阿尔茨海默病相关的金属内稳态平衡调控研究

阿尔茨海默病(AD),俗称老年痴呆症,是一种老年神经退行性疾病,其病理特征为脑神经细胞间隙的老年斑(senile plaques,SP)、神经细胞内的神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs)、神经元数量减少和颗粒空泡变性。尽管AD的发病机理十分复杂,但是淀粉样多肽(Aβ)、淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)、金属硫蛋白-3(MT3)及其所参与调节的金属离子内稳态平衡与AD的发生发展有着密切的联系。过渡金属离子如铜和锌,在人体正常的生理过程中发挥着重要的作用,而在阿尔茨海默病患者的大脑内,金属内稳态失衡可能是阿尔茨海默病的主要诱因之一。金属内稳态的失衡会影响淀粉样多肽的聚集以及活性氧物种(ROS)的产生,进而产生细胞毒性;而金属硫蛋白-3(MT3)参与调节大脑金属稳态平衡,具有解聚淀粉样多肽,降低神经细胞毒性的作用。本文综述了大脑过渡金属铜、锌、铁稳态平衡及其调控机制有关的研究进展。     

聚金属氧酸盐在阿尔兹海默症治疗中的新进展

从聚金属氧酸盐(POMs)对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)聚集的调控作用、 水解及光动力治疗等方面介绍其在阿尔兹海默症(AD)治疗中的最新研究进展, 为进一步研究POMs抗AD药物活性提供了参考.     

含铋金属氧簇的研究进展

含铋金属氧簇结构的多样性和多功能性使其在诸多领域有着非常广泛的应用。本文总结了已报道的50多个含铋金属氧簇化合物,根据Bi(Ⅲ)在金属氧簇中所充当的作用,可将含铋金属氧簇分成4大类:(1)Bi(Ⅲ)作为中心杂原子;(2)Bi(Ⅲ)作为取代原子;(3)Bi(Ⅲ)作为桥联原子;(4)Bi(Ⅲ)作为终端原子,分别对其合成和结构的发展现状进行总结。同时,介绍了含铋金属氧簇在催化、磁性、光学、药物等方面的应用,并对其前景进行了展望。通过本文可以很好了解含铋金属氧簇的合成、性能及发展,对多金属氧簇的拓展研究有重要意义。     

丰产金属催化烯基金属试剂的不对称烯基化反应研究进展

烯丙位手性中心不仅广泛存在于天然产物和药物活性分子中, 也是有机合成中的重要合成砌块. 过渡金属催化烯基金属试剂作为亲核试剂的不对称加成或偶联反应是构建这一结构非常有吸引力的策略之一. 在众多金属催化剂中, 铁钴镍铜等丰产金属由于其独特的催化活性以及低毒性、环境友好等优点而被用来代替铑钯等稀有金属应用于此类不对称烯基化反应中, 并取得了显著的成果. 基于此, 本文将综述丰产金属催化的烯基金属试剂参与的不对称烯基化反应研究进展. 主要包括: (1)钴催化的不对称烯基化反应, (2)镍催化的不对称烯基化反应, (3)铜催化的不对称烯基化反应以及(4)其他丰产金属催化的不对称烯基化反应等四部分.     

石墨烯介导淀粉样多肽聚集体的解聚

<正>阿尔茨海默症(AD)即老年痴呆症,是一种起病隐匿的神经退行性疾病,其临床表现为智力衰减、记忆力衰退和判断推理能力下降等认知功能障碍~1。目前,只有少数治疗药物可以改善AD症状,仍缺乏有效的治疗药物停止或逆转AD的病理进程~2。虽然AD确切的病因和发病机制尚未完全阐     

过渡金属催化的三级胺氧化反应的研究进展

三级胺的氧化是自然界中最基本的反应之一.利用化学方法研究三级胺的氧化反应不仅可以提供合成含氮化合物的新方法和途径,也可以帮助我们了解生命体中三级胺氧化的反应过程和机理.近十年,过渡金属催化的三级胺氧化反应取得了一些重要的研究进展.主要总结了近年来以过渡金属为催化剂,在氧化剂的条件下,三级胺氧化反应研究领域中的重要研究结果,并展望了该研究领域未来研究的重点和挑战性问题.主要分为五个部分:(1)三级胺的氧化形成氧化胺;(2)三级胺的氧化Mannich反应;(3)三级胺的氧化去甲基化反应;(4)三级胺的氧化酰胺化反应;(5)三级胺取代基的氧化转化.     

阿尔茨海默氏症大鼠海马组织的拉曼光谱表征

阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)是一种典型的老年性痴呆症,以大脑皮质坏死为病理特征,以智力衰退为临床特征.目前对AD的诊断主要依赖医生的临床经验、神经心理测试及功能影像学检查的结合,确诊则需脑组织活检或尸检测定其特征性病理改变,尚无可靠的早期确诊手段[1].拉曼光谱作为一种分子振动光谱检测方法,可以实现无损、在线的检测,有望成为AD早期诊断的工具.有研究发现,海马结构参与了AD早期发病过程,并且早期组织病变就局限于海马组织[2],本文通过从AD动物模型取材,比较正常与AD病变大鼠海马组织的光谱差异,讨论了拉曼光谱早期诊断AD的可行性.     

同轴电喷-去模板法制备具有金属基质蛋白酶响应性的纳米载体

通过化学键偶联的形式在聚乳酸(PLA)分子链中引入了可被金属基质蛋白酶(MMP-2)特异性降解的多肽peptide(GPLGIAGQ)单元,得到具有金属基质蛋白酶响应性的聚合物PLA-b-peptide-b-PLA.通过同轴电喷方法制备得到以PLA-b-peptide-b-PLA和抗肿瘤药物DOX的混合物作为内核,亲水性聚乙二醇(PEG)作为外壳的,具有核-壳结构的载药微球.其中水溶性的PEG壳层可在水环境中迅速脱除,将载药微球的尺寸从微米级减小到纳米尺度,可以达到药物载体系统在输运的循环过程中的尺寸递减.制备的纳米载体可在金属基质蛋白酶存在的环境中,响应性释放所包载的抗肿瘤药物,实现药物的控制释放.     

金属硫蛋白溶液聚合状态的研究

通过动态光散射实验首次证明了兔肝金属硫蛋白亚型 和 在不同的缓冲体系中不仅仅是以二聚体的形式 ,而且是以多种聚合形式存在[1] .深入考察金属硫蛋白在溶液中的聚合形式对于研究金属硫蛋白的结构和功能都具有非常重要的意义 .我们通过计算机模拟 [1] 比较系统地研究了各种因素对金属硫蛋白聚合的影响 .结果表明 ,在溶液聚合的分子识别过程中可由多种因素共同调控金属硫蛋白 ,这些因素主要包括静电相互作用、疏水性相互作用和溶液中阴阳离子等 .通过这些因素的综合分析 ,首次对兔肝金属硫蛋白在溶液中多种聚合形式的形成机制及相应的分子…     

N-杂环卡宾及其金属络合物的合成*

由于其强给电子能力、结构易修饰性和拓扑学特性,N-杂环卡宾成为继有机膦配体之后又一类重要的配体。其金属络合物在均相及不对称催化领域的催化性能是近期研究的热点,已有许多成功的结果。本文综述了近年来N-杂环卡宾及其金属络合物以及N-杂环卡宾的重要前体咪唑盐的合成方法。金属-N-杂环卡宾络合物的合成方法包括：(a)游离卡宾与金属化合物直接络合;(b)咪唑盐与金属化合物在强碱作用下络合;(c)利用Ag-NHC通过卡宾配体转移方法制备新的金属络合物。关于N-杂环卡宾前体的合成途径主要有：(a)乙二醛、伯胺和多聚甲醛的缩合反应;(b)卤代烷与咪唑及其取代咪唑的烷基化反应;(c)原甲酸酯与1,2-二胺的成环反应;(d)肼或酰胺与酸酐的环化反应;(e)用Na/K对环硫脲化合物的还原反应。     

Histidine‐Rich Oligopeptides To Lessen Copper‐Mediated Amyloid‐β Toxicity

Brain copper imbalance plays an important role in amyloid‐β aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neurotoxicity observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, the administration of biocompatible metal‐binding agents may offer a potential therapeutic solution to target mislocalized copper ions and restore metallostasis. Histidine‐containing peptides and proteins are excellent metal binders and are found in many natural systems. The design of short peptides showing optimal binding properties represents a promising approach to capture and redistribute mislocalized metal ions, mainly due to their biocompatibility, ease of synthesis, and the possibility of fine‐tuning their metal‐binding affinities in order to suppress unwanted competitive binding with copper‐containing proteins. In the present study, three peptides, namely HWH , HK^CH , and HAH , have been designed with the objective of reducing copper toxicity in AD. These tripeptides form highly stable albumin‐like complexes, showing higher affinity for Cu^II than that of Aβ(1‐40). Furthermore, HWH , HK^CH , and HAH act as very efficient inhibitors of copper‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and prevent the copper‐induced overproduction of toxic oligomers in the initial steps of amyloid aggregation in the presence of Cu^II ions. These tripeptides, and more generally small peptides including the sequence His‐Xaa‐His at the N‐terminus, may therefore be considered as promising motifs for the future development of new and efficient anti‐Alzheimer drugs.     

Copper(I) and copper(II) inhibit Aβ peptides proteolysis by insulin-degrading enzyme differently: implications for metallostasis alteration in Alzheimer's disease

Accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and alteration of metal homeostasis (metallostasis) in the brain are two main factors that have been very often associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is constantly produced from the amyloidprecursor-protein APP precursor and immediately catabolized under normal conditions, whereas dysmetabolism of Aβ and/or metal ions seems to lead to a pathological deposition. Although insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is the main metalloprotease involved in Aβ degradation in the brain being up-regulated in some areas of AD brains, the role of IDE for the onset and development of AD is far from being understood. Moreover, the biomolecular mechanisms involved in the recognition and interaction between IDE and its substrates are still obscure. In spite of the important role of metals (such as copper, aluminum, and zinc), which has brought us to propose a "metal hypothesis of AD", a targeted study of the effect of metallostasis on IDE activity has never been carried out. In this work, we have investigated the role that various metal ions (i.e., Cu(2+), Cu(+), Zn(2+), Ag(+), and Al(3+)) play in modulating the interaction between IDE and two Aβ peptide fragments, namely Aβ(1-16) and Aβ(16-28). It was therefore possible to identify the direct effect that such metal ions have on IDE structure and enzymatic activity without interferences caused by metal-induced substrate modifications. Mass spectrometry and kinetic studies revealed that, among all the metal ions tested, only Cu(2+), Cu(+), and Ag(+) have an inhibitory effect on IDE activity. Moreover, the inhibition of copper(II) is reversed by adding zinc(II), whereas the monovalent cations affect the enzyme activity irreversibly. The molecular basis of their action on the enzyme is also discussed on the basis of computational investigations.     

多功能Aβ有机小分子探针的构建及诊疗应用进展

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是最主要的进行性神经类疾病之一. β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的形成、 错误折叠和聚集沉积被认为是该类疾病的重要病理学标志. 近年来, 研究人员基于荧光成像灵敏度高、 操作简便及副作用小的优点, 围绕脑部特殊的血脑屏障(BBB)系统和Aβ蛋白结构, 开发了一系列多功能Aβ探针应用于AD的诊疗研究. 本文分别从检测和治疗两个角度出发, 综合评述了Aβ诊疗探针的脑靶向设计、 波长调控和诊疗一体化的化学调控策略, 并展望了功能性荧光探针在该领域的应用前景.     

A rationally designed small molecule for identifying an in vivo link between metal–amyloid-β complexes and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Multiple factors, including amyloid-β (Aβ), metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in the development of Alzheimer''s disease (AD). Metal ions can interact with Aβ species generating toxic oligomers and ROS in vitro; however, the involvement of metal–Aβ complexes in AD pathology in vivo remains unclear. To solve this uncertainty, we have developed a chemical tool (L2-b) that specifically targets metal–Aβ complexes and modulates their reactivity (i.e., metal–Aβ aggregation, toxic oligomer formation, and ROS production). Through the studies presented herein, we demonstrate that L2-b is able to specifically interact with metal–Aβ complexes over metal-free Aβ analogues, redirect metal–Aβ aggregation into off-pathway, nontoxic less structured Aβ aggregates, and diminish metal–Aβ-induced ROS production, overall mitigating metal–Aβ-triggered toxicity, confirmed by multidisciplinary approaches. L2-b is also verified to enter the brain in vivo with relative metabolic stability. Most importantly, upon treatment of 5XFAD AD mice with L2-b, (i) metal–Aβ complexes are targeted and modulated in the brain; (ii) amyloid pathology is reduced; and (iii) cognition deficits are significantly improved. To the best of our knowledge, by employing an in vivo chemical tool specifically prepared for investigating metal–Aβ complexes, we report for the first time experimental evidence that metal–Aβ complexes are related directly to AD pathogenesis.     

Integration of metabolomics and network pharmacology to validate the mechanism of Schisandra chinensis（Turcz.）Baill - Acorus tatarinowii Schott ameliorating the Alzheimer's disease by regulating the aromatase activity to affect local estrogen in brain of AD model rats

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a latent and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Schisandra chinensis（Turcz.）Baill - Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Sc-At) are effective in treating neurological disorders.Purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of Sc-At in AD treatment. First, untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight/mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF/MS) metabolomics was employed to detect the rat brain metabolism. Then, network pharmacology was used to determine the potential anti-AD targets. Bioinformatics, and molecular docking were conducted for further analysis. A MetScape study examined the association between differential metabolites and potential targets. Finally, the targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) metabolomics and the potential protein activity studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanisms. The results showed that Sc-At improved the neuronal cell alignment disorder in hippocampal CA1 region of AD rats. In brain metabolomics, 30 differential metabolites were screened in the study model versus blank group. The network pharmacology analyzed 54 targets of Sc-At anti-AD where, 14 were correlated with amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Aromatase was selected as an important hub target having the best binding power in molecular docking simulation predictions and also correlated with Aβ. Further tests showed that the brain aromatase activity, and the downstream product 17β-Estradiol levels were elevated in AD rats treated with Sc-At. This work may provide new perspectives for the pharmacological effects and the action mechanisms of natural compounds extracts in treating AD progression.     

Anionic Oligothiophenes Compete for Binding of X‐34 but not PIB to Recombinant Aβ Amyloid Fibrils and Alzheimer's Disease Brain‐Derived Aβ

Deposits comprised of amyloid‐β (Aβ) are one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and small hydrophobic ligands targeting these aggregated species are used clinically for the diagnosis of AD. Herein, we observed that anionic oligothiophenes efficiently displaced X‐34, a Congo Red analogue, but not Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) from recombinant Aβ amyloid fibrils and Alzheimer's disease brain‐derived Aβ. Overall, we foresee that the oligothiophene scaffold offers the possibility to develop novel high‐affinity ligands for Aβ pathology only found in human AD brain, targeting a different site than PIB.     

Anti-amyloid nanoclusters for the treatment of brain hazards associated with incurable neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have no cure and pose a serious threat to human health. The accumulated amyloid has been the therapeutic target of various studies for over a decade, but there is a lack of effective treatments due to various limitations, such as the difficulty to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and unfavorable bioaccumulation. To overcome these challenges, ultra-small metal nanoclusters (MNCs) (<2 nm) have emerged as promising new agents. Simple modifications of MNCs efficiently cross the BBB to reach the brain and dissociate amyloid fibrils into less toxic species. In addition, the enzymatic behavior of MNCs facilitates the scavenging of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviates neuroinflammation. Herein, we summarize the reported anti-amyloid MNCs. Multiple promising functions of MNCs that may alleviate the harms of neurodegenerative diseases are exhibited. The physicochemical properties that influence the inhibition and degradation of common amyloid fibrils, including alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) are discussed. The prospect of optimizing MNCs to suppress more harm in the brain is presented to facilitate the development of practical therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.     

[Ru（MeIm）4L]^2＋（L=iip，tip，2ntz）的电子结构、DNA-键合、构效关系及光谱特征

采用密度泛函的方法,结合导体极化连续模型研究了水溶性二价钌．甲基咪唑类配合物[Ru（MeIm）4iip]^2＋。（1）、[Ru（MeIm）4tip]^2＋0＋（2）和[Ru（MeIm）42ntz]^2＋（3）的电子结构、DNA的键合倾向及构效关系,在水溶液中几何优化的基础上分析了配合物的电子结构特征,并合理解释了配合物与DNA的键合倾向．计算结果表明,在主配体上用噻吩代替咪唑取代基可以有效提高配合物与DNA的键合力;同时,在主配体的骨架上引入强电负性的N原子及NO2基团可以明显降低配合物最低未占据分子轨道能量及前沿分子轨道能量差．基于以上计算结果,预测所设计的配合物3具有最大的DNA键合力常数．另外,详细分析了配合物1、2的构效关系及抗肿瘤作用机理,并预测了配合物3的抗肿瘤活性．最后,用含时密度泛函方法对配合物的电子吸收光谱进行了计算和模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比分析．     

静态法和EXAFS技术研究Eu(III)在钛酸纳米管上的吸附行为和微观机制

结合静态实验和X射线吸收精细结构谱学(EXAFS)技术研究了pH、时间、有机配体等环境因素对放射性核素Eu(III)在钛酸纳米管上的吸附行为和微观机制的影响.宏观实验结果表明:Eu(III)在钛酸纳米管上的吸附在pH<6.0条件下受离子强度影响,而在pH>6.0条件下不受离子强度影响;腐殖酸HA/FA在低pH条件下可以促进Eu(III)在钛酸纳米管上的吸附,而在高pH条件下抑制Eu(III)在钛酸纳米管上的吸附.EXAFS微观分析结果表明:在pH<6.0条件下,吸附属于外层吸附机理;在pH>6.0条件下,吸附属于内层吸附机理.pH<6.0时,中心原子Eu周围只有Eu-O一个配位层,其平均键长为2.40,配位数在9左右;随着pH逐渐升高,第一配位层的配位数下降,表明吸附Eu原子配位的对称性下降.当吸附时间延长或pH升高,吸附原子Eu周围出现了Eu-Eu和Eu-Ti第二配位层,其平均键长分别为3.60和4.40,配位数分别在2或1左右,表明形成了内层吸附产物或表面沉淀或表面多聚体.腐殖酸HA/FA的存在,可以改变Eu(III)在钛酸纳米管表面的吸附形态和微观原子结构,Eu(III)不仅可以与钛酸纳米管的表面羟基直接键合形成二元表面复合物(Eu-TNTs),还可以通过HA/FA的桥连作用形成三元表面复合物(HA/FA-Eu-TNTs).这些研究结果对于评估放射性核素Eu(III)与纳米材料在分子水平上的作用机理及分析Eu(III)在环境中的物理化学行为具有重要的意义.     

d^0过渡金属化合物对氧气反应性：合成和反应机理研究

众所周知,过渡金属如卟啉中的铁与氧气的结合和反应对许多生物功能和催化氧化至关重要．在这些反应中,过渡金属一般含d价电子,并且金属被氧化往往是其中一个重要的反应步骤．近年来,氧气与d^0过渡金属化合物如Hf（NR2）4（R=烷基）的反应被广泛用来制备金属氧化物薄膜以作为新型微电子器件中的栅（门）绝缘材料．这篇专题文章讨论我们近期对这些反应以及TiO2薄膜形成的研究．在许多氧气与d^0过渡金属化合物的反应中,总是金属被氧化．然而,在d^0过渡金属化合物如Hf（NMe2）4和Ta（NMe2）4（SiR3）与氧气的反应中通常是配体被氧化．如-NMe2和--SIR3配体分别形成了-0NMe2和--OSiR3配体．反应机理和理论方面的研究显示了微电子金属氧化物薄膜形成的途径．