Synthesis of transparent vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes on a few-layer graphene (FLG) film

Novel transparent 1D-TiO(2)/few-layer graphene electrodes are realised by the anodic growth of vertically aligned TiO(2) nano-tubes on a few-layer graphene film coated on a glass substrate.     

Hydrophobic silica sol-gel films for biphasic electrodes and porotrodes

Hydrophobic sol-gel films from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) are deposited onto glass and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Uniform and microporous films of ca. 200 nm thickness are obtained and investigated by scanning electron microscopy and by electrochemical techniques. From cyclic voltammograms for the oxidation of ferrocenedimethanol in aqueous 0.1 M KNO3 apparent diffusion coefficients and free volume data for processes within the film are derived and it is demonstrated that the film morphology can be controlled by the deposition timing. Two novel types of biphasic electrodes for observing liquid/liquid ion transfer reactions are introduced: (i) an ITO electrode coated with a hydrophobic sol-gel film and (ii) a hydrophobic sol-gel film on glass sputter-coated with 20 nm porous gold (porotrode). For the t-butylferrocene redox system deposited in the form of an organic liquid, very low and morphology dependent current responses are observed on modified ITO electrodes. However, the porotrode system allows biphasic electrode reactions to be driven with high efficiency and with no significant morphology effect of the hydrophobic sol-gel film. This type of nanofilm-modified electrode system will be of interest for biphasic sensor developments.     

Fabrication and Characterisation of Leak-Tight Glassy Carbon Electrodes,Sealed in Glass Employing Silicon Coating,for Use in Electrochemical Detection

Abstract

Glassy carbon discs have been coated with silicon in a chemical vapour deposition process to obtain leak-tight electrodes, sealed in glass. Electrodes with coatings thicker than 5μm prove to be leak-tight in contrast with uncoated ones. Silicon-coated electrodes show faster decay of charging current, less noise and decreased background current. Leak-tightness and electron microscope information correlate well with the electrochemical data. All results can be ascribed to the absence of a void between glassy carbon and glass at Si-coated electrodes. By silicon coating, signal-to-noise ratios are improved with a factor of about 5, as is demonstrated for catecholamines and metabolites in liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.     

Direct electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles onto indium tin oxide film coated glass: Application to the detection of arsenic(III).

Gold nanoparticle modified indium tin oxide (ITO) film coated glass electrodes were prepared for the first time through direct electrochemical deposition from 0.5 M H2SO4 containing 0.1 mM HAuCl4. The resulting electrode surfaces were characterized with AFM. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) of arsenic(III) on the modified electrodes were performed. After optimization, a LOD of 5 +/- 0.2 ppb was obtained with 60 s deposition at -0.6 V (vs. SCE) in 1 M HNO3 using LSV.     

Effect of Electrode Material on Electrodeposition of Tungsten Oxide

Influence exerted by the nature of an electrode-substrate on the electrochemical deposition of tungsten oxides from a metastable acid solution of isopolytungstate was studied. As substrates for obtaining tungsten oxide deposits served metallic electrodes made of gold and platinum, films of mixed indium-tin oxide on glass (ITO-electrodes) and also glassy carbon electrodes and glassy carbon electrodes coated with films of conducting polymers: polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. It was shown that the nature of a substrate noticeably affects the electrochemical properties of tungsten oxide deposits. These differences are attributed to the adsorption of hydrogen on platinum in the range of the deposition potentials of tungsten oxide and to the chemical interaction of polytungstate ions with the thiophene sulfur of the polymer.

     

Mercury-coated carbon fiber microelectrodes : Preparation and some properties

Carbon fibre microelectrodes were made by sealing the fibres into glass and by using heat-shrinkable tubing. The electrodes can be coated with mercury by deposition at ?0.9 V vs. SCE from 0.1 M thiocyanate containing 0.05 mM mercury(II) at pH 2.5. Coulometric measurements and square-wave voltammetry were used to establish the properties of the deposit. Conditions for the deposition and stripping of cadmium are outlined.     

Application of polyaniline/sol-gel derived tetraethylorthosilicate films to an amperometric lactate biosensor.

The electrochemical entrapment of polyaniline (PANI) onto sol-gel derived tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) films deposited onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass has been utilized for immobilization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The performance of these sol-gel/PANI/LDH electrodes has been investigated as a function of the lactate concentration, applied potential, pH of the medium and interferents. The amperometric response of the electrodes under optimum conditions exhibited a linear relationship from 1 mM to 4 mM. An attempt has been made to extend the linearity up to 10 mM for lactate by coating an external layer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) over the sol-gel/PANI/LDH electrodes with a correlation coefficient of 0.89. These sol-gel/PANI/LDH electrodes have a response time of about 60 s, a shelf life of about 8 weeks at 0-4 degrees C and have implications in a lactate biosensor.     

1,3,4-Trisubstituted-2-azetidinone Derivatives as Novel Receptors for Bismuth(III) Ion-Selective Electrodes: Application in Pharmaceutical and Glass Samples

Abstract

Polymeric membrane electrodes (PMEs) and coated graphite electrodes (CGEs) containing 1,3,4-trisubstituted-2-azetidinone derivatives as ion carriers are reported here for bismuth(III) ion selectivity. These electrodes exhibited Nernstian response for Bi³⁺ ions over a wide concentration range (5.0 × 10^?7 M to 1.0 × 10^?1 M for CGE) with a lower detection limit of 3.98 × 10^?7 M (for CGE) and wide pH range (1.3–5.0). Compared to polymeric membrane electrode, the coated graphite electrode has shown better selectivity for Bi³⁺ ions with respect to common metal ions. Proposed electrodes have been used for the estimation of Bi³⁺ ions in pharmaceutical and glass samples.     

液晶叶绿素铂电极的光感电位

将不同含量的液晶物质4-甲氧基苄叉4′-正丁基苯胺(MBBA)分别加到叶绿素a(Chla)的异辛烷溶液中, 将这些溶液分别涂在铂板上形成液晶叶绿素铂电极, 测求其光感电位ΔE的变亿; 另一方面将这些溶液分别涂在玻璃板上, 形成液晶叶绿素涂层的玻璃板, 测求其导数光谱特性谱峰(743 nm)相对高度h/h_T的变化。发现随着MBBA量的增加, ΔE与h/h_T两种数值均有极大信出现。另外用石油醚溶剂、异辛烷-石油醚(1:9V/V)溶剂代替异辛烷溶剂, 进行同样实验, 发现也都有这两种极大值出现, 而且这三种溶剂体系的六个极大值都发生在MBBA浓度为0.001±0.0005 mol L~(-1)范围内。本文根据导数光谱原理, 子结构以及液晶物质特性, 对以上实验的变化规律作了理论说明。     

Prototyping disposable electrophoresis microchips with electrochemical detection using rapid marker masking and laminar flow etching

Two novel methods are described for the fabrication of components for microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (microchip CEEC) on glass substrates. First, rapid marker masking is introduced as a completely nonphotolithographic method of patterning and fabricating integrated thin-film metal electrodes onto a glass substrate. The process involves applying the pattern directly onto the metal layer with a permanent marker that masks the ensuing chemical etch. The method is characterized, and the performance of the resulting electrode is evaluated using catecholamines. The response compares well with photolithographically defined electrodes and exhibits detection limits of 648 nM and 1.02 microM for dopamine and catechol, respectively. Second, laminar flow etching is introduced as a partially nonphotolithographic method of replicating channel networks onto glass substrates. The replication process involves applying a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold of the channel network onto a slide coated with a sacrificial metal layer and then pulling solutions of metal etchants through the channels to transfer the pattern onto the sacrificial layer. The method is tested, and prototype channel networks are shown. These methods serve to overcome the time and cost involved in fabricating glass-based microchips, thereby making the goal of a disposable high performance lab-on-a-chip more attainable.