TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶：常压干燥制备及性能表征

以廉价的四氯化钛和工业水玻璃为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得TiO2-SiO2复合湿凝胶,用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)/乙醇(EtOH)/正己烷(Hexane)混合溶液对湿凝胶进行改性,常压干燥制备了TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及N2吸附/脱附法对复合气凝胶的形貌和性质进行了分析.结果表明,TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶具有连续多孔结构,150℃干燥后复合气凝胶的比表面积为1 076 m2·g-1,孔体积为4.96 cm3·g-1;经550 ℃热处理后,复合气凝胶仍然具有高的孔隙率,比表面积为856 m2·g-1,孔体积为3.46 cm3·g-1.吸附和光催化降解罗丹明B的结果表明,复合气凝胶同时具有较好的吸附和光催化性能,其吸附/光催化协同作用活性优于纯SiO2气凝胶和锐钛矿TiO2粉末;且重复利用四次降解率仍然可达到89%.     

DMF及热处理对常压制备Cu掺杂SiO2纳米复合气凝胶的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)为铜源, 通过在复合溶胶体系中引入干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA)N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)进行原位共溶胶-凝胶, 结合常压干燥工艺, 制备出具有高比表面积(560 m2·g-1)的Cu-SiO2纳米复合气凝胶(含铜质量分数为5%). 研究了DMF对凝胶时间、干燥过程和复合气凝胶形态结构的影响, 利用N2物理吸附, 全自动X射线衍射(XRD)仪, 傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪, 透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品的形貌结构进行了表征. 实验结果表明, DMF能有效防止凝胶的开裂, 抑制颗粒团簇的产生, 使所得复合气凝胶的粒径减小, 比表面积增加, 微观结构更趋完善. 高温热处理后, Cu-SiO2中的铜物种仍高度分散于骨架网络中, 复合气凝胶显示出良好的热稳定性.     

DMF及热处理对常压制备Cu掺杂SiO2纳米复合气凝胶的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)为铜源,通过在复合溶胶体系中引入干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA)N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)进行原位共溶胶.凝胶,结合常压干燥工艺,制备出具有高比表面积(560 m2·g-1)的Cu-SiO2纳米复合气凝胶(含铜质量分数为5%).研究了 DMF 对凝胶时间、干燥过程和复合气凝胶形态结构的影响,利用 N2 物理吸附,全自动X射线衍射(XRD)仪,傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱仪,透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品的形貌结构进行了表征.实验结果表明,DMF能有效防止凝胶的开裂,抑制颗粒团簇的产生,使所得复合气凝胶的粒径减小,比表面积增加,微观结构更趋完善.高温热处理后,Cu-SiO2 中的铜物种仍高度分散于骨架网络中,复合气凝胶显示出良好的热稳定性.     

自生纳米纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和乙醇超临界干燥工艺制备ZrOX/SiO2复合气凝胶,再经1 200℃高温热处理得到自生纳米纤维增强SiO2复合气凝胶。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、热重和氮气吸附等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析,并且测试了样品的压缩强度及真密度。实验结果表明:自生纳米纤维增强SiO2复合气凝胶具有均匀的多孔网络结构,锆氧纳米纤维是以化学键连接复合的方式无序穿插在气凝胶中,对复合气凝胶的机械强度和隔热性能有明显的改善。经1 200℃热处理后的ZrOX/SiO2复合气凝胶比表面积为827.22 m2·g-1,压缩强度为9.68 MPa,真密度为0.23 g·cm-3。     

基于疏水改性常压干燥法制备介孔块状SiO2气凝胶

块状气凝胶是胶体粒子聚结、整体成型且均匀分布的多孔网络结构,可规避颗粒气凝胶掉粉掉渣、包裹成板或调成浆料再应用的缺陷.通常常压干燥获得的SiO_2气凝胶多为颗粒状,因其表面含大量亲水性Si-OH,易与空气中水蒸气结合,导致表面张力过大而颗粒化.为解决此难题,采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)疏水改性,使-Si(CH_3)_3取代Si-OH中H原子,再经常压干燥获得块状SiO_2气凝胶.测得接触角为152.31°,属于超疏水材料.N_2吸脱附实验测得比表面积为786 m~2/g,且介孔分布变窄.热重分析其耐热温度达226℃,是良好的疏水耐温材料.     

添加三甲基乙氧基硅烷制备耐高温硅/铝复合气凝胶

以仲丁醇铝(ASB)和三甲基乙氧基硅烷(TMEO)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,经乙醇超临界干燥制备了耐温高、成型性好的硅/铝复合气凝胶。用透射电子显微镜、N2吸附分析仪、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、hot disk热分析仪等仪器表征了气凝胶的形貌、孔结构、表面基团、晶相、热学等性能。在溶胶-凝胶过程中,通过添加TMEO在氧化铝纳米颗粒表面引入了-Si-(CH_3)_3基团,该基团经高温热处理后会在Al_2O_3表面形成SiO_2纳米颗粒,有效地抑制了Al_2O_3纳米颗粒在高温下的晶体生长,使得该复合气凝胶具有优异的耐温性能。在1 200℃高温处理后,线性收缩低至16%,比表面积可达141 m~2·g~(-1),这将进一步促进气凝胶材料在高温保温隔热、吸附、催化等领域的广泛应用。     

耐高温核/壳结构TiO2/SiO2复合气凝胶的制备及其光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为源, 采用苯胺-丙酮原位生成水溶胶-凝胶法, 在乙醇超临界干燥过程中用部分水解的钛醇盐和硅醇盐对TiO₂凝胶进行超临界修饰制备了具有核/壳纳米结构的块体TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶. 制备的复合气凝胶具有优异的机械性能, 其杨氏模量可达4.5 MPa. 复合气凝胶同时具有极好的高温热稳定性. 经过1000 ℃热处理后, 线性收缩由纯TiO₂气凝胶的31%降至复合气凝胶的10%, 且比表面积由纯TiO₂气凝胶的31 m²·g^-1提升至复合气凝胶的143 m²·g^-1. 此外, 该复合气凝胶经1000 ℃热处理后具有优异的光催化降解亚甲基蓝的性能. 其优异的光催化性能得益于TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶1000 ℃处理后高的比表面积和小的颗粒尺寸. 优良的耐热性能、力学性能和光催化性能使获得的具有核/壳纳米结构的TiO₂/SiO₂复合气凝胶在光催化领域具有良好的应用前景.     

三甲基氯硅烷对纳米多孔二氧化硅薄膜的修饰

以正硅酸乙酯为先驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,结合旋转涂胶、超临界干燥工艺在硅片上制备了纳米多孔SiO2薄膜.用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)对该SiO2薄膜进行了表面修饰,采用FTIR、TG-DTA、AFM和椭偏仪等方法研究了TMCS修饰前后薄膜的结构、形貌、厚度与介电常数等性能.超临界干燥后的SiO2薄膜含有Si－O－Si与Si－OR结构,呈疏水性.在空气中250 ℃以上热处理后SiO2薄膜因含有Si－OH而呈吸水性. TMCS修饰后的SiO2薄膜在温度不高于450 ℃时可保持其疏水性和多孔结构. SiO2薄膜经TMCS修饰后基本粒子和孔隙尺寸增大,孔隙率提高,介电常数可降低至2.5以下.     

轻质高强度C/Al2O3复合气凝胶的制备及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法和CO2超临界干燥工艺制备RF/Al2O3复合气凝胶,再经高温热处理过程得到轻质高强度C/Al2O3复合气凝胶,研究了不同热处理温度对气凝胶结构的影响,利用氮气吸附、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等手段对气凝胶的结构和性能进行了分析并且测试了不同热处理温度样品的压缩强度。实验结果表明:C/Al2O3复合气凝胶具有均匀的三维网络结构且成块性好,随着热处理温度的升高,气凝胶比表面积和强度均先增大后减小,当1 400℃时,C/Al2O3复合气凝胶比表面积最高,为831 m2.g-1,压缩强度最大,为9.5 MPa。     

基于普通酚醛树脂有机气凝胶的高效制备与研究

基于普通线性酚醛树脂体系,采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备了酚醛树脂有机气凝胶.通过调节交联剂——六亚甲基四胺(HMTA)的浓度对酚醛树脂有机气凝胶的微观孔结构进行优化,减小溶剂在干燥过程中的毛细作用力,采用常压干燥的手段即可得到较小收缩率、较强骨架强度的有机气凝胶.详细研究了交联剂(HMTA)用量对有机气凝胶内部微观孔结构/形貌、表观密度、热稳定性、力学性能等方面的影响.孔结构与微观形态研究结果表明,随着HMTA浓度的减小,有机气凝胶平均孔径减小,比表面积增加,在较低交联剂浓度下,平均孔径达到100 nm,并且孔径分布均匀,内部聚合物有机骨架完好.纳米尺度的孔径和均匀的孔径分布能够显著提高有机气凝胶的骨架稳定性,与微米尺度孔径的气凝胶材料相比,压缩模量和压缩强度均有显著的提高.HMTA浓度的提高使酚醛树脂气凝胶体系中引入大量不稳定的N—CH2基团,造成气凝胶材料的热稳定性下降.     

Production of low-density sodium silicate-based hydrophobic silica aerogel beads by a novel fast gelation process and ambient pressure drying process

We report a method to synthesize low-density transparent mesoporous silica aerogel beads by ambient pressure drying (APD). The beads were prepared by acid–base sol–gel polymerization of sodium silicate in aqueous ammonia solution via the ball dropping method (BDM). To minimize shrinkage during drying, wet silica beads were initially prepared; their surfaces were then modified using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) via simultaneous solvent exchange and surface modification. The effects of the volume percentage (%V) of TMCS on the physical and textural properties of the beads were investigated. The specific surface area and cumulative pore volume of the silica aerogel beads increased with an increase in the %V of TMCS. Silica aerogel beads with low packing bed density (0.081 g/cm³), high surface area (917 m²/g), and large cumulative pore volume (2.8 cm³/g) was obtained when 10%V TMCS was used. Properties of the final product were examined by FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and TG–DT analyses. Surface chemical modifications were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The hydrophobic silica aerogel beads were thermally stable up to 411 °C. We discuss our results and compare our findings for modified versus unmodified silica beads.     

块状石英纤维/Al_2O_3气凝胶复合材料的非超临界干燥法制备及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法和常压干燥法以N,N′-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为干燥控制化学添加剂制备了低密度石英纤维增强Al2O3气凝胶复合材料.通过氮气吸附-脱附实验比较研究了石英纤维对氧化铝气凝胶孔结构参数的影响;采用X射线衍射技术表征了在升温过程中石英纤维/Al2O3气凝胶复合材料的相结构变化;利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了Al2O3气凝胶基体及其石英纤维复合材料的微观形貌;初步探讨了DMF对Al2O3气凝胶形貌和密度的影响.研究结果表明石英纤维/Al2O3气凝胶复合材料成块性好,纤维与气凝胶基体结合紧密,石英纤维提高了Al2O3相转变温度,适量的DMF有利于形成均匀凝胶网络结构,减小干燥收缩压力.     

Effective preparation of crack-free silica aerogels via ambient drying

Effective ambient-drying techniques for synthesizing crack-free silica aerogel bulks from the industrial waterglass have been developed. Silica wet gels were obtained from aqueous colloidal silica sols prepared by ion-exchange of waterglass solution (4–10 wt% SiO₂). Crack-free monolithic silica aerogel disks (diameter of 22 mm and thickness of 7 mm) were produced via solvent exchange/surface modification of the wet gels using isopropanol/trimethylchlorosilane/n-Hexane solution, followed by ambient drying. The effects of the silica content in sol and the molar ratio of trimethylchlorosilane/pore water on the morphology and property of final aerogel products were also investigated. The porosity, density, and specific surface area of silica aerogels were in the range of 92–94%, 0.13–0.16 g/cm³, and ∼675 m²/g, respectively. The degree of springback during the ambient drying processing of modified silica gels was 94%.     

Influence of thermal process on microstructural and physical properties of ambient pressure dried hydrophobic silica aerogel monoliths

The experimental results of thermal process on the microstructural and physical properties of ambient pressure dried hydrophobic silica aerogel monoliths are reported and discussed. With sodium silicate as precursor, ethanol/hexamethyldisiloxane/hydrochloric acid as surface modification agent, the crack-free and high hydrophobic silica aerogel monoliths was obtained possessing the properties as low density (0.096 g/cm³), high surface area (651 m²/g), high hydrophobicity (~147°) and low thermal conductivity (0.0217 Wm/K). Silica aerogels maintained hydrophobic behavior up to 430 °C. After a thermal process changing from room temperature to 300 °C, the hydrophobicity remained unchanged (~128°), of which the porosity was 95.69% and specific density about 0.094 g/cm³. After high temperature treatment (300–500 °C), the density of final product decreased from 0.094 to 0.089 g/cm³ and porosity increased to 96.33%. With surface area of 466 m²/g, porosity of 91.21% and density about 0.113 g/cm³, silica aerogels were at a good state at 800 °C. Thermal conductivities at desired temperatures were analyzed by the transient plane heat source method. Thermal conductivity coefficients of silica aerogel monoliths changed from 0.0217 to 0.0981 Wm/K as temperature increased to 800 °C, revealed an excellent heat insulation effect during thermal process.     

Ambient pressure dried tetrapropoxysilane-based silica aerogels with high specific surface area

In the present paper, we report the synthesis of tetrapropoxysilane (TPOS)-based silica aerogels with high surface area and large pore volume. The silica aerogels were prepared by a two-step sol-gel process followed by surface modification via a simple ambient pressure drying approach. In order to minimize drying shrinkage and obtain hydrophobic aerogels, the surface of the alcogels was modified using trichloromethylsilane as a silylating agent. The effect of the sol-gel compositional parameters on the polymerization of aerogels prepared by TPOS, one of the precursors belonging to the Si(OR)₄ family, was reported for the first time. The oxalic acid and NH₄OH concentrations were adjusted to achieve good-quality aerogels with high surface area, low density, and high transparency. Controlling the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the TPOS precursor turned out to be the most important factor to determine the pore characteristics of the aerogel. Highly transparent aerogels with high specific surface area (938 m²/g) and low density (0.047 g/cm³) could be obtained using an optimized TPOS/MeOH molar ratio with appropriate concentrations of oxalic acid and NH₄OH.     

Surface silylation and pore structure development of silica aerogel composites from colloid and TEOS-based precursor

Flexible aerogel-fiber composites were prepared by silylation and ambient drying of colloidal silica and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)-based sol. After immersing glass fiber matrices into silica sol with colloid-based, colloid/TEOS-based, and TEOS-based silica sol, it was surface-modified in a trimethylchlorosilane/n-hexane solution and heat-treated at 230 °C in ambient atmosphere. Surface silylation of silica aerogel synthesized from colloid and TEOS-based silica sols showed different behaviors. For colloid silica gel, it was comprised of small sized mesopores because colloid-based silica gel has dense networks through great degrees of hydrolysis and condensation. On the contrary, TEOS-based aerogel was consisted of relatively large-sized pores because of comparatively lesser degree of hydrolysis and condensation. Through this study, we can know that the pore structures of silica aerogel could be controlled by choosing colloid or TEOS-based precursor and surface silylation reaction.     

Preparation and thermal properties of chemically prepared nanoporous silica aerogels

This work focuses on the dependence preparation conditions—structure—physical properties of hydrophobic silica aerogels, all of them prepared under subcritical drying conditions (70 °C and 0.4 atm.), thus aiming at potential application as case insulation filling in heat pumps. The so prepared, millimeter scaled nano-porous hydrophobic silica aerogel granules were analyzed with standard electron microscope and atomic force microscopy, IR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal conductivity measurements. The physical properties of the aerogels were compared with commercial aerogel granules. A method for contact angle measurement of micro-droplets situated on the silica granules was proposed to quantify the level of their hydrophobicity.