微囊藻毒素的2-甲基-3-甲氧基-4-苯基丁酸检测方法的研究

2甲-基-3-甲氧基-4-苯基丁酸(MMPB)法是检测微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MC)的重要方法之一。本文研究了温度、pH值、反应时间和氧化剂浓度等实验参数的影响,并在优化条件下采用气相色谱法对水中的微囊藻毒素进行检测。实验得到的最佳反应条件为:pH=9,初始反应温度2℃反应1 h,再升温至25℃反应2 h;KMnO4的初始浓度为0.0156 mol/L。本法对水溶液中的微囊藻的检出限为0.0225μg,回收率为93.5%。     

光活性聚甲基丙烯酸三苯甲酯链结构的研究——PTrMA的~(13)C液体和固体NMR谱

<正> 80年代出现的光活性高聚物—聚甲基丙烯酸三苯甲酯(PTrMA)是由非手性单体经不对称阴离子聚合得到的。近年来,PTrMA作为手性固定相在分离手性化合物方面得到了越来越多的实际应用。由于聚合物侧基上的三个苯基产生的大位阻,使它具     

叶立德活性聚合制备基于聚亚甲基的大分子单体

利用叶立德活性聚合方法制备了两种基于聚亚甲基的大分子单体.其中一种是以叶立德活性聚合制备的主链链端含有羟基的聚亚甲基(PM-OH)为原料,通过链端羟基的基团转换,得到链端含有甲基丙烯酸酯基的大分子单体.另一种则是以硼烷-四氢呋喃(BH3-THF)和二乙烯基苯反应得到的三烷基硼中间体为催化剂和引发剂,然后进行叶立德活性聚...     

含有三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的聚丙烯酸酯的合成与表征

研究了聚丙烯酸酯侧基上引入三氟乙烯基芳基醚结构单元的方法.首先,合成了含有三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的丙烯酸酯单体,然后通过原子转移自由基聚合实现了该单体的均聚和无规共聚,得到了含有三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的聚丙烯酸酯聚合物,聚合物的分子量分布较窄.通过控制共聚投料比,可以得到具有不同含量三氟乙烯基芳基醚侧基的无规共聚物.     

二噻吩并[2,3-b:2',3'-d]噻吩钯(Ⅱ)配合物引发AB型芴单体聚合

5-溴-2-三甲硅基-二噻吩并[2,3-b:2',3'-d]噻吩(bt-DTT-Br)与双(三环己基)膦钯(0)进行氧化加成反应,合成了相应的芳基钯(Ⅱ)配合物,X光晶体结构分析表明,配合物中心金属离子为平面四方构型,膦配体处于反式位置。该配合物在加热时可以引发AB型芴单体聚合,得到一个端基为bt-DTT的聚芴共轭聚合物。相似端基结构的聚芴可以由bt-DTT-Br与不同膦配体钯(0)配合物原位生成的芳基钯配合物引发AB型芴单体聚合制备。辅助配体为三(邻甲基苯基)膦或三叔丁基膦时,配合物引发的AB型芴单体聚合室温下即可进行,并给出单一且端基结构明确的聚芴。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)分析证实,聚合物的一个端基是来自芳基钯配合物中的bt-DTT,另一端基为Br/H原子或封端基团。凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析表明,聚合物相对分子质量随单体与催化剂的投料比增加呈线性增长,聚合反应遵循催化剂转移聚合机理。     

FDCA基聚酯的合成、性能及应用研究进展

生物质资源是一种储量丰富的可再生资源。生物质资源的高效利用不仅具有非常巨大的经济和生态价值,而且对新能源与生物基合成材料的可持续发展战略具有重大意义。由植物纤维素等生物质材料经生物或者简单化学过程处理,可获得丰富的生物基单体2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)。FDCA可用于生物基聚酯材料的合成。FDCA系列聚酯材料性能优异,可作为由石油基单体对苯二甲酸(PTA)而合成的芳香族聚酯材料(例如PET)的一种潜在的高性能生物可降解替代材料。本文简要说明了生物基单体FDCA的物性及制备方法,并重点阐述了包括聚呋喃二甲酸乙二酯(PEF)与聚呋喃二甲酸丁二酯(PBF)等一系列FDCA基聚酯材料的合成及性质,同时对FDCA基聚酯材料的应用进展进行了简要介绍,最后对FDCA基聚酯生物基合成材料的发展前景作了初步展望。     

高分子膦配位体的合成及其镍络合物在催化丁二烯环寡聚反应中的应用

本工作用两种方法合成了高分子配位体,其一为以单体配位体苯乙烯基二苯膦(SDPP)均聚及共聚;其二是从交联聚苯乙烯微球出发的传统方法。将所合成的各种高分子膦配位体与镍的络合物用于催化丁二烯环寡聚反应。结果表明,由单体配位体所得到的高分子配位体在选择性上比均相反应略高,转化率基本相同,但反应速度则低一个数量级,而用传统方法得到的高分子金属络合催化剂,其反应速度比均相反应低两个数量     

超支化聚(β-环糊精)的合成与表征

通过硅氢加成反应, 以ABx型功能化β-环糊精大单体为原料, 采用一步法合成出新型超支化聚(β-环糊精)高分子. ABx大单体由单取代对甲苯磺酰化β-CD依次与烯丙基胺、1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷(含氢双封头)及丙烯酰氯反应得到. 采用1H NMR, 13C NMR, 29Si NMR和飞行时间质谱对ABx大单体及其聚合物的结构进行了表征. 利用凝胶渗透色谱/多角度激光光散射(SEC/MALLS)联用仪得到了超支化聚(β-环糊精)的分子量、分子量分布及本体黏度.     

直接缩聚合成生物可降解材料聚苹果酸研究进展

聚苹果酸是一种具有生物降解性和生物相容性的新型水溶性高分子.合成聚苹果酸的化学方法主要有开环聚合法与直接聚合法.作者综述了直接聚合法合成聚苹果酸的方法、反应机理及性质,并展望了直接聚合法合成聚苹果酸的前景.     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物微观结构研究

用１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ研究了由基团转移共聚得到的甲基丙烯酸甲酯 丙烯酸丁酯共聚物的微观结构，共聚物中单体链节的三元组含量从季碳和羰碳的共振信号测得，实验测得的三元组分数与通过竞聚率和单体组成比按末端基效应模式的计算值相符．丙烯酸丁酯由于具有大得多的竞聚率值而呈现较强的均聚倾向．     

红花水溶性多糖CTP的结构研究

微囊藻毒素（Microcystins,MCs）是由淡水蓝绿藻产生的一类最常见的环七肽缩氨酸肝毒素,它们通过抑制蛋白质磷酸酶的活性产生强烈的促肝癌作用,对人和其它生物产生较大威胁,人类长期饮用微量含有MCs的水,将导致原发性肝癌（PLA）,常见的MCs如MCLR,MCYR和MCRR的LD50值通常为50,70和600μg／kg（mouse,i．P．）。     

LC-MS analyses of microcystins in fish tissues overestimate toxin levels—critical comparison with LC-MS/MS

Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins with hepatotoxic and tumour-promoting properties which are produced in high quantities in freshwater cyanobacterial water blooms, and several studies have reported microcystin accumulation in fish with possible food transfer to humans. In this study, we provide the first comparison of liquid chromatography with single mass-spectrometric and with tandem mass-spectrometric detection for analyses of microcystins in complex fish tissue samples. Use of traditional single mass spectrometry (i.e. monitoring of ions with m/z 519.5 for microcystin-RR and m/z 995.5 for microcystin-LR) was found to provide false-positive responses, thus overestimating the concentrations of microcystins in the tissue samples. More selective tandem mass spectrometry seems to provide more reliable results. The concentrations of microcystins detected by tandem mass spectrometry in fish from controlled-exposure experiments were more than 50% lower in comparison with concentrations obtained by single mass spectrometry. Extensive analyses of edible fish parts—muscles (148 fish specimens from eight different species from five natural reservoirs with dense cyanobacterial water blooms)—showed negligible microcystin concentrations (all analyses below the limit of detection; limit of detection of 1.2–5.4 ng/g fresh weight for microcystin-RR, microcystin-YR and microcystin-LR in multiple reaction monitoring mode). Our findings have practical consequences for critical re-evaluation of the health risks of microcystins accumulated in fish.     

Characterization and Diversity of Cyano- bacterial Hepatotoxins (Microcystins) in Blooms from Polish Freshwaters Identified by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry

Microcystins were determined in 36 cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) bloom samples dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Nostoc spp. The analysed samples were collected from 8 water bodies in Poland during summers of 1996–2001. Ten microcystins (MC), three major and seven minor variants, were detected in natural cyanobacterial samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the microcystins were assigned on the basis of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The main microcystins detected in the blooms from Polish freshwaters were MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR. Microcystin content of the blooms varied from a few μg g^?1 to 1687 μg g^?1 freeze-dried material. Also some monodesmethyl (dm) and didesmethyl (dmdm) variants of MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR were found in a few analysed samples. Furthermore, two compounds were tentatively characterised as MC-(H₄)YR and dm-MC-FR.     

A novel approach for monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins: development and evaluation of the passive sampler for microcystins

We have investigated the ability of an integrative sampler for polar organic chemicals to sequestrate a group of common and highly hazardous cyanobacterial toxins—microcystins. In a pilot experiment, commercially available passive samplers were shown to effectively accumulate microcystins after 7 days’ exposure in the field. To find the most efficient configuration for sequestration of microcystins, four different porous membranes (polycarbonate, polyester, polyethersulfone and nylon) and two sorbents (Oasis HLB and Bondesil-LMS) were evaluated in the laboratory experiments, where samplers of different configuration were exposed to microcystins (microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR) for 14 days under steady conditions. We observed differences in sampling rates and amounts of accumulated microcystins depending on the sampler configurations. The samplers constructed with the polycarbonate membrane and Oasis HLB sorbent (2.75 mg/cm²) provided the highest sampling rates (0.022 L/day for microcystin-RR and 0.017 L/day for microcystin-LR). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first reporting application of passive samplers for microcystins, and our results demonstrate the suitability of this tool for monitoring cyanotoxins in water.     

Electrochemical detection of microcystins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins, following high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel amperometric HPLC detection method for the cyanobacterial (blue–green algal) peptide toxins microcystin-LR, -YR and -RR was developed. Purified microcystins and cyanobacterial extracts were chromatographed using an internal surface reversed-phase column with acetate- and phosphate-based mobile phase systems. Electrochemical oxidation reactions at 1.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl (glassy carbon working electrode) were shown to originate in arginine and tyrosine residues of microcystins.     

Issues arising when interpreting the results of the protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay for the monitoring of microcystins

Microcystins, cyclic heptapeptidic hepatotoxins produced by a number of bloom forming freshwater cyanobacteria, are considered to represent a serious risk to public health through drinking and recreational water. A highly sensitive bioassay relying on the specific inhibition of the human protein phosphatase 2A was applied to the quantification of microcystins. A systematic approach based on the rational testing of seven purified mcyst variants as well as characterized environmental samples allowed to point out the limits and experimental bias associated with this assay. All the seven microcystin variants known as microcystins RR, YR, LR, LY, LA, LW and LF strongly inhibited the enzyme with IC₅₀ ranging between 0.29±0.02 and 0.84±0.07 nM for microcystins LW and YR, respectively. Using the model system of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7820 axenic cultures and within the 1-year study of a Planktothrix agardhii bloom, the PP2A assay was shown to be strongly correlated to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ultra violet diode array detection. However the slope of the linear regression was significantly influenced by the sample composition, as confirmed by HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A model based on pure additivity of mcyst effects was established to describe PP2A inhibition by standard mcyst mixtures, and fully agreed with experimental observations.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水华样品中微囊藻毒素及其基质效应的消除

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)由于其快速、简便的特点,目前广泛应用于水中微囊藻毒素的测定。由于蓝藻水华样品基质比较复杂,UPLC-MS/MS在复杂基质的分析过程中容易发生基质效应问题,严重影响其定量分析结果的准确性。通过稀释样品、优化梯度洗脱程序、减少进样量等方法有效地降低或消除了基质干扰及基质效应问题。7种目标物在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)≥0.99;检出限和定量限分别为0.064~0.103μg/L和0.213~0.343μg/L。通过稀释样品、减少进样量等措施,成功测定了水华爆发时实际样品中的微囊藻毒素,并有效降低了基质效应的干扰。该法为微囊藻毒素的准确测定提供一定的参考,对保障饮用水源地的安全具有十分重要的意义。     

A fully automated system with on-line micro solid-phase extraction combined with capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput analysis of microcystins and nodularin-R in tap water and lake water

Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic peptide hepatotoxins and tumour promoters from cyanobacteria. The present study describes the development, validation and practical application of a fully automated analytical method based on on-line micro solid-phase extraction-capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of seven microcystins and nodularin-R in tap water and lake water. Aliquots of just 100 μL of water samples are sufficient for the detection and quantification of all eight toxins. Selected reaction monitoring was used to obtain the highest sensitivity. Good linear calibrations were obtained for microcystins (50-2000ng/L) and nodularin-R (25-1000 ng/L) in spiked tap water and lake water samples. Excellent interday and intraday repeatability were achieved for eight toxins with relative standard deviation less than 15.7% in three different concentrations. Acceptable recoveries were achieved in the three concentrations with both tap water matrix and lake water matrix and no significant matrix effect was found in tap water and lake water except for microcystin-RR. The limits of detection (signal to noise ratio=3) of toxins were lower than 56.6 ng/L which is far below the 1 μg/L defined by the World Health Organization provisional guideline for microcystin-LR. Finally, this method was successfully applied to lake water samples from Tai lake and proved to be useful for water quality monitoring.     

NIES certified reference material for microcystins,hepatotoxic cyclic peptide toxins from cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water bodies

A certified reference material (CRM) for microcystins has been prepared by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic water bodies. At least seven microcystin variants were found by HPLC analysis of the NIES CRM, of which [Dha⁷]microcystin-RR and -LR were the major microcystins present. Because of the lack of available standards we determined the total microcystin concentration in the CRM by the MMPB method, and elucidated the structures of the main individual microcystin variants following their isolation. Analyses of NMR and MS spectra indicated that the remaining minor variants in the CRM were [D-Asp³, Dha⁷]microcystin-RR and -LR, and [Dha⁷]microcystin-YR, -ThTyrR, and -HilR. The CRM is valuable not only as a standard material for the quantitation of total microcystins but also for the identification of individual [Dha⁷]microcystin variants.     

分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定淡水鱼中柱孢藻毒素、节球藻毒素和微囊藻毒素

建立了同时检测淡水鱼中柱孢藻毒素、节球藻毒素、微囊藻毒素-RR、微囊藻毒素-YR及微囊藻毒素-LR的分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱方法。样品粉碎后，用乙腈-水-甲酸（89 ∶ 10 ∶ 1，v/v/v）提取目标物，C₁₈分散固相萃取柱净化，Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C₁₈色谱柱分离，乙腈和水梯度洗脱，在多反应监测（MRM）模式下进行定性分析，基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。考察了提取溶剂及吸附剂种类对提取效率和净化效果的影响，并优化了液相色谱-串联质谱条件。该法在各自范围内具有良好线性关系，相关系数（R²）≥0.9954；检出限为5~10 μg/kg，定量限为15~40 μg/kg；样品的加标回收率为62.3%~101.2%。该方法前处理方法简单快速，灵敏高效，适用于淡水鱼中柱孢藻毒素、节球藻毒素和微囊藻毒素的有效检测。