甲醇一步催化转化制甲缩醛和甲酸甲酯的双功能催化剂

甲醇是重要的基础化工原料,随着全球甲醇产能过剩,将甲醇催化转化为高附加值的甲醇下游化学品具有重要意义,其中甲醇一步催化转化为甲缩醛(DMM)和甲酸甲酯(MF)等高附加值甲醇下游化学品备受人们的关注,而这一过程中的双功能催化剂是关键。本文对近几年来甲醇催化转化一步合成甲缩醛和甲酸甲酯的双功能催化剂体系进行了总结和评述,特别是对贵金属催化体系、金属氧化物催化体系、杂多酸催化体系等双功能催化剂的催化作用和产物分布特点进行了仔细分析,以期对甲醇催化转化一步合成甲缩醛和甲酸甲酯的工艺放大提供一些参考。     

铜系催化剂上甲醇蒸气转化制氢过程的原位红外研究

 用原位红外光谱法跟踪研究了不同条件下铜系催化剂上甲醇蒸气转化制氢反应的初始开车过程．结果表明，反应过程中二氧化碳不是在一氧化碳之后产生的．可以推断，铜系催化剂上的甲醇蒸气转化制氢过程不是先进行甲醇分解为一氧化碳和氢气，然后一氧化碳和水蒸气发生变换反应生成二氧化碳和氢气．甲醇蒸气转化反应的主要过程是甲醇和水直接生成二氧化碳和氢气．     

程序升温条件下甲醇转化反应及流化床催化剂SAPO-34的积碳

在流化床反应条件下进行了SAPO-34催化的甲醇转化的程序升温反应,并分析了不同反应温度阶段的积碳产物.结合对反应流出物的检测结果和热分析及色质联用分析确定的积碳物种变化,解释了程序升温反应过程中甲醇转化特殊的变化趋势.在程序升温甲醇转化的积碳产物中,除芳烃外,还有一种饱和的多环烷烃积碳物种,它的生成影响了烃池活性中心的形成并引起甲醇转化在低温反应阶段的失活.甲基取代苯和甲基取代金刚烷是低温条件下SAPO-34催化的甲醇转化产生的主要积碳产物,它们在升温过程中会向甲基取代萘以及稠环芳烃转变.积碳物种的演变对应了甲醇转化在起始反应阶段(300～325oC)的反应活性升高和此后(325～350oC)的失活以及在更高温度阶段(350～400oC)活性的恢复.在反应性能评价和积碳分析基础上,首次提出了一种与金刚烷类积碳物种生成相关的低温甲醇转化的失活机理.     

甲醇在HY分子筛上合成异构烃的研究

在以分子筛为催化剂的甲醇转化研究领域中，最为成功的是甲醇在ZSM-5分子筛上转化制汽油的研究。由于在孔道结构以及酸性质上，ZSM-5型分子筛有着不同于HM、HY等其他分子筛的特点，使得它在甲醇转化制汽油的反应中有着其他分子筛不可比拟的优势。     

H-ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比对其催化的甲醇转化丙烯选择性的影响（英文）

本研究合成了一系列硅铝比不同(SiO_2/Al_2O_3=50-4000),但晶粒粒径相近的ZSM-5分子筛,并考察了硅铝比对甲醇转化反应丙烯选择性的影响。采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、NH_3-TPD和Py-FTIR方法对合成的HZSM-5分子筛进行物化性质表征。实验结果表明,随着硅铝比的增大,初始甲醇转化率降低,其中,硅铝比为50-1600的样品可以实现甲醇的完全转化。在甲醇完全转化的条件下,随着硅铝比的增大,丙烯选择性单调增加,从机理角度出发,揭示了甲醇转化制丙烯反应中,甲基化/裂化循环相较于甲基化/脱烷基化循环进行程度更大。此外,本研究提出了在甲醇完全转化条件下,保证最大丙烯选择性所需要的临界酸密度值([AS]_S),当甲醇进料量为0.162 g/min时,该临界值为0.175μmol/m~2。     

在H－ZSM－5沸石上甲醇转化为汽油的初始产物分布

在Ｈ－ＺＳＭ－５沸石上甲醇转化为汽油的初始产物分布姜玄珍（浙江大学化学系，杭州３１００２７）Ｒ．Ｆ．Ｈｏｗｅ（新南威尔士大学物理化学系，澳大利亚）关键词Ｈ－ＺＳＭ－５沸石，甲醇转化汽油，产物分布以氢型ＺＳＭ－５沸石作催化剂转化甲醇为汽油（ＭＴＧ），在...     

ZSM-5上甲醇制烯烃反应中低碳烯烃的成因

考察和比较了573—823K范围内HZSM-5上甲醇、C_2—C_(12)直链烯烃(除C_7~=为庚烯-2外,其它均为α-烯烃),以及C_6—C_(12)正构烷烃的转化产物分布,用TPSR技术追踪了甲醇转化反应的历程。结果表明甲醇转化过程中较长链烯烃(或其前体)的裂解对最终产物分布有很大影响。高于723K时,低碳烯烃,特别是乙烯,主要源于这些较长链烯烃的次级裂解。且温度愈高,愈有利于生成乙烯。甲烷含量在623K附近有一极大值。证实甲烷为甲醇转化的第一个烃类产物,极化了的表面(+)CH_3是产生初始C-C键的活性中间物种。讨论了甲醇转化的机理。     

甲烷/甲醇光催化转化研究进展

在能源需求不断上涨及石油供应日益紧张的背景下,开展对煤、天然气或生物质等非油基资源(CO、CO_2、CH_3OH、CH_4等)的高效利用显得尤为重要。C_1小分子(CO、CO_2、CH_3OH、CH_4等)经催化转化可得到燃料及多种化学品,一直受到学术界及工业界的广泛关注。甲烷/甲醇作为重要的C_1平台分子,其催化转化在C_1化学中占据重要地位。为了提高目标产物的选择性,需要有效地控制甲烷/甲醇中C―H键的活化。传统热催化作为甲烷/甲醇最常见的转化方法发展已久,但仍然面临着反应条件苛刻、能耗大、产率和选择性低等问题。光催化反应通过引入光能弥补反应中吉布斯自由能的上升,同时具有反应条件温和、操作简单、能耗低等特点,从而为甲烷/甲醇转化提供了新的途径。通过调节光的波长、强度以及催化剂的氧化能力可以实现甲烷/甲醇的选择性转化,减少副产物的生成。此外,光催化能够选择性活化甲醇的C―H键而非O―H键,从而实现甲醇的C―C偶联反应。本文主要围绕甲烷/甲醇的重整、氧化和偶联反应,总结近年来的光催化转化进展,并对进一步提高光催化性能做了展望。     

甲醇制烃（MTH）反应热力学研究

对甲醇制烃反应体系进行了热力学分析,计算了不同温度下各反应的焓变、吉布斯自由能变和反应平衡常数,采用平衡常数联立方程法估算了甲醇转化生成C2-C10烃的热力学平衡组成.计算结果表明：甲醇制烃为强放热反应,1 mol甲醇转化最大放热量约为90 kJ/mol;甲醇制烃体系中除甲醇脱水之外,大部分反应均可视为不可逆过程;高温低压不利于烷烃生成物,有利于芳烃和烯烃生成物.对计算结果与实验结果进行了比较,数据变化趋势较为一致.计算结果表明,甲醇制烃体系不受热力学的控制,催化剂的选择和反应条件的选择至关重要.     

H-ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比对其催化的甲醇转化丙烯选择性的影响

本研究合成了一系列硅铝比不同（SiO₂/Al₂O₃=50-4000），但晶粒粒径相近的ZSM-5分子筛，并考察了硅铝比对甲醇转化反应丙烯选择性的影响。采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD和Py-FTIR方法对合成的HZSM-5分子筛进行物化性质表征。实验结果表明，随着硅铝比的增大，初始甲醇转化率降低，其中，硅铝比为50-1600的样品可以实现甲醇的完全转化。在甲醇完全转化的条件下，随着硅铝比的增大，丙烯选择性单调增加，从机理角度出发，揭示了甲醇转化制丙烯反应中，甲基化/裂化循环相较于甲基化/脱烷基化循环进行程度更大。此外，本研究提出了在甲醇完全转化条件下，保证最大丙烯选择性所需要的临界酸密度值（[AS]_S），当甲醇进料量为0.162g/min时，该临界值为0.175μmol/m²。     

金蒲抑瘤片在鼻咽癌的临床应用研究

为探讨鼻咽癌患者放疗期间合并应用金蒲抑瘤片治疗对细胞免疫功能及血中微量元素硒、锌、铜的影响，经病理证实鼻咽癌患者58例，随机分为放疗服药组30例和单纯放疗组28例。两组放疗前后抽静脉血测定T细胞亚群（CD3＋，CD4＋，CD8＋，CD4＋／CD8＋），血中微量元素硒，锌，铜并与30例健康者（正常对照组）进行比较。结果表明，鼻咽癌患者血中微量元素硒，锌，铜及CD3＋，CD4＋，CD4＋／CD8＋显著低于健康人，放疗期间合并应用金蒲抑瘤片治疗后血中微量元素硒，锌，铜及CD3＋，CD4＋，CD4＋／CD8＋较服药前显著升高。提示鼻咽癌患者细胞免疫功能低下，血中微量元素硒，锌，铜显著低于健康人。金蒲抑瘤片能提高鼻咽癌患者因中微量元素硒，锌，铜含量，使低下的细胞免疫功能迅速恢复。     

CRYSTALLIZATION OF BLENDS OF AN ASYMMETRIC POLY（OXYETHYLENE）-b-POLY（OXYBUTYLENE） BLOCK COPOLYMER WITH POLY（OXYBUTYLENE）

An oxyethylene/oxybutylene block copolymer with asymmetric volume fraction (E115B103) was blended with oxybutylene homopolymer (Bh) at different volume fractions of the block (φE). Crystallization behavior of the blends was studied and was compared with that of the blends from a symmetric block copolymer (E114B56). It was found that the crystallization temperature of E115B103/B28 blend is lower than that of the blends from symmetric block copolymer. For the blend with φE= 0.30 breakout crystallization with an Avrami exponent n ≈ 3.0 is observed. At φE = 0.22 the blend exhibits a variable crystallization behavior: confined crystallization with n ≈ 1.0 at lower crystallization temperatures but breakout crystallization at high crystallization temperatures. For the blend with φE = 0.14 and sphere morphology confined crystallization occurs at all crystallization temperatures studied. When compared with the blends from symmetric block copolymer, confined crystallization occurs more easily in the E115B103/B28 blends. The SAXS results agree with the isothermal crystallization kinetics. Deformation of the confined crystalline block is observed in the blend with φE = 0.14 and mixed lamellar and cylinder morphologies in the blend with φE = 0.22.     

表面等离子体子共振传感器用于研究不同材质包裹的磁性纳米粒子性质

利用自行设计组装的以白色发光二极管为光源的表面等离子体子共振传感器实验装置, 检测了不同材质包裹的磁性纳米粒子连接靶向DNA与生物素化DNA探针的结合程度. 结果表明, 与聚苯乙烯磁性微球连接的靶向DNA相比, Fe3O4@SiO2核壳式纳米微球连接的靶向DNA与生物素化的DNA探针结合速率较快, 且其相对标准偏差较小.     

A hierarchically zeolite Y for the N-heterocyclic compounds synthesis

High activity and selectivity of the hierarchical H-Ymmm zeolite in the synthesis of practically important pyridines (by interaction of C₂–C₄ alcohols with formaldehyde and ammonia, cyclocondensation of acetaldehyde and propanal with ammonia), dialkyl quinolines (by reaction of aniline with aldehydes) and alkyl dihydroquinolines (by reaction of aniline with ketones- acetone, acetophenone) were revealed in the research.The advantages of the micro-meso-macroporous H-Ymmm zeolite over the microporous H-Y zeolite in the synthesis of pyridines and quinolines were demonstrated. In the products formed by the reaction of ethanol with formaldehyde and ammonia, picolines (up to 63%) and lutidine are predominant in H-Ymmm, Pb-H-Ymmm and Fe-H-Ymmm zeolites. The interaction of n-propanol (n-butanol) with formaldehyde and ammonia in the presence of H-Ymmm zeolite with high selectivity produced 3,5-lutidine (up to 90%) or 3,5-diethylpyridine (85%). H-Ymmm zeolite makes it possible to prepare 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine with 87% selectivity (reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonia) and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyridine with 58% selectivity (reaction of propanal with ammonia).The synthesis of dialkylquinolines and dialkyltetrahydroquinolines with a total selectivity of 65–73% by the interaction of aniline with C₃–C₅ aldehydes has been carried out. The dihydroquinoline derivatives with the selectivity of up to 70% have been synthesized by the reaction of aniline with ketones (acetone, acetophenone).     

Evidences of macromolecular chains confinement of ethylene–propylene copolymer in organophilic montmorillonite nanocomposites

A random ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPM) functionalized with grafted diethylsuccinate groups was melt blended with increasing amount (to 20 wt%) of organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) to prepare nanocomposites with different morphologies as evidenced by XRD and TEM analysis. All the nanocomposites were treated with boiling toluene that did not extract a significant amount of EPM. The increase of not-extracted EPM with the increasing quantity of OMMT suggested strong interactions of the polymer chains with the inorganic substrate. The DSC measurements of nanocomposites and the corresponding insoluble residues revealed a higher T_g values with larger amount of inorganic particles. The dielectric relaxation analysis confirmed the evidence of strong interactions among montmorillonite and the polar diethylsuccinate groups for the macromolecules trapped due to the presence of the inorganic layers. The results were discussed with reference to their relevance as an evidence of nanoconfinement at polymer clay interface and correlated with the clay basal distance variation due to the intercalation process.     

Synthesis and copolymerization of new phosphorus‐containing acrylates

Two phosphorus‐containing acrylate monomers were synthesized from the reaction of ethyl α‐chloromethyl acrylate and t‐butyl α‐bromomethyl acrylate with triethyl phosphite. The selective hydrolysis of the ethyl ester monomer with trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr) gave a phosphonic acid monomer. The attempted bulk polymerizations of the monomers at 57–60 °C with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were unsuccessful; however, the monomers were copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in bulk at 60 °C with AIBN. The resulting copolymers produced chars on burning, showing potential as flame‐retardant materials. Additionally, α‐(chloromethyl)acryloyl chloride (CMAC) was reacted with diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate to obtain a new monomer with identical ester and ether moieties. This monomer was hydrolyzed with TMSBr, homopolymerized, and copolymerized with MMA. The thermal stabilities of the copolymers increased with increasing amounts of the phosphonate monomer in the copolymers. A new route to highly reactive phosphorus‐containing acrylate monomers was developed. A new derivative of CMAC with mixed ester and ether groups was synthesized by substitution, first with diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate and then with sodium acetate. This monomer showed the highest reactivity and gave a crosslinked polymer. The incorporation of an ester group increased the rate of polymerization. The relative reactivities of the synthesized monomers in photopolymerizations were determined and compared with those of the other phosphorous‐containing acrylate monomers. Changing the monomer structure allowed control of the polymerization reactivity so that new phosphorus‐containing polymers with desirable properties could be obtained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2207–2217, 2003     

Hydrophile Polymergele mit reaktiven Gruppen, 4. Mitt.: Chelatharze mit schwefelhaltigen Ankergruppen auf Basis von Saccharosemethacrylaten

Chelating resins with thioglycolate anchor groups have been synthesized by reaction of sucrosemethacrylate gels with thioglycolic acid. The capacities of the gels were found to be extremely high for Ag⁺ (5,3 mmol/g) and Hg²⁺ (4,9 mmol/g). About 1 mmol Hg²⁺/g could be recovered from the gel reversibly by treatment with hydrochloric acid. The removal of Hg²⁺ from aqueous 3M alkalichloride solutions was possible with capacities of 1 mmol/g.Sucrosemethacrylate gels with primary aromatic amino group were reacted with CS₂/NH₃ to yield gels with dithiocarbamate groups. Gels with thiorea groups were prepared by reaction of the amino groups with NH₄SCN/HCl. Diazotation of the amino groups, subsequent reaction with potassium xanthogenate and hydrolysis afforded gels with thiol groups. Thiol containing gels were synthesized also by reaction of the diazotised gels with Na₂S₂ and subsequent reduction with Na₂S. Reaction of the diazotised gels with mercaptans yielded resins with thioether anchor groups. The capacities of the sulfur containing gels were found to be max. 4,1 mmol/g for Hg²⁺ and 5,9 mmol/g for Ag⁺. About 35% of the bonded Hg²⁺ could be eluted resersibly with 3N-HCl.

     

Thermal and ionic‐conductive behaviors of liquid crystalline polymers with alkali metal salt

In order to investigate the relationship between ionic conductivity and liquid crystallinity, we prepared the main‐chain type polyester having 1,4‐bisstyrylbenzene units and ethyleneoxide chain in the repeating unit. The main‐chain type polyester with lithium salt at the ratio of 0.04 per polymer repeating unit exhibited a smectic phase. However, the polyester with lithium salt (0.11) showed a nematic phase. The ionic conductivity of the polyester with lithium salt increased with increasing lithium salt concentration. The trans‐type polyester exhibited a liquid crystalline phase, while the cis‐type polyester did not show any mesophase. We found that the ionic conductivity of the trans‐type polyester with lithium salt (0.11) was larger than that of the cis‐type polyester with lithium salt (0.11). However, a liquid crystalline phase was found in the side‐chain type polyether with alkoxy chain length of below 12. A smectic phase was induced for the non‐mesomorphic polyethers with lithium salt. The layer spacing of the smectic A phase for the non‐mesomorphic polyether with lithium salt decreased from 55 to 41 Å with increasing temperature. The ionic conductivity of the polyether with lithium salt increased with decreasing the layer spacing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of binding entropy in the refinement of protein-ligand docking predictions: analysis based on the use of 11 scoring functions

We present results of testing the ability of eleven popular scoring functions to predict native docked positions using a recently developed method (Ruvinsky and Kozintsev, J Comput Chem 2005, 26, 1089) for estimation the entropy contributions of relative motions to protein-ligand binding affinity. The method is based on the integration of the configurational integral over clusters obtained from multiple docked positions. We use a test set of 100 PDB protein-ligand complexes and ensembles of 101 docked positions generated by (Wang et al. J Med Chem 2003, 46, 2287) for each ligand in the test set. To test the suggested method we compared the averaged root-mean square deviations (RMSD) of the top-scored ligand docked positions, accounting and not accounting for entropy contributions, relative to the experimentally determined positions. We demonstrate that the method increases docking accuracy by 10-21% when used in conjunction with the AutoDock scoring function, by 2-25% with G-Score, by 7-41% with D-Score, by 0-8% with LigScore, by 1-6% with PLP, by 0-12% with LUDI, by 2-8% with F-Score, by 7-29% with ChemScore, by 0-9% with X-Score, by 2-19% with PMF, and by 1-7% with DrugScore. We also compared the performance of the suggested method with the method based on ranking by cluster occupancy only. We analyze how the choice of a clustering-RMSD and a low bound of dense clusters impacts on docking accuracy of the scoring methods. We derive optimal intervals of the clustering-RMSD for 11 scoring functions.     

Multi-class classification with probabilistic discriminant partial least squares (p-DPLS)

This work describes multi-classification based on binary probabilistic discriminant partial least squares (p-DPLS) models, developed with the strategy one-against-one and the principle of winner-takes-all. The multi-classification problem is split into binary classification problems with p-DPLS models. The results of these models are combined to obtain the final classification result. The classification criterion uses the specific characteristics of an object (position in the multivariate space and prediction uncertainty) to estimate the reliability of the classification, so that the object is assigned to the class with the highest reliability. This new methodology is tested with the well-known Iris data set and a data set of Italian olive oils. When compared with CART and SIMCA, the proposed method has better average performance of classification, besides giving a statistic that evaluates the reliability of classification. For the olive oil set the average percentage of correct classification for the training set was close to 84% with p-DPLS against 75% with CART and 100% with SIMCA, while for the test set the average was close to 94% with p-DPLS as against 50% with CART and 62% with SIMCA.