微生物电解电池制氢

在微生物燃料电池(MFC)的基础上发展而来的微生物电解电池(MEC)为生物制氢提供了一种全新的方法。本文综述了自2005年MEC发明以来取得的研究进展。简要介绍了MEC制氢的基本原理和系统的评价参数;比较了不同MEC系统结构和电极材料对体系产氢效能的影响;讨论了MEC制氢实际应用中存在的问题和限制因素;提出了MEC制氢今后的研究思路和发展趋势;展望了MEC在利用生物质制氢和有机废水资源化利用中的应用前景。     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料研究及其在高温水电解制氢方面的应用

本文综述了固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料的研究现状和进展。详细地介绍了国内外固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料的制备、改性、微观结构与性能关系以及阳极反应动力学机理，并对各种材料适用的条件和优缺点进行了比较。对阳极材料在高温电解制氢领域阴极上的应用前景进行了展望。     

甲醇水蒸汽重整微反应器性能研究

燃料电池具有工作效率高、无污染物排放等优点,因此,燃料电池技术的研究和开发受到各国政府和大公司的重视.燃料电池的最佳原料为氢,自从燃料电池诞生起,供氢与燃料电池本身都是同样重要的核心技术[1].甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢是近年来发展较快的制氢方法,具有操作方便、原料易得、反应条件温和、副产物少等优点,而且装置规模大小均宜,并可做成便携式来满足不同用户对氢源的要求[2].本文采用制氢微反应器进行甲醇水蒸汽重整实验,研究了反应温度、进料速度、水醇比和反应时间对甲醇转化率、CO2选择性等的影响.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

甲醇在钯电极上的电化学氧化

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)是将燃料(甲醇)和氧化剂(氧气或空气)的化学能直接转化为电能的装置,它体积小、环境污染小、性能可靠,具有广阔的应用前景.甲醇分子反应活性较低,具有较高的极化电位,因此阳极催化剂是DMFC研究的重要内容.目前阳极催化剂往往采用大量的贵金属(如铂),这不可避免地增加了DMFC的成本,限制了DMFC的应用范围~([1]).     

单体固体氧化物电解池极化损失分析及阴极微结构优化

基于高温固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)的高温蒸汽电解(HTSE)制氢技术作为一种非常有前景的大规模核能制氢新方法, 受到国际上的迅速关注. 但如何控制电解模式下的极化能量损失和性能衰减是HTSE实用化的关键. 本文通过在线电化学阻抗测试技术, 研究了实际运行状态下的单体固体氧化物池(SOC)在电池模式和电解模式下的极化阻抗分布, 阐述了SOEC与高温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的差异, 确定了SOEC氢电极支撑层水蒸气扩散过程极化损失大是制约电解池制氢性能提高的主要因素. 在此基础上, 采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)造孔剂对氢电极支撑层的微观结构进行了调整和优化. 微结构优化后, 氢电极材料的孔隙率提高了50%, 孔隙为规则圆形, 分布均匀, 更利于气体扩散; 电解电压1.3 V时, 单位面积产氢率高达328.1 mL·cm^-2·h^-1(标准态), 为改进前电解池的2倍, 实现50 h以上连续稳定性运行. 研究成果可为HTSE的实际应用提供一定的理论数据和技术基础.     

超高温(200-250 ℃)聚合物电解质膜燃料电池的机遇与挑战

低温质子交换膜燃料电池的商业化受到高纯度氢气制取、储存、运输及加注的制约。将燃料电池工作温度提高到200-250 ℃可显著提高电极动力学,提高对一氧化碳等杂质气体的耐受性,降低氢气制取成本,简化水和热管理,为燃料电池提供更多燃料选择,使得高温质子交换膜燃料电池有望实现原位甲醇重整制氢系统与燃料电池系统的无温差耦合,同时较高的运行温度为直接甲醇燃料电池和非贵金属催化剂替代铂基催化剂提供了有利条件。但超高温（200-250 ℃）聚合物电解质膜燃料电池的发展依然面临着艰巨的挑战,为促进超高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池的发展,本文将系统总结近年的相关进展,探讨超高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池面临的机遇与挑战。     

光电催化氧化甲醇电极

直接甲醇燃料电池 (DMFC)可直接利用甲醇 ,无须中间转化装置 ,具有系统结构简单、体积能量密度高、燃料补充方便等优点 .从提高电流密度和稳定催化剂本征活性这两方面来看 ,DMFC需要解决的关键问题是使甲醇直接氧化的阳极材料 .近年来有关此类阳极材料的制备与催化性能的研究报道日益增多 [1,2 ] ,但都是单纯地从光催化或电催化的角度出发 .本文提出一种利用 Ti O2 为光催化剂 ,Pt- Ru为电催化剂 ,试图将光催化与电催化反应发生于一体 ,使甲醇能得到联合的催化氧化作用 ;同时为了能进一步增加Ti O2 的光催化氧化能力 ,改变 Ti O2 - n…     

过渡金属磷化物纳米材料催化尿素电解制氢研究进展

电解水制氢技术操作简单、产物纯度高,是一种前景广阔的绿色制氢方式.然而,阳极析氧反应(OER)具有较高的热力学电势和缓慢的动力学,严重阻碍了电解水制氢技术的大规模工业应用.近年来,人们发现利用较低热力学电势的尿素氧化反应(UOR)取代阳极OER能够同时实现氢气的节能生产和尿素废水的净化.但这种技术的挑战在于尿素电解过程...     

铝/水反应可控制氢

铝是地壳中最富有的金属元素,理论上可100%重复利用。铝/水反应所提供的绿色能源———氢能,很有可能解决人类将面临的能源短缺和环境污染问题。本文介绍了铝/水反应可控制氢的原理、反应机理、制氢方法及制氢装置的最新研究进展,并讨论了研发中需解决的问题。铝/水反应制氢的关键在于破坏或抑制铝表面固有的或原位再生的致密钝化膜。该制氢系统的实际应用需具备快速的反应动力学,而制氢装置的设计应综合考虑反应热的利用、燃料电池产生的水循环利用、燃料盒和膜分离技术的应用,使用回收的废铝将降低其生产成本,实现铝基制氢系统的商业化应用。     

The potential of proton exchange membrane–based electrolysis technology

Hydrogen is an important chemical feedstock for many industrial applications, and today, more than 95% of this feedstock is generated from fossil fuel sources such as reforming of natural gas. In addition, the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels represents most carbon dioxide emissions from large chemical processes such as ammonia generation. Renewable sources of hydrogen such as hydrogen from water electrolysis need to be driven to similar production costs as methane reforming to address global greenhouse gas emission concerns. Water electrolysis has begun to show scalability to relevant capacities to address this need, but materials and manufacturing advancements need to be made to meet the cost targets. This article describes specific needs for one pathway based on proton exchange membrane electrolysis technology.     

L'hydrogene pour le transport sur route : réalisations et développements

Hydrogen for road transportation : achievements and developments. At the beginning of this millenium, hydrogen appears as a potential energy carrier for the future. Thus, it could serve as a storage medium for renewable energy forms, which should play an increasing part in the world energy supply. In a closer future, hydrogen could also become a fuel for prospective fuel-cell and internal-combustion vehicles. We present here an inventory of the various technologies related to the use of hydrogen in road transportation : propulsion type (fuel cell and electric motor, or internal combustion engine), hydrogen production, on-board storage, infrastructure. Safety, standardization and regulation aspects will also be addressed. Presently, the majority of hydrogen buses are equipped with polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), directly supplied with hydrogen from pressurized vessels (300 bars). On the other hand, car manufacturers are developing various types of experimental vehicles : internal-combustion engine cars with liquid hydrogen storage, fuel cell (PEMFC) cars with storage of hydrogen (liquid, gaseous, hydride) or of methanol. The type of required infrastructured will depend on the type of fuel chosen by the car makers and on the requirements of the oil companies. Several hydrogen supply stations, of different technologies, have already been set up. They deliver gaseous or liquid hydrogen produced by reforming of natural gas or by electrolysis. The building of a hydrogen-based fueling system requires the development of specific means of production, transportation, storage and delivery. Public acceptance will have to be won by guaranteeing safety, reliability, performance and competitivity. Presently, research and development work is mainly carried out on : on-board storage of hydrogen ; on-board systems for the production of hydrogen from methanol and petrol ; standardization and regulation.     

面向氢能源、燃料电池和二氧化碳减排的制氢途径的选择

对氢气的多种制造途径加以探讨，也涉及到氢能的利用、燃料电池以及二氧化碳的减排。需要指出的是氢气并非能源，而只是能量的载体。 所以氢能的发展首先需要制造氢气。对于以化石燃料为基础的制氢过程，如煤的气化和天然气重整，需要开发更经济和环境友好的新过程，在这些新过程中要同时考虑二氧化碳的有效收集和利用问题。对于煤和生物质，在此提出了一种值得进一步深入研究的富一氧化碳气化制氢的概念。对于以氢为原料的质子交换膜燃料电池系统，必须严格控制制备的氢气中的一氧化碳和硫化氢；对于以烃类为原料的固体氧化物燃料电池，制备的合成气中的硫也需严格控制。然而，传统的脱硫方法并不适宜于这种用于燃料电池的极高深度的氢气和合成气的脱硫。氢能和燃料电池的发展是与控制二氧化碳排放紧密相关的。     

基于可再生能源的水电解制氢技术（英文）

在全球变暖,污染日益严重的今天,发展可再生清洁能源成为了当务之急.然而可再生能源(风能、太阳能)本身具有间断特性,这就需要寻找一种合适的能量媒介储存能量来保证其能源的稳定输出.当前,我国各地不断出现弃风、弃光和弃水电事件,据国家能源局的公开数据,仅2016年,全国弃风电量497×10~8 kW·h,弃光率仅西部地区就已达20%,弃风弃光日臻凸显[1].从地域方面来看,我国光伏发电呈现东中西部共同发展格局,其中,西部地区主要发展集中式光伏发电,新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏的累计装机容量均超过5×10~6 k W·h,而中东部地区除集中式光伏发电外,还重点建设分布式光伏发电,江苏、浙江、山东、安徽的分布式光伏装机规模已超过100万千瓦.我国光伏发电集中开发的西北地区也存在严重的弃光问题.根据中国光伏行业协会发布的报告,我国的弃光现象主要集中于西北的新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏和陕西五省区.据统计,2016年,五省区光伏发电量287.17×10~8 k W·h,弃光电量70.42×10~8 k W·h,弃光率为19.81%,各省区光伏发电并网运行数据如表格所示.可以看出,新疆、甘肃光伏发电运行较为困难,弃光电量绝对值高,弃光率分别达到32.23%和30.45%[2].在新能源体系中,氢能是一种理想的二次能源,与其它能源相比,氢热值高,其能量密度(140 MJ/kg)是固体燃料(50MJ/kg)的两倍多.且燃烧产物为水,是最环保的能源,既能以气、液相的形式存储在高压罐中,也能以固相的形式储存在储氢材料中,如金属氢化物、配位氢化物、多孔材料等.对可再生和可持续能源系统,氢气是一种极好的能量存储介质.氢气作为能源载体的优势在于:(1)氢和电能之间通过电解水技术可实现高效相互转换;(2)压缩的氢气有很高的能量密度;(3)氢气具有成比例放大到电网规模应用的潜力.制氢的方式有很多,包括:化石燃料重整、分解、光解或水解等.全球每年总共需要约40亿吨氢气,95%以上的氢气是通过化石燃料重整来获得,生产过程必然排出CO_2,而电解水技术利用可再生能源获得的电能进行规模产氢,可实现CO_2的零排放,可将具有强烈波动特性的风能、太阳能转换为氢能,更利于储存与运输.所存储的氢气可用于燃料电池发电,或单独用作燃料气体,也可作为化工原料.通过水电解方式获得的氢气纯度较高,可达99.9%以上.     

High purity oxygen production with a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser

Oxygen is required for treatment of patients in hospitals and at home, in industrial processes and for fuel combustion. Most commonly oxygen is produced by cryogenic or pressure swing adsorption routes. Other techniques include oxygen-ion conducting ceramic membranes, polymer membranes and chemical processes used mainly in civil aviation to reduce the condition of hypoxia at high altitudes. Water electrolysis is used mainly for the production of hydrogen with oxygen as a by-product. In order to use this system only for oxygen production, hydrogen must be utilised and disposed off safely. This, however, is not practical in many instances where there is no use for hydrogen and it poses an explosion hazard. In this paper, an electrolyser system based on polymer electrolyte membrane is described in which hydrogen produced on one side of the electrochemical cell is consumed by combining it with atmospheric oxygen, through operating the cell in a carefully configured fuel cell mode. This reduces the power consumed in the electrolysis operation by more than 35% and eliminates hydrogen in exit gases. Oxygen generated is of high quality and can be used for human consumption (portable and plug-in home care oxygen therapy devices, in hospitals, defence or aerospace requirements) and for many other industrial applications.     

Methanol Crossover through Modified Nafion Proton Exchange Membrane

The proton exchange membrane direct methanol fuel cells (PEMDMFC) show considerably lower performance than the hydrogen fuel cell because of inefficient methanol oxidation and the crossover of methanol through the membrane that separates the anode from the cathode. This paper describes electrochemical measurements made on a Nafion membrane modified by electrochemical deposition of poly(1-methyl pyrrole) on its side.     

Current status of membraneless water electrolysis cells

Commercial water electrolysis cells require a resistive, ion-permeable, gas-impermeable separator membrane between the electrodes to stop the hydrogen bubbles from mixing with the oxygen bubbles and vice versa. This work reviews the current status of ‘membraneless’ water electrolysis cells that safely avoid need for such a separator membrane. Three different approaches have been used to realize such cells. In the first approach, laminar flow within a microfluidic reaction chamber has been used to entrain the hydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles in separate, parallel streams that do not mix. In the second approach, closely-spaced porous electrodes have had liquid electrolyte divergently pumped through them to sweep the produced hydrogen and oxygen bubbles to different locations. In the most recent, promising approach, gas diffusion electrodes have been used to directly extract gas as it is produced, thereby avoiding discernible bubble formation and eliminating the need for a separator membrane to keep the gases separate.     

Towards the application of 2D metal dichalcogenides as hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers

The electrolysis of water using renewable power inputs has tremendous potential for storing renewable energy in the form of hydrogen fuel. Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers are amongst the more promising classes of electrolyzer for renewables-driven hydrogen production, but these devices require expensive and scarce precious metal electrocatalysts (such as platinum) that add considerably to device costs and lifecycle carbon footprints. Replacing platinum in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers with cheaper and more abundant alternatives will thus make renewables-to-hydrogen devices more viable. Two-dimensional metal dichalcogenides have the required stability, electronic and catalytic properties to challenge platinum's position as the electrocatalyst of choice in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. In this minireview, we give an overview of recent progress in the development of two dimensional metal dichalcogenides as hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts, with a particular focus on studies from the last two years.     

Transition metal chalcogenides as emerging electrocatalysts for urea electrolysis

Urea electrolysis is an up-and-coming approach to realize sustainable energy-saving hydrogen fuel production and purification of urea-bearing wastes (e.g. urine, industrial wastewater). To attain a high urea electrolysis efficiency, high-performance electrocatalysts are highly required. Of late, transition metal (TM) chalcogenides-based materials are emerging as promising candidates for urea electrolysis. The catalytic performance of TM chalcogenides-based catalysts is optimized by tuning the internal/external characteristics, including nanostructure control, composition optimization, and heterostructuring. In this review, recent achievements in high-efficiency electrocatalysts based on TM chalcogenides for urea electrolysis are critically discussed. First, the electrochemistry of urea electrolysis is analyzed. Next, recent progress in TM chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for urea electrolysis is detailed. The electrocatalyst design strategies are particularly elucidated, as well as the catalyst structure–performance correlation. Ultimately, perspectives on crucial scientific issues in this booming field are highlighted.     

单原子催化材料在电化学氢循环应用中的研究进展

单原子催化剂(SACs)是一类仅含有孤立的单个金属原子作为催化活性中心的催化材料. 由于其具有100%的原子利用率、 独特的化学结构及优异的催化活性等优点, 近年来在电化学催化和电能转换设备领域备受关注. 本文综合评述了单原子催化材料的设计理念、 合成方法和表征方法, 同时对其在氢电化学循环 (电解水制氢和氢燃料电池领域)的实际应用进行了系统介绍, 并对单原子催化材料的研究和应用前景进行了展望.