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1.
利用辉光放电等离子体处理改进常规浸渍法制备了NiO/SrTiO3光催化剂. XRD、XPS和TEM分析证明, 金属颗粒在载体表面的分散性得到极大提高, 并在反应中具有很好的稳定性. XPS、热重和XRD分析表明, 等离子体处理使浸渍的Ni(NO3)2在常温下分解为晶化度较低的NiO团簇, 该团簇可能与载体具有较强的相互作用. 在光催化反应中, 高分散的金属可以促进电荷传递, 并提供更多的表面活性位. 对于水分解制氢和甲醇溶液转化制氢反应, 该催化剂的活性分别是常规催化剂的1.3倍和1.8倍.  相似文献   

2.
甲醇水蒸汽催化转化制氢研究进展   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
蔡迎春 《分子催化》2000,14(3):235-240
氢气是石油炼制和化学工业的重要原料 .传统的大规模制氢 ,大多采用天然气、轻油、煤焦为原料造气 ,再用深冷或吸收吸附法提取氢气 ,工艺复杂 ,投资大 ,能耗高 .中小规模制氢 .一般采用电解水法 ,缺点是电耗大 .近年来 ,也采用变压吸附技术 ( PSA)从石化过程产生的含氢气体中回收氢气 ,但受具体条件的限制[1 ] .与上述方法相比 ,甲醇 -水蒸汽转化制氢具有独特的优势 .与大规模制氢相比 ,该方法工艺流程短 ,设备简单 ,投资和能耗低 ;与电解水制氢相比 ,甲醇 -水蒸汽转化制氢可降低电耗 90 %以上 ,成本降低 30 %~ 50 % ,甲醇 -水蒸汽制氢成…  相似文献   

3.
旋转滑动弧氩等离子体裂解甲烷制氢   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用切向气流和磁场协同驱动的旋转滑动弧氩等离子体,先通过光谱分析法计算了其电子温度和电子密度,了解其物理特性,将其应用于甲烷裂解制氢,研究了进气流量和CH_4/Ar比对反应效果的影响。结果表明,该滑动弧系统电子温度为1.0-2.0 e V,电子密度高达1015cm~(-3),是介于热与低温等离子体之间的一种等离子体形式,具有独特的物理特性,可以在达到较高反应效率的同时,保持较大的处理量;在CH_4裂解制氢实验中,CH_4转化率可达22.1%-70.2%,并随进气流量和CH_4/Ar比的增大均逐渐降低;H_2选择性为21.2%-61.2%,并随进气流量的增大先基本不变后有所增大,随CH_4/Ar比的增大逐渐降低;与应用于甲烷裂解的不同形式的低温等离子体对比(如微波、射频、介质阻挡放电等)可以发现,旋转滑动弧在获得较高甲烷转化率、较高H_2选择性和较低制氢能耗的同时,还可以保持较大的处理量,即进气流量可达6-20 L/min。  相似文献   

4.
刘洪霞  吕功煊 《分子催化》2020,34(3):210-226
氢有较高的能量密度,其能量转换过程可循环、零污染,是未来替代传统化石燃料的理想能源载体.甲醛相较于其它的氢载体,具有可规模制备、来源广泛、安全性高、易于输运、储存和转化的特点,已逐渐成为一种新的制氢原料.此外甲醛制氢技术还可以应用于其它对环境有一定毒性的有机化合物转变为清洁的氢的过程.我们较全面的总结了甲醛的工业化制备、催化转化制氢和催化剂的研究发展历程,详细介绍了近年来在相关领域的研究成果,分析对比了各种甲醛催化制氢技术的特点,并对未来甲醛制氢的发展前景进行了展望.  相似文献   

5.
甲醇水相重整制氢原位还原苯乙酮制备α-苯乙醇   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在液相状态下,吸热的甲醇水相重整制氢反应和放热的苯乙酮液相加氢反应可使用相同类型的催化剂,并在相近的反应温度和压力条件下进行.据此,提出利用甲醇水相重整制氢原位还原苯乙酮制备α-苯乙醇,将两个反应偶合形成一种新的苯乙酮加氢还原方法,即苯乙酮液相原位加氢还原法.通过这种偶合,在Raney Ni催化剂作用下实现了羰基的高选择性还原(α-苯乙醇选择性可达95%),同时水相重整过程中甲醇的转化率和氢的选择性也得到明显提高.实验结果表明,反应条件是影响苯乙酮原位加氢反应性能的重要因素;优化反应的温度、压力、苯乙酮浓度和原料配比可以提高甲醇水相重整制氢选择性和羰基加氢选择性.  相似文献   

6.
氢能被视为21世纪最具发展潜力的能源.电解水制氢具有诸多优点,如原料来源广泛、操作简便、产品纯度高、无污染,已成为最具有应用前景的方法之一,但其阳极氧析出反应动力学缓慢,严重制约电解水制氢的效率.因此,发展氧析出电催化剂尤为重要.本文利用高温煅烧法制备了硼酸镍纳米棒,长度约为2μm,直径约为200nm.与文献报道的低结晶度或无定型硼酸盐析氧催化剂不同,硼酸镍纳米棒的结晶度较高,并且具有较好的OER催化活性和稳定性.其催化活性可以通过与其他导电材料复合或进一步减小其尺寸等方式提升.  相似文献   

7.
李小亮  刘佳雯  李中华 《化学通报》2017,80(8):740-744,714
采用水热法和光沉积法制备了Au/SrTiO_3纳米等离子体光催化剂。通过XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM、EDS和DRS等技术对光催化剂的结构、组成、形貌、粒子大小和光吸收性质等进行了表征,考察了Au/SrTiO_3纳米光催化剂在可见光照下的制氢性能。结果表明,采用水热法成功合成了SrTiO_3纳米粒子,通过负载Au纳米粒子后,由于表面等离子体共振效应,增强了其对可见光的吸收。此外,测试了不同Au负载量对SrTiO_3光催化剂在可见光照下制氢活性的影响,其中,5%Au/SrTiO_3光催化剂在可见光照下制氢活性最高,并对其光催化反应机理进行了进一步的探讨。  相似文献   

8.
本文合成了一种水溶性的Pt(II)-Salen配合物(Salen=双5-磺酸钾水杨醛合邻苯二胺席夫碱),将其用于光催化制氢.研究发现在光催化制氢体系中仅存在Pt(II)-Salen配合物和三乙胺(TEA)而没有额外加入催化剂时,在可见光照射下有氢气产生.进一步的研究表明,Pt(II)-Salen配合物在体系中既是光敏剂,又是催化剂Pt纳米粒子的前体.同时,制氢体系中除了TEA外没有使用有机溶剂.该结果为简化多组分制氢体系提供了新思路.  相似文献   

9.
以KNO3,Fe(NO3)3·9H2O,TiO2为原料,通过固相反应,制备出一种新型的光催化材料K-Fe-Ti层状金属氧化物,考察了这种催化剂的光催化制氢性能.发现Fe的含量并不是影响催化剂光催化制氢性能的主要因素,而催化剂的结构是影响光催化制氢效率的主要原因,不同牺牲剂对其光催化制氢性能也有较大的影响.  相似文献   

10.
本文利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)方法, 在室温和常压下将甲烷和氧气的混合气体进行等离子体活化, 通过甲烷和氧等离子体直接气相反应高收率合成H2O2. 该方法能有效克服氢氧直接法合成H2O2受到原料气配比严格限制的缺点.  相似文献   

11.
A continuous production of hydrogen and carbon black from methane without CO2 emission in atmospheric pressure has been investigated by non thermal decomposition of methane using a system of direct current (DC)-spark discharge plasma, which has great advantages over other systems, like thermal plasma or catalytic conversion of methane in H2 production. A plasma reactor with specific design of electrodes was employed to examine the reactor performance regarding operating conditions such as feed flow rate, input power and electrodes distance. The experimental results showed that designed reactor increases not only the concentration of the produced hydrogen in continues condition but also guarantees stable plasma. As the methane supply rate increased, the hydrogen concentration decreased but on the other hand the hydrogen volume flow rate increased. In general, under the specified operating condition (power?=?21 W and methane flow rate?=?150?ml/min), the plasma converter produced a hydrogen concentration of 45?% at hydrogen volume flow rate of 75?ml/min.  相似文献   

12.
We present a first-principles theoretical study of vibrational spectral diffusion and hydrogen bond dynamics in heavy water without using any empirical model potentials. The calculations are based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for trajectory generation and a time series analysis using the wavelet method for frequency calculations. It is found that, in deuterated water, although a one-to-one relation does not exist between the instantaneous frequency of an OD bond and the distance of its associated hydrogen bond, such a relation does hold on average. The dynamics of spectral diffusion is investigated by means of frequency-time correlation and spectral hole dynamics calculations. Both of these functions are found to have a short-time decay with a time scale of approximately 100 fs corresponding to dynamics of intact hydrogen bonds and a slower long-time decay with a time constant of approximately 2 ps corresponding to lifetimes of hydrogen bonds. The connection of the slower time scale to the dynamics of local structural relaxation is also discussed. The dynamics of hydrogen bond making is shown to have a rather fast time scale of approximately 100 fs; hence, it can also contribute to the short-time dynamics of spectral diffusion. A damped oscillation is also found at around 150-200 fs, which is shown to have come from underdamped intermolecular vibrations of a hydrogen-bonded water pair. Such assignments are confirmed by independent calculations of power spectra of intermolecular motion and hydrogen bond kinetics using the population correlation function formalism. The details of the time constants of frequency correlations and spectral shifts are found to depend on the frequencies of chosen OD bonds and are analyzed in terms of the dynamics of hydrogen bonds of varying strengths and also of free non-hydrogen-bonded OD groups.  相似文献   

13.
Hydrogen-rich synthesis gas was produced by pulsed dc plasma submerged into ethanol–water mixtures using an original system with a coaxial geometry. The ignition of the discharge is immediately followed by production of hydrogen and after a short time necessary for filling the outlet tubing a flame can be ignited. No auxiliary gas was used for the reforming process. The synthesis gas containing up to 60% of hydrogen was formed, at the outflow rate of 250 sccm at the average power as low as 10 W. The hydrogen production efficiency corresponds to 12 kWh/kg H2.  相似文献   

14.
Photosynthesis is one of the first natural processes evolved by cyanobacteria, algae and green plants to trap light and CO2 in the form of reduced carbon compounds while simultaneously oxidizing water to oxygen. The photosynthetic energy conversion forms the basis for all the existing life today. The photosynthetic energy is being harnessed in many ways using modern technologies for the production of fuels using photosynthetic organisms, generation of direct electricity using photosystems/photosynthetic organisms in photo-bioelectrochemical cells or through photovoltaic systems. While the production of energy rich carbon fuels (ethanol, propanol) from photosynthetic organisms has already been accomplished due to advancement in understanding microbial physiology and metabolism, the photosynthetic hydrogen production as well as direct electricity generation from light is still at its infancy. Recent advances include combining photosystem complexes with hydrogenases for hydrogen production, using isolated thylakoids, photosystems on nanostructured electrodes such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, ZnO nanoparticles for electricity generation. Many challenging optimizations on the immobilization methods, catalyst stability and isolation procedures, electron transfer strategies have acquired momentum leading to the production of more stable and higher current densities and power densities in photosynthetic devices. Further, the use of whole cell microorganisms (cyanobacteria, microalgae) rather than their isolated counterparts has produced promising results. The photosynthetic energy conversion has an enormous potential for renewable energy generation in a sustainable and environment friendly manner.  相似文献   

15.
谢文富  邵明飞 《电化学》2022,28(10):22014008
与传统化石能源制氢技术相比,利用可再生能源驱动电解水制氢技术具有绿色可持续和制氢效率高等优势,被认为是目前最具前景的制氢方式。然而, 由于电解水两极反应动力学缓慢、 催化剂稳定性较差, 限制了其大规模发展。此外, 阳极析氧反应存在较高的过电势, 从而导致当前制氢能耗与成本较高, 严重制约了其商业化应用。 为了解决上述问题与挑战,本文对当前发展较为成熟的碱性电解水技术进行了综合讨论与分析。 首先, 对电解水发展历程中的重要节点进行了总结, 便于读者了解该领域。进一步, 从电催化剂、 电极、 反应和系统的角度深入总结了提升电解水制氢性能的有效策略。作者分别介绍了近年来层状双金属氢氧化物基电解水催化剂、电解水制氢耦合氧化反应以及可再生能源驱动的电解水系统的重要研究进展; 同时对结构化催化剂在电解水应用中的构效关系进行了深入分析。最后, 对该领域存在的挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望,希望能为氢能的发展和推广提供一定的思路。  相似文献   

16.
The flow of vortex-stabilized argon–hydrogen plasma in a radiofrequency induction (RFI) plasma torch has been investigated using modern methods of computational fluid dynamics. Optimal values of the torch power and energy release in plasma have been found at various argon to hydrogen ratios in the plasma gas mixture. The heat and kinetic fields determined by calculation for a plasma-chemical reactor can be of use in designing an RFI plasma torch in part concerning the determination of the optimum zone for feeding the reactants to the reactor.  相似文献   

17.
This paper presents an in-house-designed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reformer for hydrogen production via partial oxidation reforming of methane. We examined the effects of oxygen/carbon (O/C) molar ratio, feed flow rate, discharge gap, discharge zone length, filler diameter, filler shape, filler materials, discharge voltage, and discharge frequency on the hydrogen production performance i.e., CH4 conversion rate, H2 yield, and selectivity of products (H2, CO, and CO2). The experimental results showed that the parameters of the discharge zone played an important role in the CH4 conversion rate. For instance, CH4 conversion rate increased with increasing discharge zone lengths. When the discharge zone length increased from 5 to 20 cm, CH4 conversion rate increased from 6.87% to 22.26%, which corresponds to an improvement of 224%. Also, the fillers in the discharge zone strongly influenced the hydrogen production performance. Using reactors with fillers generated higher CH4 conversion rates. Moreover, using fillers with more appropriate dielectric constants is advantageous for practical application. The H2 yield and hydrogen selectivity increased with increasing discharge frequency. Specifically, when the discharge frequency increased from 1.5 to 7.0 kHz, H2 yield increased from 1.10% to 9.49%, and hydrogen selectivity increased from 21.18% to 30.06%. It is believed that the current results would serve as a good guideline in hydrogen production from hydrocarbon fuels by plasma reforming.  相似文献   

18.
连续式超临界水反应器中褐煤制氢过程影响因素的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
建立了煤处理量为1kg/h的连续式超临界水反应装置并实现稳定运行,考察了反应温度(500℃~650℃)、反应压力(20MPa~30MPa)、水煤浆浓度(20%~50%)以及KOH添加量对小龙潭褐煤在超临界水中连续化制氢的影响。实验结果表明,反应进行20min后连续装置达到稳定运行状态。反应温度和KOH添加量是影响超临界水中褐煤制氢的关键因素。随着反应温度从500℃提高到650℃,氢气的体积分数与产率分别由11%和25mL/g增加到29%和110mL/g。添加0.5%KOH可明显提高碳气化率以及氢气的产率,但随着KOH加入量进一步增加,氢气产率增加的幅度减小。随着压力增加,甲烷产率有升高的趋势,氢气产率变化不大,提高水煤浆的浓度,碳气化率降低。  相似文献   

19.
The determination of arsenic was studied with a simple and economic method. A continuous hydride generation system is interfaced to a microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometer (MPT-AES). Arsenic hydride is transferred directly and continuously by the carrier gas into the plasma torch without separation of hydrogen. When oxygen is introduced into the outer tube of the plasma torch, the plasma is more stable and has a higher tolerance to hydrogen. The detection limit (3σ) is 5.2 μg/L when the forward power is 100 W with argon as support gas. Application to the standard sample coal fly ash showed a comparable result to the certified quantity.  相似文献   

20.
Dielectric-barrier discharges (silent discharges) are used on a large industrial scale. They combine the advantages of non-equilibrium plasma properties with the ease of atmospheric-pressure operation. A prominent feature is the simple scalability from small laboratory reactors to large industrial installations with megawatt input powers. Efficient and cost-effective all-solid-state power supplies are available. The preferred frequency range lies between 1 kHz and 10 MHz, the preferred pressure range between 10 kPa and 500 kPa. Industrial applications include ozone generation, pollution control, surface treatment, high power CO2 lasers, ultraviolet excimer lamps, excimer based mercury-free fluorescent lamps, and flat large-area plasma displays. Depending on the application and the operating conditions the discharge can have pronounced filamentary structure or fairly diffuse appearance. History, discharge physics, and plasma chemistry of dielectric-barrier discharges and their applications are discussed in detail.  相似文献   

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