸性介质中很难稳定且性能通常不如贵金属催化剂.制备酸性介质中高效和稳定的非贵金属OER电催化剂仍然是一大挑战.在本论文中,我们首先采用'原位同构取代'策略,将结构明确的[{Co4(OH)3PO4}4(SiW9O34)4]^32-(1)钴-磷多酸阴离子中的Co原子替换成Fe原子,合成了不同Fe含量的[{Fe2Co2(OH)3PO4}4(SiW9O34)4]^24-(2)和[{FeCo3(OH)3PO4}4(SiW9O34)4]^28-(3).然后通过离子交换,向1,2和3中引入Ba^2+,成功合成了不溶于水的多酸阴离子结构维持的多相催化剂Ba[1],Ba[2]和Ba[3].性能最好的Ba[3]在0.5 mol L^-1 H2SO4溶液中达到10 mA cm^-2的电流密度仅需要385 mV过电位(无iR校正),比相同条件下无Fe取代的Ba[1]和商业IrO2催化剂的过电位分别低66 mV和8 mV.经过2000圈的循环伏安测试和24 h的长时间电解测试,Ba[1],Ba[2]和Ba[3]均表现出较高的稳定性.另外,采用红外光谱(FT-IR)以及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等多种表征测试手段进一步确认了它们的稳定性.本文采用的'原位同构取代'策略为合成更高效的结构明确的多金属催化剂提供了新思路,同时也为进一步从分子水平上探索相关催化机理提供了难得的模型.     

铑催化环加成反应的研究进展

综述了近几年铑催化剂在环加成反应中的研究进展, 主要包括[2＋2], [2＋2＋1], [2＋2＋2], [3＋2], [3＋4]和[4＋2]环加成反应等, 讨论了铑催化下的环加成反应及其机理.     

Cu/SiO_2气凝胶催化剂上CO的催化氧化性能

如何消除 CO对环境造成的污染 ,是当前人们所关心的课题之一 .催化氧化是消除 CO的一种有效方法 .常用的 CO氧化催化剂多以贵金属为基础 .目前 ,对非贵金属催化剂的研究也正在进行 ,其中 ,过渡金属 Cu、Co、Fe等对 CO的氧化有较好的催化作用 .传统的过渡金属催化剂多以氧化铝为载体 ,并发展了多种制备方法 ,如化学浸渍法、溶胶凝胶法[1] 等 ;催化剂的金属活性组分也由微米级颗粒发展到纳米级超细粒子[2 ] .但对载体的研究仍集中于氧化铝 .近几年发现 ,过渡金属交换的ZSM- 5分子筛具有较高的活性和稳定性 [3 ] .二氧化硅气凝胶是一种新…     

KI/NH3协同催化CO2与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了NH₃/KI、KI及无催化剂条件下, CO₂与环氧丙烷(PO)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的反应机理. 在B3LYP/6-311++G^**基组水平上(I采用MIDIX基组)优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物, 通过振动分析及内禀反应坐标(IRC)确定中间体和过渡态的真实性. 同时, 在相同基组水平应用自然键轨道(NBO)理论和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的轨道间相互作用和成键特征. 研究结果表明: 在无催化剂条件下非协同反应通道PO+CO₂→M0a→TS0c→M0c→TS0c′→PC为最有利通道, 其活化能为200.65 kJ·mol^-1; KI催化下活化能降低至187.40 kJ·mol^-1, 反应速率较小; 在KI/NH₃协同催化下, 除KI的催化作用外, NH₃中的氢原子还能与CO₂或PO中的氧原子形成氢键, 活化反应, 活化能降低至154.64 kJ·mol^-1, 大幅度提高了PO与CO₂环合生成产物PC的反应速率, 理论计算与实验结果一致.     

木质素及其衍生物负载金属催化剂在有机合成中的应用研究进展

碳中和发展理念的提出使得生物质基催化剂的关注度不断提高,将木质素作为过渡金属催化剂的载体来制备非均相催化剂应用于有机合成领域,可以极大地提高木质素的利用价值.木质素结构中广泛存在的含氧官能团为金属催化剂的负载提供了多种结合位点,通过物理吸附/沉积、离子交换以及与羟基官能团通过静电络合可以有效地捕获金属粒子.首先介绍了木质素的结构,然后介绍了制备非均相催化剂的方法,重点介绍了木质素及其衍生物负载金属催化剂催化点击反应、Glaser反应、Huisgen [3+2]环加成反应、Heck反应、Suzuki反应、Sonogashira反应、Stille偶联反应、迈克尔加成/脱水串联反应、亲电开环反应、Fridel-Crafts型反应及乙烯聚合反应等,并对存在的问题和发展趋势进行了展望.     

Gas Phase Conversion of Carbon Tetrachloride to Alkyl Chlorides Catalyzed by Supported Ionic Liquids

An efficient way of converting carbon tetrachloride (CTC) to alkyl chlorides is reported, which uses the catalysts of ionic liquids supported on granular active carbon. The catalytic performance was evaluated in a temperature range of 120–200°C and atmospheric pressure for different ionic liquids, namely 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, hydrochloric salts of N‐methylimidazole (MIm), pyridine and triethylamine, as well as bisulfate and dihydric phosphate of N‐methylimidazole. On this basis, the reaction mechanism was proposed, and the influences of the reaction temperature and the attributes of ionic liquids were discussed. The overall reaction was assumed to be comprised of two steps, the hydrolysis of CTC and reaction of HCl with alcohols under acidic catalyst. The results indicate that the conversion of CTC increased monotonically with temperature and even approached 100% at 200°C, while the maximum selectivity to alkyl chlorides was obtained around 160°C. This reaction might be potentially applicable to the resource utilization of superfluous byproduct of CTC in the chloromethane industry.     

Application of Some Room Temperature Ionic Liquids in the Development of Biosensors at Carbon Film Electrodes

Two room temperature ionic liquids, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bistriflimide and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium nitrate, were employed for enzyme immobilization in a new sol‐gel matrix and, for the first time, were successfully applied as electrolyte carriers in a biosensing system. The new sol‐gel matrix, based on 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bistriflimide mixtures, did not crack even after several weeks when kept dry, and exhibited similar analytical properties to aqueous sol‐gel based glucose biosensors. The linear range was up to 1.1 mM of glucose, sensitivity was 62 nA mM^?1 and the limit of detection was 28.8 μM. The optimum ionic liquid electrolyte carrier was found to be 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium nitrate, where the biosensor was made by electrodeposition of the redox mediator, poly(neutral red), and the enzyme was immobilized by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde. The results showed that application of room temperature ionic liquids to biosensors is very promising and can be further exploited.     

环境友好型离子液体催化环氧丙烷反应合成丙二醇醚

丙二醇醚类化合物是性能优良的精细化学品,也是环保型高级溶剂.该类化合物具有两个强溶解性功能基团—醚键和羟基,前者具有亲油性,可溶解疏水性物质,后者具有亲水性,可溶解亲水性物质,因而丙二醇醚具有很强的溶解能力,素有"万能溶剂"之称,可广泛应用于涂料、油墨、油漆、印刷、电子化学品、染料、净洗和纺织等行业.丙二醇醚类化合物目前主要由环氧丙烷和低级脂肪醇反应合成,然而,由于环氧丙烷的位阻效应,使其在酸或碱的条件下开环的位置会不同,从而得到不同的醇醚产物.由于碱催化的醇醚产物更加环境友好,因而越来越被人们所关注.工业上丙二醇醚合成多采用传统的强碱性催化剂醇钠以及氢氧化钠,腐蚀性强,产生的废液量大.本文采用环境友好的非卤素离子液体作为催化剂,研究了其催化环氧丙烷醚化合成丙二醇醚的反应特性.本文采用两步法合成了一系列环境友好的醋酸类碱性功能化离子液体,并在温和的条件下将其用于催化环氧丙烷与醇反应合成丙二醇醚.结果表明,该类离子液体可以高效催化该反应的进行.利用紫外-可见光谱测定Hammett指数来表征实验中所用离子液体的碱强度,并构建了离子液体碱性与催化活性之间的关系.结果表明,离子液体的催化性能和其碱性密切相关,随着离子液体碱性的增加,催化活性增强,其中咪唑醋酸类离子液体碱性强于季胺类,表现出优异的催化性能.离子液体的碱性明显弱于NaOH,但却呈现出更优异的催化性能.相同反应条件下,EmimOAc离子液体作为催化剂,PO的转化率分别较NaOH高出20%–30%,选择性略高于NaOH,这可能是由于二者催化机理不同造成的.传统NaOH催化机理的关键步骤是醇在碱性催化剂的作用下去质子化形成电子供体烷氧根离子,促进环氧丙烷的开环加成.而本文提出了离子液体亲电亲核双活化作用机理,即离子液体在阴阳离子之间的氢键和电荷相互作用的共同作用下,促进环氧丙烷开环和醇的去质子化,形成相应的反应中间体.通过电喷雾质谱分析手段检测到了阴阳离子通过协同作用亲电亲核催化过程中的反应中间体,证明了该假设机理的可行性.此外,还考察了催化剂浓度、醇比、反应温度以及醇的空间位阻效应对反应的影响.以EmimOAc催化合成丙二醇丁醚为例,反应的转化率随催化剂浓度的增加而增大,在催化剂添加量1%(催化剂与PO的摩尔比)时,PO转化率达到最大值为98.2%,1-丁氧基-2-丙醇的选择性为86.4%.当正丁醇与环氧丙烷的摩尔比为3时,转化率最高为88.6%,选择性高达94%.该反应为放热反应,最适反应温度约为140 oC,此时转化率高达96.5%.在环氧丙烷和不同的低碳醇合成丙二醇醚的反应中,反应物醇的碳链越短,支链越少,催化反应效率越高.     

离子液体接枝的有机介孔催化剂的制备及催化碳酸丙烯酯水解反应

以甲基咪唑和3-氯-1丙醇为原料合成离子液体（1-羟丙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐,NpmimBF4）,并将其接枝固载到有机介孔材料（FDU-15）上,合成制备了有机介孔催化剂（NpmimBF4- FDU）。采用热重、Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱及透射电子显微镜等技术手段对催化剂结构进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在碳酸丙烯酯（PC）水解反应中的催化性能,结果表明,该催化体系在常压下能有效催化碳酸丙烯酯水解生成1,2-丙二醇。在催化剂的质量分数为4%、温度80 ℃、反应时间2 h的条件下,1,2-丙二醇的产率大于99%。经简单分离后催化剂可重复使用5次,但活性变化较大。同时对催化碳酸丙烯酯水解生成1,2-丙二醇（PG）的反应机理进行了初步探讨。     

Brønsted酸性离子液体中的二甘醇脱水环化反应

首次报道了Brønsted酸性离子液体介质中的二甘醇的脱水环化反应,考察了不同的离子液体、离子液体/二甘醇摩尔比、反应温度和时间对反应的影响。结果表明,Brønsted酸性离子液体作为反应介质能够促进脱水环化反应的有效进行,且在离子液体1-(3-磺酸根丙基)-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([SPmim]HSO4)中,二甘醇的转化率和1,4-二氧六环的选择性更高。采用Hammett指示剂法测定了离子液体的酸度函数H0,其酸性强弱顺序为[SPmim]HSO4 > [Bmim]HSO4 > [Amim]HSO4 > [Hmim]BF4> [Bmim]H2PO4 >[Amim]H2PO4 > [Hmim]Tsa,这与离子液体在脱水环化反应中的催化效果一致。当温度为170 ˚C,离子液体/二甘醇摩尔比为1:1时,二甘醇在[SPmim]HSO4中反应2 h,转化率可达到97.0%,1,4-二氧六环的选择性为89.3%。     

Reference Electrode for Ionic Liquids

Reference electrodes for room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) applications were constructed that have a known and reproducible potential versus the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. They are based on reference electrodes of the first kind, Ag/Ag⁺ couple type, or of the second kind, based on Ag/AgCl in M⁺Cl^?. The former uses AgNO₃ salt and the latter tetrabutylammonium chloride, Bu₄NCl, dissolved in acetonitrile which are then introduced to the ionic liquid of choice for a final concentration of 0.1 M. The reference electrodes can be easily and reproducibly constructed. An ionic contact of these reference systems with the test electrolyte was made using an asbestos fiber liquid junction. The internal compartment of the reference system was filled with the same ionic liquid as used for the electrochemical experiment. The performance of these reference electrodes was tested in selected ionic liquids using the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. The stability, reproducibility, and temperature behavior of the two reference systems have been characterized in the following ionic liquids: 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF₄), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMI(CF₃SO₂)₂N), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF₆). It has been found that the formal potentials of the examined reference systems are stable over several days. There is a linear relationship for the temperature studied in the range from 25 to 60 °C.     

Effect of Ionic Liquid Structure on the Electrochemical Response of Dopamine at Room Temperature Ionic Liquid‐modified Carbon Paste Electrodes (IL–CPE)

In this work 12 different ionic liquids (ILs) have been used added as co‐binders in the preparation of modified carbon paste electrodes (IL–CPEs) used for the voltammetric analysis of dopamine in Britton‐Robinson buffer. The ionic liquids studied were selected based on three main criteria: (1) increasing chain length of alkyl substituents (studying 1‐ethylimidazolium and ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl and decylmethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids); (2) nature of the counter ion (dicyanamide, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and hexafluorophosphate) in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ionic liquids; and (3) cation ring structures (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpiperidinium, 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylpyridinium) in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or hexafluorophosphate (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium or 1‐butyl‐3‐methylpyridinium as cations) ionic liquids. The use of IL as co‐binders in IL–CPE results in a general enhancement of both the sensitivity and the reversibility of dopamine oxidation. In square wave voltammetry experiments, the peak current increased up to a 400 % when 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was used as co‐binder, as compared to the response found with the unmodified CPE. Experimental data provide evidence that electrostatic and steric effects are the most important ones vis‐à‐vis these electrocatalytic effects on the anodic oxidation of dopamine on IL–CPE. The relative hydrophilicity of dicyanamide anions reduced the electrocatalytic effects of the corresponding ionic liquids, while the use of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate or 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (two relatively small and highly hydrophobic ionic liquids) as co‐binders in IL–CPE resulted in the highest electrocatalytic activity among all of the IL–CPE studied.     

离子液体阴阳离子协同催化芳香胺与碳酸丙烯酯反应

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐([bmim]OAc)为催化剂,以芳香胺和碳酸丙烯酯为原料,一步合成了5-甲基-3-芳基噁唑烷-2-酮.系统考察了反应温度、反应时间以及催化剂用量对反应性能的影响.在优化的反应条件下,5-甲基-3-苯基噁唑烷-2-酮的收率可达99％.研究了离子液体阴阳离子结构对反应性能的影响,发现...     

KI与无机铵盐催化CO2与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯

以无毒、合成简单、廉价的无机铵盐(氨基甲酸铵、碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵等)为助催化剂, 研究其对卤化钾(KCl、KBr、KI)催化CO₂与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的影响. 结果表明, 卤化钾与无机铵盐显示出很好的协同催化效应. 其中以氨基甲酸铵为助催化剂, KI为主催化剂时, 催化合成PC的效果最好. 同时考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、CO₂初始压力、PC的预加入量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响. 在优化条件下, PC收率大于99%.     

Recombination of Photogenerated Lophyl Radicals in Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids

Laser flash photolysis is applied to study the recombination reaction of lophyl radicals in ionic liquids in comparison with dimethylsulfoxide as an example of a traditional organic solvent. The latter exhibits a similar micropolarity as the ionic liquids. The ionic liquids investigated are 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ( 1 ), 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 2 ), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetafluoroborate ( 3 ). The recombination of the photolytic generated lophyl radicals occur significantly faster in the ionic liquids than expected from their macroscopic viscosities and is a specific effect of these ionic liquids. On the other hand, this reaction can be compared with the macroscopic viscosity in the case of dimethylsulfoxide. Activation parameters obtained for lophyl radical recombination suggest different, anion‐dependent mechanistic effects. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory provide a deeper insight of the molecular properties of the lophyl radical and its precursor. Thus, excitation energies, spin densities, molar volumes, and partial charges are calculated. Calculations show a spread of spin density over the three carbon atoms of the imidazolyl moiety, while only low spin density is calculated for the nitrogens.