NaBF4对锂离子电池石墨负极性能的影响

利用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗、SEM、EDS等测试技术研究了在锂离子电池石墨负极和浆过程中加入NaBF4对其电化学性能的影响。结果表明:NaBF4的最佳添加量为2%,可明显提高石墨电极的首次放电比容量和充放电效率;电极的自放电性能和循环稳定性得到明显改善。室温条件下,添加了2%NaBF4的电极以放电容量计算的自放电率为0.87%.d-1,比未添加时降低了15%;循环伏安、EDS以及SEM测试结果表明,四氟硼酸钠参与了石墨电极的成膜过程,改变了SEI膜的组分和形貌。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.4Al0.1O2的合成与性能

采用高温固相法制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.4Al_0.1O₂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料的结构及表观形貌进行分析。通过恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法进行了电化学性能测试。测试结果表明,充放电电压在3~4.5V之间,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量达到159.9mAh·g^-1,经50次循环充放电后放电容量为142.6mAh·g^-1,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

掺碳的钠离子电池正极材料NaVPO4F的电化学性能

添加适量的葡萄糖并用高温固相法合成钠离子电池正极材料NaVPO₄F。用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等对NaVPO₄F进行结构表征，采用循环伏安、交流阻抗技术等对其进行电化学性能测试，探讨了不同掺碳量对NaVPO₄F结构和电化学性能的影响。恒流充放电测试结果显示，掺碳10wt%的NaVPO₄F在0.1C倍率下首次充、放电容量分别达到151.5 mAh·g^-1和113 mAh·g^-1，充、放电平台分别为3.8 V和3.6 V，经过20次循环，放电比容量的保持率为初始的91.6%。循环伏安曲线出现明显的氧化还原峰，并分别与充、放电电位平台相对应。交流阻抗图谱显示，掺碳10wt%的NaVPO₄F样品充放电阻抗较小，可逆性较好。     

泡沫镍负载的NiCo2O4纳米线阵列电极的超级电容性能

采用无模板自然生长法制备了泡沫镍支撑的NiCo₂O₄纳米线阵列电极, 利用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观测了纳米线的表面形貌, 利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了纳米线的结构, 通过循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗测试了电极的超级电容性能. 结果表明: NiCo₂O₄纳米线直径约为500-1000 nm、长度约为10 μm, 垂直且密集地生长在泡沫镍骨架上. 纳米线阵列电极的放电比容量高达741 F·g^-1, 循环420次后比容量仍保持在655 F·g^-1, 电化学阻抗测试其电荷传递电阻仅为0.33 Ω, 420次循环后电荷传递电阻仅增加0.06 Ω.     

LiFePO4/C正极材料的液相合成及电化学性能研究

尝试对共沉淀法进行改进, 利用自制的加料装置合成了橄榄石型LiFePO₄/C复合正极材料. 应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、循环伏安(CV)以及恒电流充放电测试等方法对目标材料进行了结构表征和电化学性能测试. 实验结果表明采用该法得到的样品具有单一的橄榄石结构, 样品形貌规则, 粒径细小均匀. 改性后的材料具有较高的首放容量及良好的循环稳定性能. 0.1C倍率下充放电测试表明, 其首次放电比容量超过145 mAh•g^－1, 50次循环后, 容量没有明显衰减. 0.2C和0.5C倍率下的平均放电容量分别为130及120 mAh•g^－1, 循环过程中样品表现出较好的循环稳定性.     

LiFePO4/C正极材料的液相合成及电化学性能研究

尝试对共沉淀法进行改进, 利用自制的加料装置合成了橄榄石型LiFePO₄/C复合正极材料. 应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、循环伏安(CV)以及恒电流充放电测试等方法对目标材料进行了结构表征和电化学性能测试. 实验结果表明采用该法得到的样品具有单一的橄榄石结构, 样品形貌规则, 粒径细小均匀. 改性后的材料具有较高的首放容量及良好的循环稳定性能. 0.1C倍率下充放电测试表明, 其首次放电比容量超过145 mAh•g^－1, 50次循环后, 容量没有明显衰减. 0.2C和0.5C倍率下的平均放电容量分别为130及120 mAh•g^－1, 循环过程中样品表现出较好的循环稳定性.     

Mn4N薄膜与锂的电化学反应性能

采用脉冲激光沉积辅助高压电离的方法在不锈钢基片上制备了Mn₄N薄膜. 用充放电和循环伏安测试对该薄膜电极的电化学性能进行了表征. 该薄膜电极的首次放电容量为420 mAh•g^-1, 第一次充放电不可逆容量约为50%. 采用XRD, XPS, SEM对薄膜的化学组成和表面形貌进行了表征, 并对反应机理进行了研究, 结果表明Mn4N在反应过程中转化为金属Mn和Li₃N, 只有部分的Mn与Li₃N参与了可逆的电化学反应.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.4Al0.1O2的合成与性能

采用高温固相法制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.4Al_0.1O₂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料的结构及表观形貌进行分析。通过恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法进行了电化学性能测试。测试结果表明,充放电电压在3~4.5 V之间,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量达到159.9 mAh·g^-1,经50次循环充放电后放电容量为142.6 mAh·g^-1,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

尖晶石型LiMn2O4的制备及超级电容性能研究

采用高温固相法制备LiMn₂O₄。X射线衍射结果表明800 ℃下得到尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄。利用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗等研究了LiMn₂O₄电极材料在2 mol·L^-1 (NH₄)₂SO₄溶液中的超级电容性能。循环伏安测试结果表明LiMn₂O₄电极材料在0～1 V电位窗口范围内具有较好的方形特征；恒流充放电结果表明充放电曲线呈现出较规整的三角形对称分布，放电曲线呈直线关系，5 mA·cm^-2下的放电比容量为141 F·g^-1，具有较高的充放电效率，循环性能稳定；交流阻抗结果也显示LiMn₂O₄电极材料在2 mol·L^-1 (NH₄)₂SO₄中具有典型的电容阻抗特性。     

两步固相法合成LiFe1-xNbxPO4/C复合正极材料及其电化学性能

以LiH₂PO₄和FeC₂O₄·2H₂O为原料, 采用分步添加聚乙烯醇和葡萄糖两种碳源的方式, 通过两步固相法合成了碳包覆的LiFePO₄材料. 700℃下处理的产物结晶良好, 颗粒分布均匀, 具有良好的电化学性能, 0.1C和1C倍率下放电比容量分别为157.3 和138.3 mAh·g^-1. 在碳包覆的基础上, 选择高价Nb⁵⁺进行铁位取代获得了复合改性的LiFe_1-xNb_xPO₄/C (x=0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02)材料. 优化的LiFe_0.99Nb_0.01PO₄/C 材料显示了良好的倍率充放电能力和循环稳定性, 0.1C和5C倍率下放电比容量分别为160.5 和136.0 mAh·g^-1, 5C倍率下循环50 次后比容量保持在134.8 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为99.1%. 循环伏安测试结果表明, Nb⁵⁺离子掺杂减少了锂离子扩散阻力, 降低了充放电过程中的动力学限制, 提高了电极的可逆性.     

Bi基化合物膜包覆ZnO的制备和电化学性能

为提高锌镍电池ZnO的循环充放电性能,采用Bi(NO3)3水解沉积法对ZnO包覆Bi基化合物膜,系统研究了包覆ZnO的微结构和电化学性能。TEM,XRD和EDS表明由Bi6(NO3)4(OH)2O6·2H2O,BiO和Bi2O3组成的Bi基化合物膜包覆在ZnO表面。表面包覆能提高ZnO的循环性能和放电容量,含5.1wt%Bi的包覆ZnO循环性能稳定,平均放电容量为509mAh·g-1,利用率为78%,性能有较大改善。充放电曲线和循环伏安结果均表明包覆Bi基化合物膜能降低锌镍电池的充电平台,加宽放电平台,提高ZnO的电化学活性。包覆Bi基化合物膜能有效减小活性材料与碱性电解液的接触,抑制ZnO的溶解,提高循环稳定性;而包覆膜的微孔结构又可使活性材料接触到电化学反应必须的H2O和OH-,保证了高的放电容量。     

新型钛基镍电极对肼氧化反应的电催化活性

A novel titanium-supported nickel electrode(Ni/Ti) was fabricated by a hydrothermal process using NiSO4 and hydrazine as raw materials. The structure of Ni/Ti was characterized by SEM and EDS. Oxidation of hydrazine on the Ni/Ti electrode in 1 mol·L-1 NaOH solution was studied with cyclic voltammograms(CV) and chronoamperometry (CA).The results show that Ni/Ti electrode was electrochemically active towards hydrazine oxidation. The high current density was recorded on the Ni/Ti electrode,and the onset potential for the hydrazine oxidation was-0.3 V as the hydrazine concentration was 70 mmol·L-1. This novel nickel electrode would be a promising anodic material used in direct hydrazine fuel cells.     

Self-discharge behavior of LaNi5-based hydrogen storage electrodes in different electrolytes

Nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) batteries using hydrogen storage alloys as negative electrode materials have been developed and commercialized because of their high energy density, high rate capability and long cycle life, without causing environmental pollution (Song et al. J Alloys Comp 298:254, 2000; Jang et al. J Alloys Comp 268:290, 1998). However, the self-discharge rate is relatively higher than that of the Ni–Cd batteries, which would certainly be disadvantageous in practical applications. The capacity loss of a battery during storage is often related to self-discharge in the cells. Self-discharge takes place from a highly charged state of a cell to a lower state of charge (SOC) and is typically caused by the highly oxidizing or reducing characteristic of one or both of the electrodes in the cell. This self-discharge behavior may be affected by various factors such as gases, impurities, temperature, type of alloy electrode, electrolytes, or charge/discharge methods. The loss of capacity can be permanent or recoverable, depending on the nature of the mechanism (chemical or electrochemical) and aging condition. In this paper, the effects of electrolyte composition and temperature on self-discharge behavior of LaNi₅-based hydrogen storage alloy electrodes for Ni–MH batteries have been investigated. It was found that both reversible and irreversible capacity loss of MH electrode tested at 333 K were higher than that at 298 K. When tested at 298 K and 333 K, reversible capacity loss was mainly affected by the electrolyte, while the irreversible capacity loss was not affected. The dissolution of Al from the electrode can be reduced more effectively in an electrolyte with Al addition, compared with that in normal electrolyte. This resulted in a lower reversible capacity loss for the electrode exposed in the Al³⁺-rich electrolyte. SEM analysis has shown that some needle shape and hexagonal corrosion products were formed on the surface of the alloy electrodes, especially after storage at high temperature.     

石墨烯-氧化钌纳米复合材料的水热法合成及电化学电容性能

通过水热法制备了石墨烯-氧化钌(G-RuO₂)纳米复合材料。对样品进行了X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能量色散谱(EDS)表征。SEM结果表明氧化钌粒子均匀地分散在石墨烯层片上。TEM结果显示氧化钌纳米粒子的平均粒径约为3 nm。对样品进行了循环伏安和充放电性能测试,结果表明在1 A·g^-1的电流密度下,样品在H₂SO₄(1 mol·L^-1)溶液中具有219.7 F·g^-1的比电容。     

电解液添加剂硫酸亚乙酯对锂离子电池性能的影响

在1 mol/L LiPF₆/碳酸乙烯酯+碳酸二甲酯+碳酸甲乙酯（体积比1∶1∶1）电解液中,采用恒流充放电测试、循环伏安法（CV）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量散射光谱（EDS）、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等测试技术,研究了添加剂硫酸亚乙酯（DTD）对锂离子电池性能及石墨化中间相碳微球（MCMB）电极/电解液界面性质的影响。 结果表明,在电解液中引入体积分数0.01%DTD后,MCMB/Li电池可逆放电容量从300 mA·h/g提高至350 mA·h/g,电池总阻抗降低,循环稳定性提高。CV测试发现,在首次还原过程中,DTD在电极电位1.4 V左右（vs Li/Li⁺）发生电化学还原,参与了MCMB电极表面固体电解质相界面膜（SEI膜）的形成过程。 同时,DTD对LiMn₂O₄电极性能无不良影响。     

Study on surface adsorption from cationic surfactant–electrolyte mixed aqueous solution including BF 4 − ion

The surface tension of aqueous mixtures of dodecyltrimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (DTABF₄) and sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF₄) was measured as a function of total molality and composition of DTABF₄ at 298.15 K. The results were analyzed by originally developed thermodynamic equations and compared with those of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)–sodium bromide (NaBr) mixed system. It was indicated that BF₄⁻ ions reduce the repulsion between DTA⁺ ions more effectively than Br⁻ ions in the adsorbed film. To investigate this difference more closely, the surface tension of DTAB–NaBF₄ and DTABF₄–NaBr mixed system was also measured. The data analysis revealed that BF₄⁻ ions are adsorbed positively even for the pure NaBF₄ system and preferentially to Br⁻ ions in these mixtures. Furthermore, it was concluded that the side-by-side arrangement suggested in the adsorbed film of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (HMIMBF₄) is due to not only the positive adsorption of BF₄⁻ ions but also the capability of hydrogen bond formation between imidazolium ion and BF₄⁻ ions.     

Thermal studies of potassium tetrahydroborate−sodium tetrafluoroborate mixtures

The KBH₄?NaBF₄ mixture was studied by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry). Chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction analysis, IR spectroscopy, and ¹¹B and ¹⁹F MAS NMR spectroscopy showed that the primary stage of the complex pyrolysis process is a metathesis reaction between components to form a new mixture, NaBH₄?KBF₄, the decomposition of which with the release of gaseous products and the formation of polyhedral borohydride compounds (mainly B₁₂H₁₂ ^2-) in the solid residue begins at a temperature of about 563 K. At a certain ratio between reactants in the initial mixture KBH₄?NaBF₄, the B₁₂H₁₂ ^2- anion can form with the material participation of the BF₄ ^- anion.     

Barium Sulfate Effects on the Electrochemical Behaviors of Nanostructured Lead Dioxide and Commercial Positive Plates of Lead-Acid Batteries

Positive electrode with uniform lead dioxide nanostructures directly synthesized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method on the lead substrate in 1 M sulfuric acid solution including different concentration of barium sulfate. The effect of potential scan rate, sulfuric acid and barium sulfate concentration were studied on the morphology and particle size of lead dioxide using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD). The effect of barium sulfate was studied on the CV parameters including anodic peak current (I _p^a), cathodic peak current (I _p^c), anodic peak potential (E _p^a) and cathodic peak potential (E _p^c) during synthesis process. Finally, the effect of barium sulfate on the discharge capacity and cycle life of nanostructured positive electrodes and commercial positive plates was investigated. Both CV and battery test results showed that barium sulfate with concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁵ M can be used as suitable additive for positive paste of lead-acid batteries.