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1.
以浸渍在二氧化钛上的锰基催化剂为对象,研究了制备过程中煅烧温度对锰基催化剂催化NO氧化活性的影响。结果表明,较低的煅烧温度有利于提高Mn/TiO2催化剂对于NO氧化的催化效率。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和O2程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)等表征手段研究了煅烧温度影响Mn/TiO2催化剂催化活性的作用机理。结果表明,在NO氧化过程中发挥主要作用的是Mn2O3,较低的煅烧温度有利于提高Mn2O3在锰氧化物中所占的比例,同时增加锰氧化物在载体表面的分散度,从而改善催化剂活性;当煅烧温度超过500℃时,催化剂会发生烧结,载体TiO2的晶形开始由锐钛型向金红石型转变,Mn2O3也从非晶相向晶相转变。H2-TPR和O2-TPD测试结果表明,低温煅烧有利于提高催化剂的还原性能和表面化学吸附态O2-的脱附性能,良好的还原性能和脱附性能的相互作用使催化剂表面的氧有较好的移动能力,从而促进催化剂的活性。  相似文献   

2.
 采用等体积浸渍法在不同温度下焙烧制备了一系列 MnO2-CeO2/Zr0.25Ti0.25Al0.5O1.75 整体式催化剂样品, 并用低温 N2 吸附-脱附、储氧量、X 射线衍射、X 射线光电子能谱和 NH3 程序升温脱附等对催化剂进行了表征, 考察了催化剂上 NH3 选择性催化还原 (SCR) NO 的活性. 结果表明, 随着焙烧温度的升高, 催化剂的比表面积和孔体积逐渐减小, 平均孔径逐渐增大, 储氧能力逐渐降低. 在 500~700 oC 焙烧时, 催化剂主要以无定形或微晶的形式存在; 在 500 oC 焙烧时, 催化剂表面 Mn 与载体之间的相互作用较强, 表面酸量最高, 有利于提高 SCR 活性. 尽管在 600 和 700 oC 焙烧的催化剂仍具有较高的 SCR 活性, 且表现出一定的抗 H2O 和 SO2 性能, 但活性有所下降. 800 oC 焙烧后催化剂的活性显著降低.  相似文献   

3.
对于钒氧化物负载型催化剂在NH3-SCR过程中的反应机理和动力学已有较多研究。研究表明反应气体在催化剂表面的吸附-脱附过程对于SCR催化反应具有重要意义。本文概述了钒氧化物催化剂载体和表面物种在催化反应中的作用机理,以及H2O、SO2对NH3-SCR反应的影响,重点阐述了各种气相反应物的吸附形式以及反应作用机理。  相似文献   

4.
采用高温固相反应法、Pechini合成方法和柠檬酸配位法,制备了系列锂锰复合氧化物LiMn2O4催化剂,应用于NH3-SCR反应,并与固相反应法合成的MnO2进行了比较。采用N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、H2程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附、NO程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱对LiMn2O4催化剂进行表征。结果表明,引入Li有利于提高锰基催化剂的SCR活性和抗硫性。Pechini法制备LiMn2O4的NO转化率可在130~260℃达到90%以上;固相反应法制备LiMn2O4的NO转化率大于90%的温度为90~310℃;MnO2的温度窗口则仅为140~280℃。与MnO2相比,引入Li可形成LiMn2O4结构,因此,催化剂中更多的锰离子保持在相对较低的价态Mn3+,并调整表面活性氧含量;同时,Li的存在调变了LiMn2O4表面的酸位,从而减少高温下MnO2表面容易发生的NH3非选择性氧化,改善其催化NH3-SCR反应的温度窗口,也增强了抗硫性。  相似文献   

5.
采用共沉淀法制备了一系列ZrxTi1-xO2(x=0.0,0.1,0.5,0.9,1.0)复合氧化物,并以此为载体,用等孔体积浸渍H2PtCl6制得Pt/ZrxTi1-xO2柴油车氧化催化剂.运用N2吸附-脱附,X射线多晶粉末衍射,X射线光电子能谱,H2程序升温还原和NH3程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在系列催化剂样品中,Zr0.1Ti0.9O2复合氧化物主要以锐钛矿形式存在,具有较好的织构性能,样品的比表面积达94m2/g,孔体积为0.33cm3/g.相应地,Pt/Zr0.1Ti0.9O2催化剂表现出优异的催化氧化性能,HC和CO的起燃温度(T50)分别为185和174oC,完全转化温度(T90)分别为197和201oC;且具有较低的SO2氧化活性,350oC时SO2仅转化25.5%.  相似文献   

6.
 以溶胶-凝胶法制备的 TiO2-Al2O3 复合氧化物为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了 Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3 催化剂, 并用 X 射线衍射、N2 吸附脱附、红外和 X 射线光电子能谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征, 考察了载体中 TiO2 含量、焙烧温度及其制备方法对 Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3 催化剂上同时进行噻吩加氢脱硫和吡啶加氢脱氮反应的影响. 结果表明, 以 Ni/P 摩尔比为 1/2 的前驱体制备的催化剂表面仅出现 Ni2P 物相; 当载体中 TiO2 的含量为 80%, 焙烧温度为 550 oC 时, Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3 催化剂上加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮的活性最高. 在 360 oC, 3.0 MPa, 氢/油体积比 500, 液时体积空速 2.0 h?1 的条件下, 噻吩和吡啶转化率分别为 61.3%和 64.4%.  相似文献   

7.
以ZrO(NO3)2·2H2O为前驱体对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行了改性并负载MnOx制备了MnOx/ZrO2/MWCNTs催化剂.考察了Zr对催化剂低温选择性催化还原(SCR)反应活性的影响,并通过多种分析手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征.结果表明Zr的添加对催化剂的低温SCR活性具有显著的促进作用,当Zr负载量为30%时,催化剂活性最佳.X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、透射电镜(TEM)、N2吸附-脱附的表征结果分析表明,适量的Zr改性促进了MnOx在载体表面的分散,增强金属氧化物与MWCNTs之间的作用,也能增加催化剂的比表面积、孔容和孔径.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)的分析结果则显示,Zr能提高催化剂表面化学吸附氧浓度,促进Mn3+转化为Mn4+,从而使催化剂表面的活性位点增多,氧化还原能力增强,同时还提高了催化剂表面酸性位点的数量和强度,促进了NH3的吸附,是MnOx/ZrO2/MWCNTs催化剂低温SCR活性提高的主要原因.  相似文献   

8.
采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Zrx Tix Al1–2x O2复合氧化物载体材料,考察了其作为裂解催化剂载体对航空煤油裂解反应的影响.采用全自动吸附仪、X射线衍射、扫描电镜/能谱仪联用、NH3-程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,当ZrO2:TiO2:Al2O3质量比为1:1:3时催化剂具有最大的比表面积和孔容;具有最强的表面酸性和最集中的强酸中心密度,且具有良好的再生功能.实验结果表明,载体ZrO2:TiO2:Al2O3质量比为1:1:3时催化剂上650oC裂解产气量较热裂解提高了2.1倍,700oC时提高1.4倍.另外,该系列载体材料经1000oC焙烧5 h后,所制得的催化剂几乎失去了催化活性.  相似文献   

9.
火电厂和机动车辆等的NOx排放量与日俱增, NOx的治理已成为环境保护的重要组成部分.以NH3作为还原剂的选择性催化还原(SCR)技术是目前消除NOx最为高效的方法之一.该反应最为典型的催化剂是V2O5–WO3(MoO3)/TiO2,催化活性窗口为250–400 oC.国外通常将SCR系统置于省煤器之后,此时烟气温度在300 oC以上,催化剂能保持较高的活性,但易受到烟气中高浓度烟尘、SO2和碱金属等的影响,寿命相对较短.此外,高温工艺中副产物硫酸铵的堵塞也是一个不可忽视的问题.因此,将SCR脱硝装置设在脱硫除尘之后成为一种优选技术之一,但烟气温度会降至250 oC以下,而常规的钒基催化剂不能满足低温活性要求.通过添加助剂或改变载体可改善钒基催化剂的低温活性,同时保持其高效的抗硫能力.
  本文以Cr和V为活性组分, TiO2为载体,采用浸渍法制备了铬钒钛(Cr–VOx/TiO2)系列催化剂,考察了它们的低温脱硝活性和抗水抗硫性,并通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征,分析了Cr–V催化剂的作用机制.
  结果显示,当n(Cr):n(V)为0.2:0.8,活性组分负载量为10 wt%时, Cr–VOx/TiO2催化剂表现出最佳的低温催化活性;当反应温度为160°C时, NOx转化率达到90%以上,明显优于其他催化剂,同时活性窗口(160–300°C)得到拓宽. NH3-TPD结果表明, VOx/TiO2催化剂表面呈中弱酸性,随着Cr的添加,钒基催化剂的NH3脱附峰向高温拓宽,说明其表面强酸量有所增加, Cr0.2–V0.8/TiO2在160–300°C范围内均出现了NH3的脱附峰,此时催化剂表面弱酸量最大.当n(Cr):n(V)大于0.2:0.8时,催化剂表面出现强酸位,这种强酸位不利于NH3脱附,从而不利于SCR反应的进行.因此适量Cr的添加有助于提高钒基催化剂表面弱酸及中性酸量. H2-TPR结果发现,助剂Cr的添加使得催化剂表面氧量增加,这可能是由于Cr的添加形成了较多的氧空穴和未饱和的化学键.催化剂表面化学吸附氧是氧化还原反应最活跃的氧物种,在SCR反应中,表面氧可作为NO的吸附介质参与到催化剂表面反应中,可有效提高SCR反应速率.通过考察活性组分负载量对催化剂活性的影响,发现不同负载量催化剂的催化活性依次为10 wt%>20 wt%>50 wt%>5 wt%. XPS分析发现,当负载量为10 wt%时,催化剂表面非计量的钒离子和化学性质活跃的自由电子最多,因此表现出最佳的SCR活性;当负载量过高时,大量氧化物堆积烧结形成V2O5和Cr2V4O13,覆盖了钒离子活性位点,降低了催化剂脱硝效率.
  催化剂在220°C表现出良好的抗硫性,在通入100 ppm SO212 h后NOx的转化率仍可达99%以上,并未出现硫中毒现象.同时该催化剂也表现出较好的抗水性,在通入10 vol%水蒸气12 h后, NOx转化率仍能达85%以上.  相似文献   

10.
NOx是大气污染物的重要组成部分,能够造成酸雨、光化学烟雾和臭氧层破坏等一系列环境问题,严重危害人类健康.选择性催化还原(SCR)是控制NOx排放的主要技术,当前工业上普遍采用的是钒钛催化剂,然而该催化剂活性温度窗口较窄(300-400oC),N2选择性较低,而且钒物种本身有毒.因此开发新型SCR催化剂成为研究热点.Fe/TiO2催化剂具有稳定的化学性质,环境污染少且价格低廉,近年来受到广泛关注.为了提高Fe/TiO2催化活性,人们采用了各种不同的制备方法.本文以F127作为结构导向剂,结合溶胶-凝胶法原位合成了具有介孔结构、工作温度在150-300 oC的Fe/TiO2脱硝催化剂,并与普通浸渍法和共沉淀法制备的催化剂进行了对比.利用N2吸附脱附、紫外-可见光谱、X射线电子能谱、NH3程序升温脱附和原位红外光谱等技术研究了制备方法对Fe/TiO2催化剂物理结构及脱硝性能的影响.结果表明,相较于浸渍法和共沉淀法,模板法制备的催化剂具有较高的脱硝效率和抗H2O和SO2性能.作为结构导向剂,F127能够诱导催化剂形成均匀的介孔结构,有利于提高催化剂比表面积,促进反应物分子的扩散和转移,从而提高催化剂脱硝效率.进一步研究发现,模板法能够明显促进活性组分Fe物种的分散和NH3吸附,载体与活性组分具有较强的相互作用,因而有利于催化剂产生较多的活性位.结合XPS结果,较多的活性位点有利于表面吸附氧(Oα)在催化剂表面的吸附.Oα有利于NO到NO2的转化,从而促进快速SCR反应:NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O.通过原位红外机理分析证明,吸附在模板法制备的催化剂表面的NO物种具有较强的稳定性,当温度超过200 oC时,仍然保持一定的吸附强度;吸附NH3红外结果表明,Lewis酸性位比Br?nsted酸性位具有更强的稳定性,当温度超过150oC仍然具有较强的Lewis酸吸附.催化剂表面稳定的NO物种和Lewis酸位上强的NH3吸附是催化剂催化活性增加的重要原因.  相似文献   

11.
将酸活化坡缕石(PGS)与氯化乙醇胺(EACl)所得氯化乙醇胺改性坡缕石(PGS-EACl)与高价铈盐(Ce4+)组成氧化还原非均相引发体系,引发丙烯酰胺单体聚合得到了坡缕石/聚丙烯酰胺(PGS/PAM)无机-有机杂化物.用1HNMR、FTIR、粘度法和电导法对杂化物进行了结构表征,表明杂化物中存在PGSΘ⊕NH3R离子键合作用.考察了PGS-EACl用量、聚合反应时间和单体浓度对杂化物特性粘数的影响.由PGS/PAM杂化絮凝剂分别处理高岭土和氧化铁红两种配制废水,发现杂化絮凝剂的絮凝效果明显优于纯PAM絮凝剂.  相似文献   

12.
张晓杰 《分子催化》2015,(5):467-475
以大比表面的廉价易得的凹凸棒(palygorskite)为载体,借助带电荷界面的静电调控作用,采用吸附-沉积沉淀方法制备磷酸银/凹凸棒(Ag3PO4/palygorskite)复合催化剂.利用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等技术系统地表征催化剂.之所以能够制备高分散性的凹凸棒负载的磷酸银催化剂,主要是因为凹凸棒具有较大的比表面积、带负电荷界面以及适宜的磷酸根前驱体.以可见光催化脱色降解罗丹明B和氧化降解异丙醇为探针反应,考察复合材料的催化性能.研究表明,与纯磷酸银相比,磷酸银/凹凸棒催化脱色降解罗丹明B和氧化降解异丙醇速率分别提高了2和2.5倍.  相似文献   

13.
Structurally well-defined PMMA-grafted palygorskite nanoparticles were prepared by modifying the surface of palygorskite nanoparticles with initiators for reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse ATRP) and by using these initiator-modified nanoparticles as macroinitiators. Reverse ATRP from palygorskite nanoparticles was then performed to attach well-defined polymer on to an inorganic core. It has been found that the dispersibility of palygorskite particles in organic solvents is significantly improved by grafting polymers onto the surface of palygorskite particles. The polymer-grafted palygorskite nanoparticles possess excellent decoloration capacity in organic solvents.  相似文献   

14.
Sedimentary palygorskite (SP) and hydrothermal palygorskite (HP) were characterized by XRF, TG/DSC, and XRD. The total iron and dissociative iron in palygorskite were detected using spectrophotometry. The results showed that about 3.57 wt% of Fe2O3 was detected in SP in contrast with 0.4 wt% in HP. SP was a Fe-substituted palygorskite, and HP was an Al-rich palygorskite. The occurrence of Fe substitution in SP resulted in two mass loss steps of coordinated water and resulted in a larger d spacing. The SP showed greater thermal stability than the HP. It was proposed the change of (200) diffraction peak and (240) diffraction peak reflect changes of tetrahedral and octahedral structures in palygorskite.  相似文献   

15.
To explore a more function-stable and energy-efficient bipolar membrane, palygorskite and FeCl3 were added at the intermediate layer as water-splitting catalysts. As proven, the two materials have a synergetic effect on water splitting. Particularly, the bipolar membrane modified with 5 g dm−3 palygorskite and 0.005 mol dm−3 FeCl3 can achieve a voltage drop of 0.68 V at 100 mA cm−2 and loses only 14.7 μg of Fe after an electrodialysis operation at 100 mA cm−2 for 660 min. Obviously, palygorskite can protect ferric ions from significant loss, which makes the membrane stable in the performance of water splitting. Nevertheless, how palygorskite immobilizes ferric ions is still under investigation.  相似文献   

16.
AgBr/palygorskite composite was prepared by an in situ electrostatic adsorption-deposition-precipitation method and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflection, and BET surface measurements techniques. The layer negative charge and larger specific surface area of palygorskite, along with the poor cation-exchange ability of tetra-n-butyl ammonium cation (N(CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)CH(3))(4)(+)) due to its larger ion radius, could mainly account for high dispersity of AgBr on the surface of fibrous palygorskite. The rate of Rh B decolorization and CO(2) reduction with H(2) as a proton donor and reductant over AgBr/palygorskite was about three and two times faster than that of the corresponding bare AgBr, respectively. The strategy reported in this work can be easily extended to synthesize other palygorskite-based heterostructure catalysts.  相似文献   

17.
Due to the technical problems observed for homogeneous metallocene catalysts, such as reactor fouling and requirement for large amount of expensive methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst, the development of supported metallocene catalysts is very important…  相似文献   

18.
A palygorskite-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was constructed using graphite powder mixed with palygorskite particles. Compared with the unmodified CPE, the resulting palygorskite-modified CPE remarkably increases the peak currents of catechol, and greatly lowers the peak potential separation. Therefore, the palygorskite exhibits catalytic activity to catechol and significantly improves the determining sensitivity. The electrocatalytic activity of palygorskite is attributed to its high adsorption capability and the –OH groups on its surface, which plays an important role in the electron transfer between the modified CPE and the catechol in the solution. The sensor shows a linear response range between 5 and 100 μM catechol with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The detection limit was calculated as 0.57 μM (s/n = 3).  相似文献   

19.
The adsorption of isoniazid (INH) on sepiolite, loughlinite (natural Na-sepiolite) and palygorskite from Anatolia was investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Experimental results indicated that INH molecules, adsorbed on sepiolite–palygorskite group of clays, are coordinated to surface hydroxyls by H-bonding interaction through the pyridine ring nitrogen lone pairs. Moreover, some of the adsorbed INH molecules may enter the interior channels of the sepiolite–palygorskite structure and involve H-bonding interaction with zeolitic water. Some intensity and frequency changes in the OH stretching band of surface hydroxyls (Si–OH) of the INH-treated sepiolite and loughlinite were observed. However, this band is found to be less affected by the adsorption of isoniazid in the case of palygorskite, probably because the surface Si–OH groups in palygorskite appear to be less abundant than in sepiolite or loughlinite.  相似文献   

20.
Kinetic and isothermal studies of lead ion adsorption onto palygorskite clay   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
The use of a natural palygorskite clay for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions for different contact times, pHs of suspension, and amounts and particle sizes of palygorskite clay were investigated. The variations of the pH value of Pb(II) solutions on natural palygorskite in the adsorption process were determined. Batch adsorption kinetic experiments revealed that the adsorption of Pb(II) onto palygorskite clay involved fast and slow processes. It was found that the adsorption mechanisms in the lead/palygorskite system follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with a significant contribution from film diffusion. SEM observations demonstrated that an important interaction at the lead-granule interface occurred during the adsorption process. The adsorption isotherms were described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the Langmuir model represents the adsorption process better than the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) onto natural palygorskite was 104.28 mg g(-1).  相似文献   

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