生物分子响应性高分子材料

在智能高分子材料中,生物分子响应性高分子能够在糖类、多肽和酶等生物分子的刺激下发生宏观性质(如:体积、表面浸润性和硬度等)的大幅转变。生物分子响应性聚合物材料包括水凝胶、共聚物膜等类型,一般通过与生物分子间的氢键、分子间作用力等弱相互作用实现响应过程,在组织工程、功能材料、生物传感、药物可控释放等领域有广泛应用前景,吸引了大量科研人员的关注。与传统外源性刺激(温度、pH、光等)相比,生物分子作为刺激源的智能高分子材料具有更好的靶向性和生物相容性,能满足生物医用材料在人体内的应用,可以作为开发新一代精准药物的靶向释放平台。本文分别对糖类、蛋白、酶和DNA四类生物分子响应性高分子材料的结构设计、响应机制及相关应用进行概述,并对生物分子响应性高分子的发展方向作了展望。     

多重响应性复合介孔二氧化硅纳米微球的制备及其在抗腐蚀涂层上的应用

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,制备介孔二氧化硅纳米微球(MSNs),利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)技术在MSNs表面接枝聚甲基丙烯酸二甲胺乙酯(PDMAEMA)作为缓释开关,成为智能纳米容器(PDMAEMA-MSNs),装载防腐蚀剂-苯并三唑(BTA)验证其双重刺激响应性释放性能。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、热重分析(TGA) 、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析手段表征了MSNs的结构、形貌及表面功能化过程,并使用荧光光谱仪实时监测BTA在不同PH、温度下的释放过程。实验结果表明,智能纳米容器掺杂于SiOx/ZrOy中实现了BTA的双重响应性释放,形成Cu-BTA复合膜,起到铜金属防腐蚀的作用。     

环境响应性嵌段共聚物的合成、自组装及应用研究进展

近年来具有环境响应性的嵌段共聚物的研发受到了人们的广泛关注。该类型共聚物可以对外界环境刺激产生相应的结构、物理及化学性能的变化。根据外界环境刺激响应机理及类型的不同,可将其分为单一因素、双重因素以及三重因素刺激响应性嵌段共聚物三大类。针对每一类体系,本文重点综述了嵌段共聚物的设计合成、自组装以及应用等研究现状,并概括总结了各种有序聚集体(如胶束、囊泡等)随外界环境刺激(如pH、温度、光、CO_2、氧化还原剂等)所作出的响应性变化。最后,对智能型嵌段共聚物在药物控释、纳米容器制备、生物功能材料等方面潜在的应用价值和今后可能的发展方向进行了展望。     

双重响应性复合介孔二氧化硅纳米微球的制备及其在抗腐蚀涂层上的应用

以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,制备介孔二氧化硅纳米微球(MSNs),利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)技术在MSNs表面接枝聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA),以其作为缓释开关,构成智能纳米容器(MSNs-PDMAEMA)。通过在其中装载防腐蚀剂苯并三唑(BTA)来验证其双重刺激响应性释放性能。采用透射电子显微镜、热重分析、X-射线光电子能谱以及傅里叶变换红外光谱表征了MSNs的结构、形貌及表面功能化过程,并使用荧光光谱仪实时监测BTA在不同p H、温度下的释放过程。结果表明,智能纳米容器掺杂于Si Ox/Zr Oy中实现了BTA的双重响应性释放,形成Cu-BTA复合膜,起到铜金属防腐蚀的作用。     

高分子基环境响应性肥料的研究进展

随着农业现代化进程的不断推进和高分子材料的不断发展,环境响应性肥料作为一种新型的功能化肥料正受到越来越多研究者的关注.环境响应性肥料是指能够根据温度和土壤环境中特定的刺激响应信号来改变吸水、保水和养分释放等行为,从而达到智能调控土壤中水分和养分的新型多功能肥料.本文首先简要介绍了肥料的发展阶段,然后根据外界刺激信号的不同和肥料实际的应用效果,将环境响应性肥料分为温度响应性肥料、pH响应性肥料和盐敏感性肥料,并对其制备方法、刺激响应行为和应用领域进行了综述.可以预期,天然高分子基环境响应性肥料、多重响应性智能肥料和生物响应性肥料的制备及其应用研究将会成为今后肥料科学的发展趋势.     

呼吸图法制备基于准聚轮烷的响应性薄膜

响应性薄膜能够响应外界的刺激来改变自身的结构或性能, 是智能材料的重要组成部分. 本工作以1,4-二乙氧基柱[5]芳烃(1,4-diethoxypillar[5]arene, DEP5A)和聚己内酯-b-聚乙二醇-b-聚己内酯(PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL)构建的准聚轮烷(polypseudorotaxane, PPR)为原料, 利用呼吸图法制备出了蜂窝状多孔及球状组装体的疏水薄膜. 研究发现溶剂、浓度、柱芳烃物质的量比和成膜气氛等因素对薄膜表面形貌均能产生较大的影响. 通过制膜条件的优化, 在水汽氛围中制备出了表面具有规则蜂窝状结构的多孔薄膜, 在乙醇氛围下制备出了表面为规整的褶皱球状组装体的薄膜. 研究表明, 上述两种具有规则表面形貌的PPR薄膜对竞争性客体1,4-二溴丁烷都具有响应性, 表现出薄膜表面形貌的变化及亲疏水性的变化. 此类响应性薄膜在微量液体无损转移、功能性涂层和智能薄膜等方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

智能纳米水凝胶的刺激响应性研究进展

智能纳米水凝胶在药物输送与可控释放、医学诊断、生物传感器、微反应器、催化剂载体等方面有良好的应用前景。结合本课题组近年来的研究成果,分别介绍了具有温度刺激响应性、pH刺激响应性、光刺激响应性、磁场刺激响应性、分子识别刺激响应性和多重刺激响应性智能纳米水凝胶的研究进展。另外,对这几种智能纳米水凝胶目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向提出了一些粗浅的看法。     

基于聚醚胺(PEA)动态交联网络的多重响应性表面褶皱图案

刺激响应性表面图案赋予了材料动态可调的表面性能,是智能材料领域研究的热点,然而如何通过简单有效的方法构建这类动态表面图案也是该领域的难点.本文将动态硼酸酯键和光可逆二聚基团引入到聚醚胺(PEA)交联网络中,通过双层褶皱体系构建一系列具有光和湿度刺激响应性表面褶皱图案.在365 nm紫外光照和加热的条件下,蒽基团(AN)的光二聚与硼酸键的形成使得上表层聚醚胺模量变大,产生微米级表面褶皱图案;在254 nm紫外光照射或水蒸气作用下,聚醚胺网络解交联,表面褶皱图案消失;利用光化学时空分辨的特性,通过光掩膜板光照还可以制备多层次动态表面褶皱图案.这种多重刺激响应性表面褶皱图案为构建智能聚合物表面提供了新思路,在传感和防伪等领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

基于AIE效应的多重刺激响应性聚合物纳米微球的制备及其细胞示踪应用

基于AIE分子和智能响应性聚合物构筑的纳米材料,具有优良的AIE发光性能、环境刺激响应性和生物相容性,已在生命科学领域展现出诱人的应用前景. 本研究通过ATRP活性聚合方法, 以合成的TPE-BIB为引发剂, 引发具有多刺激响应特性的N-[2-(二乙氨基)-乙基]丙烯酰胺单体聚合, 成功制备具有温度/pH/CO₂三重响应性的两亲性聚合物: TPE-g-PDEAEAM, 并自组装形成约200 nm的纳米微球. 研究表明: 这种聚合物纳米粒子具有优良的水溶性、单分散性、稳定性及优异的AIE发光特性. 其相转变温度为60 ℃, 溶液荧光对环境温度、pH及CO₂均表现出快速敏感响应性能. 同时, 该纳米粒子表现出低细胞毒性, 能够有效示踪HeLa细胞增殖至11代以上, 有望作为一种活细胞荧光示踪探针材料.     

刺激响应性聚合物微针系统经皮药物递释

微针经皮递送系统相比于口服、注射给药具有高效、安全、无痛的给药特点，特别是刺激响应性聚合物微针系统生物相容性好，能够依据环境微变化实现时间和空间上的经皮局部和全身智能给药功能，是当前国际前沿研究课题。本文聚焦于近十年来国内外刺激响应性聚合物微针系统的研究工作，着重综述了聚合物微针的发展演变历程、内外环境刺激响应类型及其响应构效机制。此外，详细阐述了微针制备方法、表征方法、微针系统在生物医药递释、组织器官、皮肤医学及医美领域等方面的应用。刺激响应性聚合物微针系统使用方法简便、力学性能可调、药物精准靶向递送，在经皮靶向给药领域有重大研究意义，未来生物活体负载及标准化的产业应用是研究者不断努力和进步的方向。     

生物多糖进行医用高分子材料表面修饰的研究进展

综述了国内外应用生物多糖进行医用高分子材料表面修饰的研究状况,其中重点介绍了葡聚糖、肝素及类肝素类物质、壳聚糖等多糖在高分子材料表面修饰的研究近况.多糖是自然界中含量最为丰富的生物大分子,几乎存在于所有的生命体中,具有很好的生物相容性,而且某些生物多糖还具有特殊的生物活性,因此用生物多糖进行医用高分子材料的表面修饰受到了国内外研究学者的关注.大量研究表明,经过生物多糖表面修饰的高分子材料可获得良好的生物相容性和某些优良的医学应用性能.     

Molecular beams and chemical dynamics at surfaces

The use of molecular beams to study chemical dynamics at surfaces is outlined. The techniques is briefly introduced and its applications are given in a few areas. Scattering experiments give detailed information about the first steps toward a chemical reaction at a surface. Beams with enhanced population of specific quantum states make an even more detailed analysis possible. Adsorption at surfaces can be studied very well using beam methods, especially in the case of activated processes. Beams can be used to grow novel structures. Beams allow the study of chemical reactions at surfaces, and in particular those where product are directly ejected into the gas phase, or where reactions take place upon impact. Finally the study of liquid surfaces is briefly introduced.     

梯度接触角表面的构建与应用

梯度接触角是梯度表面张力的反映,固体表面的润湿性由表面化学组成和表面微观形貌共同决定。通过表面化学组成和表面微观形貌的梯度化,可制备接触角变化范围不同的梯度接触角表面。本文综述了梯度接触角表面在液滴移动、微流体流动和生物吸附等领域中的应用。梯度接触角表面具有的不平衡杨氏力是促进液滴移动的主要原因,而表面所产生的接触角滞...     

A new approach to analysis and display of local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity mapped on molecular surfaces

Summary A new method for display and analysis of lipophilic/hydrophilic properties on molecular surfaces is presented. The present approach is based on the concept of Crippen and coworkers that the overall hydrophobicity of a molecule (measured as the logarithm of the partition coefficient in an octanol/water system) can be obtained as a superposition of single atom contributions. It is also based on the concept of molecular lipophilicity potentials (MLP) first introduced by Audry and coworkers in order to establish a 3D lipophilicity potential profile in the molecular environment. Instead of using a l/r- or an exponential distance law between the atomic coordinates and a point on the molecular surface, a new distance dependency is introduced for the calculation of an MLP-value on the solvent-accessible surface of the molecule. In the present formalism the Crippen values (introduced for atoms in their characteristic structural environment) are projected onto the van der Waals surface of the molecule by a special weighting procedure. This guarantees that only those atomic fragments contribute significantly to the surface values that are in the close neighbourhood of the surface point. This procedure not only works for small molecules but also allows the characterization of the surfaces of biological macromolecules by means of local lipophilicity. Lipophilic and hydrophilic domains can be recognized by visual inspection of computer-generated images or by computational procedures using fuzzy logic strategies. Local hydrophobicities on different molecular surfaces can be quantitatively compared on the basis of the present approach.     

金属氧化物电化学电容器

电化学电容器是一类利用电化学双电层或电极材料在电极表面及体相发生的氧化还原反应而存储能量的装置，具有高比能量、良好的可逆性和长循环寿命。金属氧化物电极目前主要有贵金属氧化物和过渡金属氧化物。本文简要介绍了金属氧化物电化学电容器的储能机理、特点及应用，总结了电极材料的制备及改性方法；并简要评述了电极材料的研究进展。     

Tailoring Covalent Organic Frameworks To Capture Water Contaminants

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are attractive materials receiving increasing interest in the literature due to their crystallinity, large surface area, and pore uniformity. Their properties can be tailored towards specific applications by judicious design of COF building blocks, giving access to tailor-made pore sizes and surfaces. In this Concept article, developments in the field of COFs that have allowed these materials to be explored for contaminant adsorption are discussed. Strategies to obtain water-stable materials with highly ordered structures and large surface areas are reviewed. Post-synthetic modification approaches, by which pore surfaces can be tuned to target specific contaminants, are described. Recent advances in COF formulations, crucial for future implementation in adsorption devices, are highlighted. At the end, future challenges which need to be addressed to allow for the deployment of COFs for the capture of water contaminants will be discussed.     

Preparation and Characterisation of Super‐Hydrophobic Surfaces

The interest in highly water‐repellent surfaces has grown in recent years due to the desire for self‐cleaning surfaces. A super‐hydrophobic surface is one that achieves a water contact angle of 150° or greater. This article explores the different approaches used to construct super‐hydrophobic surfaces and identifies the key properties of each surface that contribute to its hydrophobicity. The models used to describe surface interaction with water are considered, with attention directed to the methods of contact angle analysis. A summary describing the different routes to hydrophobicity is also given.     

Self-assembled monolayers of dendritic polyglycerol derivatives on gold that resist the adsorption of proteins

Highly protein-resistant, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dendritic polyglycerols (PGs) on gold can easily be obtained by simple chemical modification of these readily available polymers with a surface-active disulfide linker group. Several disulfide-functionalized PGs were synthesized by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated ester coupling of thioctic acid. Monolayers of the disulfide-functionalized PG derivatives spontaneously form on a semitransparent gold surface and effectively prevent the adsorption of proteins, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic measurements. A structure-activity relationship relating the polymer architecture to its ability to effectuate protein resistance has been derived from results of different surface characterization techniques (SPR, attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR), and contact-angle measurements). Dendritic PGs combine the characteristic structural features of several highly protein-resistant surfaces: a highly flexible aliphatic polyether, hydrophilic surface groups, and a highly branched architecture. PG monolayers are as protein resistant as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) SAMs and are significantly better than dextran-coated surfaces, which are currently used as the background for SPR spectroscopy. Due to the higher thermal and oxidative stability of the bulk PG as compared to the PEG and the easy accessibility of these materials, dendritic polyglycerols are novel and promising candidates as surface coatings for biomedical applications.     

Bio‐Inspired Renewable Surface‐Initiated Polymerization from Permanently Embedded Initiators

Herein, we describe a simple and robust approach to repeatedly modify surfaces with polymer brushes through surface‐initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP), based on an initiator‐embedded polystyrene sheet that does not rely on specific surface chemistries for initiator immobilization. The surface‐grafted polymer brushes can be wiped away to expose fresh underlying initiator that re‐initiates polymerization. This strategy provides a facile route for modification of molded or embossed surfaces, with possible applications in the preparation of fluidic devices and polymer‐embedded circuits.     

DLVO interaction of colloidal particles with topographically and chemically heterogeneous surfaces

The DLVO force and potential energy of interaction between microspheres and topographically and chemically heterogeneous surfaces in aqueous solution are computed using a modification of the surface element integration approach. The heterogeneous surface has an array of cylindrical pillars of varying height, diameter, and arrangement to model different nano-topographies. In agreement with previous studies, the nano-topography decreases the size of the potential energy barrier for unfavorable surfaces because the pillars limit the minimum separation distance. The influence of topography is significant even for pillars several nanometers high and is more pronounced if the surface potential of the pillar tops differs from that of the underlying surface. A new force- and energy-averaging model is introduced as a simple method to compute the mean interaction energy or force between the particle and a heterogeneous surface, which differs significantly from a mean-field approach based on the average or nominal surface potential. Small variations in topography are found to remove large energy barriers to colloidal deposition. These results help explain the increased attraction of patchy surfaces towards particles relative to expectations based on typical DLVO calculations, which is particularly significant for surfaces with adsorbed polyelectrolytes.