稀土掺杂氧化铟低功耗汽油敏感材料的研究

采用微乳液法合成了纳米In2O3粉体，分别采用浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了掺杂Y2O3和Nd2O3的氧化铟。利用X射线衍射、透射电镜对氧化铟的结构和形貌进行了表征；采用静态配气法对氧化铟的气敏特性进行了测试。结果表明：微乳液法合成的氧化铟经600℃，1 h煅烧后，颗粒尺寸约20nm，且分布均匀。未掺杂的氧化铟气敏元件对汽油有较高的灵敏度，但选择性不好；氧化钕和氧化钇掺杂后，在3.0V工作电压下大大提高了氧化铟对汽油的灵敏度和选择性，氧化钇掺杂量为5.0％时对汽油的最大灵敏度达到了285．1，功耗只有200mW.     

纳米氧化锌的固相合成及其气敏特性

以酒石酸和乙二胺四乙酸为原料,分别与醋酸锌进行固相反应制得前驱化合物,进而热分解得到气敏材料氧化锌。用Ｘ射线粉末衍射和透射电镜对材料的陶瓷微结构进行了表征,并用静态配气法测试了材料在不同工作温度下对乙醇、氨气、液化石油气的灵敏度高,实验结果表明：用这种方法合成的氧化锌具有粒径小,工作温度低及对乙醇气体灵敏度高的特点。     

MgFe2O4纳米颗粒及其气敏性研究

利用Sol-gel燃烧法合成氧化物MgFe2O4对氯气有很高的灵敏度,并利用XRD对产品的物相进行了分析;用TEM对粉体晶粒和形貌进行检测,将产物粉体制成气敏元件,采用静态配气法在气敏测试仪上进行了灵敏度和响应-恢复曲线的测试,研究证明镁铁复合氧化物对氯气有很好的气敏特性。     

水热法合成SnO_2空心球及其对乙醇气敏性能研究

采用水热无模板法合成了SnO_2空心微球,研究了不同溶剂比例对材料形貌的影响。将制备的SnO_2空心球和实心球材料制备旁热式半导体传感器,并对乙醇气体的敏感性能进行研究。结果表明:当乙醇和水的比例达到2:3时,合成了SnO_2空心微球,尺寸约为1-2μm。气敏性能研究表明,在加热温度280℃,SnO_2空心球传感器对50 ppm乙醇的灵敏度达到9,是SnO_2实心球的灵敏度的3倍,且具有较短的响应时间,响应时间为4 s。     

锌的添加方式对氢氧化镍结构和性能的影响

研究了以共沉淀、包覆、机械混合等不同方式添加或不添加锌对微乳液法合成的氢氧化镍结构和性质的影响。XRD、循环伏安和恒电流充放电测试结果表明：微乳液法的合成物仍是具有六方晶体结构的B-Ni(0H)2，但其晶粒度很小，且化学计量比不等于1／2，所以材料的活性和放电比容量下降；锌的添加增加了Ni(OH)2的晶体缺陷，改善了Ni(OH)2的结构，增加了电极中电子和质子的传递能力，从而提高了氢氧化镍电极的可逆性，强化了电极的析氧极化，其充电效率和放电比容量也随之提高；其中，以共沉淀方式添加锌，氢氧化镍电极的性能最好。     

石墨烯掺杂纳米氧化锌用于检测三乙胺的增强气敏性能

通过简单研磨实现固相反应的方法制备了纳米氧化锌材料,并利用石墨烯掺杂对氧化锌进行改性,研究了氧化锌材料的气敏性能。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(IR)对合成的样品进行了结构和形貌表征,考察了原料比例和石墨烯掺杂量对氧化锌形貌和气敏性能的影响。结果表明:合成的氧化锌均为纳米颗粒,随着柠檬酸量增加,得到许多有气孔的氧化锌;石墨烯掺杂后,均得到纳米颗粒的氧化锌;气体检测表明,石墨烯掺杂后的氧化锌,其最佳工作温度由400℃降为280℃,对三乙胺表现出较高的选择性;掺杂3%石墨烯的氧化锌对浓度为0.1 mmol/L三乙胺的响应值(S=Ra/Rg)达到18,是掺杂前的4倍。石墨烯掺杂纳米ZnO可作为检测三乙胺气体的新型传感材料。     

氧化锌空心微球的制备及其催化性能

以乙二醇为溶剂,聚乙二醇-10000为表面活性剂,硝酸锌和醋酸钠为原料,利用溶剂热法,合成了氧化锌空心微球。并用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、热重、比表面和孔径分布等对其进行了表征。考察了硝酸锌用量、聚乙二醇-10000用量、反应时间和反应温度等对氧化锌空心微球形貌和大小的影响。考察了氧化锌空心微球催化分解高氯酸铵的性能,结果表明,由于氧化锌空心微球的加入,高氯酸铵的分解温度由442℃降低至280℃左右。     

氧化锌空心微球的制备及其催化性能

以乙二醇为溶剂,聚乙二醇-10000为表面活性剂,硝酸锌和醋酸钠为原料,利用溶剂热法,合成了氧化锌空心微球。 并用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、热重、比表面和孔径分布等对其进行了表征。 考察了硝酸锌用量、聚乙二醇-10000用量、反应时间和反应温度等对氧化锌空心微球形貌和大小的影响。 考察了氧化锌空心微球催化分解高氯酸铵的性能,结果表明,由于氧化锌空心微球的加入,高氯酸铵的分解温度由442 ℃降低至280 ℃左右。     

(Sn,Sb)O2-x基纳米结构厚膜材料气敏特性及机理

对采用水热合成技术所形成的纳米(Sn,Sb)O2 x晶粒结构、厚膜材料的气敏特性及其机理进行了研究,并采用XRD、TEM手段对纳米尺度的（Sn、Sb)O2 x晶粒的结构与表面效应及晶粒形态进行了表征.结果表明,当掺杂Sb5＋的浓度（摩尔分数xSb5＋)为（2.9～5.8)×10－6时,（Sn、Sb)O2 x纳米晶粒表面的电子缺陷浓度增大,增强了对气体的吸附能力,从而提高了对可燃性气体的灵敏度.同时可使晶粒保持短柱状的形态特征,对其灵敏度有一定的控制作用.     

氧化镁表面修饰稀土催化材料的制备和气敏性能

本文采用湿化学过程的柠檬酸络合法、可控化学沉淀法和溶胶-凝胶法合成了纳米复合金属氧化物LaFeO3,利用各种分析方法对材料的物性和结构进行了分析和表征;并测定了材料对氧化性气体和还原性气体的气敏性能．研究结果表明LaFeO3复合物对NO2在350℃灵敏度高达127．83,特别通过添加MgO对基材进行表面修饰灵敏度提高到845．37,约添加前的70倍．本文还进一步考察了添加质和添加量对基材的结构和气敏性能的影响,并通过研究材料表面对气体的吸脱附性能和元素电子结合能的变化对敏感作用机制进行了深入分析和探讨．     

Hybrid ZnO/SWNT Nanostructures Based Gas Sensor

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles decorated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were electrochemically synthesized where the deposition conditions were systematically explored to tailor the size, density, and microstructure of the ZnO nanoparticles and correlated to the gas sensing performance. Room temperature conductometric detection of various analytes including CO, CO₂, NO₂, NH₃, SO₂, H₂S with ZnO/SWNT hybrid nanostructures demonstrated uncharacteristic selectivity towards H₂S with little to no response for the other analytes examined. Optimal ZnO/SWNTs gas sensor devices showed a significantly increased in H₂S sensitivity over unfunctionalized SWNT networks (i.e. 4.96 % per ppm_V vs. 0.225 % ppm_V) with a lower detection limit in the ppb range. Additionally, the H₂S sensing performance was greatly improved by enhancing the crystallinity of ZnO nanoparticles.     

Fabrication,characterization and exploration of cobalt (II) ion doped,modified zinc oxide thick film sensor for gas sensing characteristics of some pernicious gases

The present research deals with the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by the co-precipitation (CPT) method. The CPT method was successfully utilized for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The structural properties of undoped ZnO and cobalt doped ZnO were confirmed by employing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, from which the average particle size for each prepared material was calculated from the Debye Scherer formula. The average particle size confirms the nano range fabrication of undoped and cobalt doped ZnO material. The surface characteristics, morphology, texture, and porosity properties of undoped ZnO and cobalt doped ZnO were investigated from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition was investigated from energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results revealed the hexagonal phase of prepared material. Furthermore, the undoped ZnO and 5% cobalt doped ZnO gas sensors prepared by screen printing technology were utilized for gas sensing purposes for testing the gases like H₂S, NO₂, SO₂, and methanol. For the gases examined, the cobalt modified ZnO sensor proved to be quite effective, especially for H₂S and NO₂ gas vapors. The Co²⁺ doped ZnO sensor showed 70.12% sensitivity for H₂S gas at 150 ⁰C and 68.75% gas response for NO₂ gas vapors at 120 ⁰C. In addition, the cobalt modified sensor was also investigated for reusability test to get concrete gas response results with the time interval of 15 days. In conclusion, it can be mentioned that the cobalt doped ZnO thick film sensor is a promising sensor for H₂S and NO₂ gas vapors.     

Controlled-synthesis of ZnO nanorings

ZnO nanorings were synthesized on a large scale by an easy solution-based method at 70°C for 5 h using hexamethylenetramine (C₆H₁₂N₄, HMT) and Zn (NO₃)₂·2H₂O as raw materials in the presence of surfactant poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PAM-CTAC). The structure and morphology of the products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of experimental conditions such as concentration of surfactant and reactants, reaction temperature on the structure and morphology of the products were investigated. A probable formation mechanism of ZnO nanorings in the presence of surfactant PAM-CTAC was discussed. The results show that the products are wurtzite hexagonal ZnO nanorings with an inner diameter of 220 nm and a wall thickness of 70 nm. Reaction temperature and concentration of reactants influence the shape and size of ZnO nanorings but PAM-CTAC plays the key role in the formation of ZnO nanorings. Through adjusting the concentration of PAM-CTAC, controlled-synthesis of ZnO nanorings can be realized. A room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of ZnO obtained shows that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the UV emission (∼7 nm) is much narrower than that of commercial ZnO bulk crystals (∼18 nm). The narrow FWHM confirms the uniformity and narrow size distribution of the synthesized ZnO crystals. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2008, 29(1): 28–32     

Mixed-potential-type propylene sensor based on stabilized zirconia and oxide electrode

By using an oxide sensing electrode, a stabilized zirconia-based sensor was developed for the selective detection of hydrocarbons at high temperature. Among the 14 kinds of oxides tested, CdO was found to be best suited for the sensing electrode of a tubular device, giving selective and quick response to propylene (C₃H₆) in air at 600°C. The emf value of the device was almost linear to the logarithm of C₃H₆ concentration in the range 50–800 ppm. The cross-sensitivities to other gases, such as CH₄, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, H₂, CO, NO and NO₂, were small or insignificant. Furthermore, a compact planar device, which required no reference gas, was also fabricated. The C₃H₆ sensitivity of the planar device was found to be hardly influenced by a change in oxygen concentration in the sample gas in the range 2–21 vol.%. A sensing mechanism involving mixed potential was confirmed based on the measurements of polarization curves.     

Small-angle neutron scattering from an oil-in-water microemulsion as a function of temperature

A multicomponent oil-in-water microemulsion containing CTAB (C₁₆H₃₃NMe₃Br), n-octane, 1-butanol, NaBr, and D₂O has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering at several temperatures. The size of the microemulsion droplets was found to be independent of temperature. Correlation lengths for the critical concentration fluctuations agree with those determined earlier by light scattering.     

Studies on the synthesis of higher alcohol over modified Cu/ZnO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalyst

Higher alcohol has been considered as a potential fuel additive. Higher alcohol, including C₂–C₄ alcohol was synthesized by catalytic conversion of syngas (with a ratio of CO/H₂?=?1) derived from natural gas over modified Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Modified Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts promoted by alkali metal (Li) for higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) were prepared at different pH (6, 6.5, 7, 8, and 9) by co-precipitation to control Cu surface area and characterized by N₂ physisorption, XRD, SEM, H₂-TPR and TPD. The HAS reaction was carried out under a pressure of 45 bar, GHSV of 4000 h^?1, ratio of H₂/CO?=?1, and temperature ranges of 240 and 280 °C. It was found that the malachite phase of copper causes the size of copper to be small, which is suitable for methanol synthesis. Methanol and HAS share a common catalytic active site and intermediate. It was also found that the productivity to higher alcohol was correlated with Cu surface area.     

Chromatographic Analysis of Adsorption: Chemisorption and/or Physisorption

Eight systems namely the C₆H₆ /Fe₂O₃, C₆H₆/NO₂/Fe₂O₃, C₆H₅CH₃/Fe₂O_3, C₆H₅CH₃/NO₂/Fe₂O₃, C₆H₆/ZnO, C₆H₆/NO₂/ZnO, C₆H₅CH₃/ZnO, C₆H₅CH₃/NO₂/ZnO are examined through a version of inverse gas chromatography and six physicochemical adsorption quantities are determined for each heterogeneous system. Thus, the reversed flow—(inverse) gas chromatography is used for the investigation and study of adsorption phenomena taking place on these heterogeneous solid surfaces. In the case of iron oxide the presence of nitrogen dioxide facilitates the chemisorption. This is not obvious in the case of zinc oxide. However, nitrogen dioxide facilitates the adsorption of benzene and toluene through van der Waals forces in both oxides. Through the experimental local quantities determined and the detailed time-resolved analysis, useful information for the nature and the strength of the adsorbate–adsorbent as well as the adsorbate–adsorbate interactions have been extracted giving an insight into the topography of the active sites and the nature of the surface bonds.     

Humidity controlled thermal analysis

The low temperature formation of crystalline zinc oxide via thermal decomposition of zinc acetylacetonate monohydrate C₁₀H₁₄O₄Zn·H₂O was studied by humidity controlled thermal analysis. The thermal decomposition was investigated by sample-controlled thermogravimetry (SCTG), thermogravimety combined with evolved gas analysis by mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry (XRD-DSC). Decomposition of C₁₀H₁₄O₄Zn·H₂O in dry gas by linear heating began with dehydration around 60°C, followed by sublimation and decomposition above 100°C. SCTG was useful because the high-temperature parallel decompositions were inhibited. The decomposition changed with water vapor in the atmosphere. Formation of ZnO was promoted by increasing water vapor and could be synthesized at temperatures below 100°C. XRD-DSC equipped with a humidity generator revealed that C₁₀H₁₄O₄Zn·H₂O decomposed directly to the crystalline ZnO by reacting with water vapor.     

Pyrolysis and TG Analysis of Shivee Ovoo Coal from Mongolia

The coal sample of the Shivee Ovoo deposits has been non-isothermally pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser to determine the influence of temperature, heating rate and purge gas employed on the thermal degradation of the sample. The heating rates investigated in the TG were 10–50 K min^–1 to final temperature of 1000°C. N₂or CO₂ were employed as well as type of purge gas on the process of thermal degradation of the coal sample. The coal was also investigated in a fixed bed reactor to determine the influence of temperature and heating rate of the pyrolysis on the yield of products and composition of the gases evolved. The main gases produced were H₂, CH₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆ and C₃H₈ and also minor concentrations of other gases. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Organolithium complex as a gas sensing material for oxides from ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations

Gas sensing study of C₂H₄Li complex toward oxides viz. CO, CO₂, NO, NO₂, SO, and SO₂ gas molecules has been carried out using ab initio method. Different possible configurations of gas molecule adsorption on C₂H₄Li complex are considered. The structural parameters of most stable configuration of gas molecule adsorbed complexes are thoroughly analysed. Electronic properties are studied using total density of states (DOS) plot. Charge transferred between the gas molecule and the substrate is studied using NBO charge analysis. Gas sensing of all the six gas molecules is possible at ambient conditions. Atom centred density matrix propagation (ADMP) molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that all the gas molecules remain adsorbed on C₂H₄Li complex at room temperature during the simulation. This study suggests that the C₂H₄Li complex acts as a novel gas sensing material for CO, CO₂, NO, NO₂, SO, and SO₂ gas molecules at ambient conditions, below room temperature as well as at high pressure.