梗丝形态对细支卷烟主流烟气及燃烧特性影响

为探寻细支卷烟的降本增效路径,开展了微波膨胀梗丝、薄压细切及常规气流梗丝在细支卷烟中的应用效果评价,考察了三种梗丝对细支卷烟物理特性、混合均匀度、常规主流烟气成分、动态吸阻稳定性、烟气粒径分布、燃烧锥体积及速率、7种有害成分及感官品质的影响。结果表明:①相对于常规传统气流梗丝而言,微波膨胀梗丝对细支卷烟吸阻影响更大,在相同试验条件下,其掺配样吸阻均值较常规传统气流梗丝样大113Pa。②微波膨胀梗丝和薄压细切气流梗丝的掺配均匀度均值分别为97.674%、97.005%,均大于常规气流梗丝的掺配均匀度均值94.846%。③常规主流烟气成分释放量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为评价指标,细支卷烟样品稳定性排序为:微波膨胀梗丝掺配样薄压细切气流梗丝掺配样常规气流梗丝掺配样,感官品质得分与此排序一致,常规气流梗丝掺配样的抽吸均衡性差、木质气重,感官品质得分最低;④较常规气流梗丝掺配样,微波膨胀梗丝及薄压细切气流梗丝掺配样动态吸阻稳定性更优,这与三种梗丝的掺配均匀度均值排序一致;⑤三种梗丝掺配样的中值粒径(CMD)均值基本一致,均分布在146nm附近。其中微波膨胀梗丝掺配样的逐口抽吸粒子浓度最大;⑥薄压细切气流梗丝掺配样的燃烧速率及燃烧锥体积均最大,其燃烧更充分;⑦7项有害成分方面,常规气流梗丝降低苯酚、巴豆醛及NNK的效果最优,其卷烟危害性指数均低于微波膨胀梗丝与薄压细切气流梗丝掺配样,表明前者在细支烟中的减害作用较优。     

卷烟原料的保润性能研究

采用烘箱法、动态水分吸附分析系统、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)以及电子扫描显微镜技术比较了卷烟原料保润性的差异。结果表明:1原料烟丝平衡含水率为12.68%,膨胀丝为12.45%,混合丝为12.07%,梗丝为11.99%,而且依据不同原料自身结构的不同,填充值差异性明显。2由于原料微结构存在明显性差异,烟丝失水率为7.24%,膨胀丝为7.61%,混合丝为8.37%,梗丝为11.95%,表明了烟丝的物理保润性效果较好。3综合分析原料挥发性成分及含量,烟丝与膨胀丝致香成分含量较多,混合丝次之,梗丝较少。     

微波膨胀梗丝对常规卷烟主流烟气成分释放量的影响研究

本文以微波膨胀梗丝为研究对象,分析了其掺配量对烟支主流烟气指标包括抽吸口数、焦油、烟碱及一氧化碳的影响,并与传统梗丝掺配样品进行对比。结果表明:(滤嘴通风、13%掺配量时,"微波膨胀梗丝掺配样品"较"传统梗丝掺配样品"的抽吸口数增加0.18口/支,焦油量降低0.867 mg/支,烟碱量降低0.055 mg/支,一氧化碳降低0.726 mg/支;2接装纸不通风时,随梗丝掺配比例增加,传统梗丝掺配样品的抽吸口数有成比例降低趋势,而微波梗丝掺配样品的抽吸口数基本保持在7.7口/支不变;3较传统梗丝掺配样品,试验条件下6组微波膨胀梗丝掺配样品的吸阻均值高51 Pa;4微波膨胀梗丝的自由燃烧速率略低于传统梗丝,分别为11.51 mm·min-1、12.04 mm·min-1;5微波膨胀梗丝降低焦油、一氧化碳的效果均优于传统梗丝,焦油、一氧化碳释放量均值分别降低0.4 mg/支、1.0 mg/支,降低烟碱的效果略低于传统梗丝。     

几种保润剂对卷烟烟气化学成分的影响

考察了不同类别的保润剂(丙二醇、甘油、27664号保润剂、木糖醇和山梨醇)对卷烟烟气化学成分的影响,包括对烟气总粒相物、烟碱、水分、焦油含量及卷烟烟气中致香成分组成和有害物质含量的变化。结果表明:①加入不同种类的保润剂后对卷烟烟气的化学成分有明显的影响,而且其影响随着添加量的变化而变化。②随着各种保润剂的加入,卷烟烟气中致香成分总量均比空白卷烟烟气显著增大,同时烟气中苯类和胺类有害物质含量也增大。     

抗病毒烟草及三种类型烟草烟气气相色谱分析

70年代GC/MS联用成功以来,人们对烟草烟气化学成分的研究日益深入,已经鉴定出烟气成分近千种,不同品种的烟草或同一品种而产地不同其烟气化学成分也略有不同,这些烟气成分中有些是原有的组份,但多数是烟草在高温下燃烧裂解氧化还原和裂解后再合成的产物。这些组分几乎包括有机化合物的所有类型例如烷     

烟草油的分析鉴定

烟草烟末、碎烟梗用溶剂萃取后可制得烟草浸膏,烟草浸膏用溶剂溶解后,其萃取液经减压蒸馏浓缩可得到烟草油[1].由于原料来源不同,烟草油嗅香和评吸效果有所不同,仅从感官和物理指标上无法判断质量不同的具体原因.比较气-质联用分析的总离子流图可以很直观的快速了解其中的主要差别,利用谱库检索[2]则可系统的解析感官评判和评吸效果较好烟草油的主要成分.     

基于多指标含量测定结合化学计量学的不同产地丹参品质差异分析

为对比分析产地对丹参中酚酸类和丹参酮类成分的影响,采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）及超高效液相色谱－三重四极杆质谱联用技术（UPLC－QQQ－MS）同时测定来自山东、河南、陕西、四川、安徽共408份丹参中23种化学成分的含量,并对数据进行多元统计分析。研究发现17种酚酸类及6种丹参酮类成分在不同产地丹参中均存在显著差异。山东的丹参样品中丹参酮类成分含量最高,四川的样品中丹酚酸B含量最高,安徽丹参的紫草酸、丹酚酸Y、丹酚酸A、丹酚酸D和丹酚酸E等的含量最高。多种模式识别方法均可用于不同产地丹参的判别分析,线性判别分析（LDA）为产地溯源的最佳模型。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS－DA）表明不同产地丹参的化学成分差异较大,不同来源丹参的质量差异标志物不仅限于丹酚酸B、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮ⅡA,其他丹酚酸类及丹参酮类也是重要的质量标志物。该研究对全国不同主产区的栽培丹参进行多指标含量测定及建模分析,所建立的定量方法专属性强、准确高效,可为不同产地丹参的质量控制及产地判别提供参考。     

不同烟草生物质热解释放致香物质的研究

采用烟叶和烟梗为原料,使用热裂解气相色谱法对烟草的燃烧时间、燃烧温度进行控制,精确模拟实际烟草致香物质释放环境,精确捕获、并半定量物质,从而在实验室模拟、分析、研究烟草燃烧物中致香物质的组成和特点。研究分别考察了两种生物质在500℃、550℃下释放的致香物质组成。结果表明,烟梗、烟叶中元素组成中硫、氮两种元素含量低,而C/H比值两种烟草生物质均较高。两个热解温度下烟叶的热解产物中致香物质的含量均明显高于烟梗。升高热解温度均有利于获得更高相对含量的热解成分。烟叶热解产物中烯烃类物质相对含量比烟梗中多,而烟梗热解产物中酚类物质含量比烟叶中多。提高热解温度有利于酮类致香物质含量产生。     

辛夷挥发油的GC-MS指纹图谱研究

建立了辛夷挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱,比较不同产地、不同采收期辛夷的相似性以及差异。结果表明不同批次药材成分及含量有一定的差别,不同产地以及不同采收期样品间有较大差异。实验表明该方法可较全面地反映辛夷挥发油的化学成分,为辛夷药材的质量控制提供有效手段。     

关键制丝工艺对烟气成分中挥发性成分的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了不同制丝工艺参数(松散回潮的热风温度、切丝宽度、HT工作蒸汽流量、烘丝热风温度和排潮风门开度)条件下制成的卷烟样品烟气成分中的挥发性成分。结果表明:酯类物质的释放总量在这些工艺参数条件下存在极显著差异的水平,说明酯类物质的释放总量在5种工艺参数不同条件下的变化是极明显的。综合分析部分致香成分和简单酚类的释放总量,选取样品2与样品4的工艺参数条件进行对比可知较高的松散回潮热风温度和烘丝热风温度更加有利于增加卷烟烟气中挥发性成分的释放量;在增加卷烟香吃味方面样品4的工艺参数条件为最佳生产条件,在该工艺条件下生产出的卷烟样品其烟气成分中致香成分的释放总量最多。     

Etude variationnelle d'une double perturbation. Application au calcul des constantes de couplage entre spins nucleaires

The calculation of molecular electronic polarizability tensor components is presented in the CNDO approximation using several methods, on one hand a perturbation calculation, on the other hand a variational method. Results obtained on thirty molecules are used to compare these methods and to discuss their usefulness.

     

龙井茶特征香气成分分析及种类判别

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析了39份龙井茶叶中的挥发性成分,结合质谱数据库与保留指数,从24份西湖核心区龙井茶中获得了200余种挥发性化合物,这些挥发性成分中主要含有醇类、酯类、酮类、杂环类等化合物,经筛选得到26种共有组分.并采用主成分分析法(PCA)对24份西湖核心区龙井茶和15份疑似龙井茶进行了有效区分.该方法适用于茶叶的品质鉴定、真假识别、产地溯源等方面的研究,也为其他产品的挥发性成分分析提供参考.     

高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中7种甘草成分

建立了一种测定化妆品中7种甘草成分的高效液相色谱法。样品经甲醇(7+3)溶液提取,采用ODS-2HYPERSIL色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-0.05%(φ)磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用光电二极管阵列检测器在237nm处进行检测。7种组分的质量浓度在1~200mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.6~1.0ng之间。对空白样品进行加标回收试验,回收率在92.5%~103%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.09%~1.8%之间。     

红珍珠血脂康胶囊的营养成分分析

对红珍珠血脂康胶囊一般营养成分、氨基酸、维生素及矿物质元素进行了测定和营养学评价．结果表明：红珍珠血脂康胶囊在配料组成上具有天然、营养成分全面等特点．其中氨基酸成分全面，蛋白质与脂肪酸的含量分别为7.23％、10％，VC高达180mg/100g，Ca、Zn、Fe、P的含量分别为4109．0mg／kg、160．6mg／kg、494．5mg／kg、1194．3mg/kg为进一步研究提供了基础数据．     

卷烟加工关键工序烟草碱、中性香味成分变化研究

卷烟在制丝过程中,烟叶原料要经过加温、加湿和干燥等处理,温度、湿度等外界条件在不断地发生变化,必然会引起烟草内部化学成分的一系列变化。本文采用同时蒸馏萃取的前处理方法,对卷烟加工过程中松片回潮、润叶加料、烘丝3个关键生产工序前后的碱、中性香味成分进行了GC-MS法定性定量分析。为卷烟加工工艺技术参数的优化、工艺控制的改进提供理论依据。     

A note on atomic density

In atomic systems, electron density has a simple finite expansion in spherical harmonics times radial factors. The difficulties in the calculation of some radial factors are illustrated in the low‐lying states of the carbon atom. Single‐particle methods such as Hartree–Fock and approximate density functional theory cannot ensure the correct expansion of the density in spherical harmonics. Wave‐function methods are appropriate but, as some expansion terms are entirely due to correlation, these methods only will give correct results for high‐quality variational functions. Using full‐configuration integration (CI), all the terms predicted by the theory appear and are not negligible but the convergence of the term due to correlation toward its correct value is uncertain even for very large CI spaces. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Assessment of the impact of a phosphatic fertilizer plant on the adjacent environment using fuzzy logic

The impact of a phosphatic fertilizer plant on the adjacent environment was examined. Selected rare earth elements, heavy metals and metalloids were determined in substrates and products, waste by-product, and grass and soil samples. Concentration gradients of elements in grass and soil samples along the southerly and easterly directions were examined and compared with the content of interior soil and grass samples, substrates, and products. Results were compared with available data on soil permissible element concentration levels. Two fuzzy principal component analysis (FPCA) methods for robust estimation of principal components were applied and compared with classical PCA. The efficiency of the new algorithms is illustrated. The investigation explored the impact of the plant on the adjacent environment. The most reliable results, in good agreement with types of samples, were produced using the FPCA-O algorithm     

Danube River Water Data Modelling by Multivariate Data Analysis

 A data set (48×19) consisting of Danube river water analytical data collected at Galati site, Romania, during a four-year period has been treated by principal components analysis (PCA). The PCA indicated that seven latent factors (“hardness”, “biochemical”, “waste inlets”, “turbidity”, “acidity”, “soil extracts” and “organic wastes”) are responsible for the data structure and explain over 80 % of the total variance of the system. Its complexity is further proved by the application of multiple linear regression analysis on the absolute principal components scores (APCS) where the contribution of each natural or anthropogenic sources in the factor formation is shown. The apportioning makes clear that each variable participates to a different extent to each source and, in this way, no pure natural or pure anthropogenic influence could be determined. No specific seasonality for the variables in consideration is found. Received January 24, 2001. Revision July 6, 2001.     

Multi-element and mineralogical analysis of mineral ores using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometric analysis

In the mining industry the quality and extent of an ore body is determined on the basis of routine assays conducted on drill core and chip samples. Both the elemental composition and the mineralogical classification are important in the characterisation of an ore body for commercial exploitation. Mining industry laboratories typically analyse large numbers of samples from both exploration and mine production environments.At CSIRO we have explored the application of chemometric methods of analysis in combination with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in order to produce routine quantitative analysis of several ore types including iron, nickel and lead/zinc ores. In particular, principal components regression (PCR) has been applied to perform multi-element analysis of iron ore samples from Australia and West Africa. Calibration models for iron (4.8% Av. Relative Error), aluminium (2.2%), silicon (3.7%) and potassium (1.4%) were determined for the Australian ores. In addition phosphorous measurements were made at trace level for samples from West Africa (5.5% Av. Relative Error). LIBS measurements of segments of a nickel drill core were also analysed using PCR.Mineralogical classification using a combination of LIBS and principal components analysis (PCA) has also been explored. Broad discrimination of ore mineralogy was demonstrated on the basis of the PCA of LIBS spectra in selected emission wavelength bands. The combination of PCA and PCR offers potential for both broad mineralogical and elemental analysis for the minerals industry in exploration and in mine production for the on-line monitoring of ore quality.     

Influence of the Medium Composition and the Culture Conditions on Surfactin Biosynthesis by a Native Bacillus subtilis natto BS19 Strain

An effective microbial synthesis of surfactin depends on the composition of the culture medium, the culture conditions and the genetic potential of the producer strain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of various medium components for the surfactin producing strain and to determine the impact of the culture conditions on the biosynthesis of surfactin isoforms by the newly isolated native strain Bacillus subtilis natto BS19. The efficiency of surfactin biosynthesis was determined by measuring the surface tension of the medium before and after submerged culture (SmF) and by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the obtained compound by high performance liquid chromatography. The highest efficiency of surfactin biosynthesis was achieved using starch as the carbon source and yeast extract as the nitrogen source at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. Potato peelings were selected as an effective waste substrate. It was shown that the increase in the percentage of peel extract in the culture medium enhanced the biosynthesis of surfactin (mg/L) (2–30.9%; 4–46.0% and 6–58.2%), while reducing surface tension of the medium by about 50%. The obtained results constitute a promising basis for further research on biosynthesis of surfactin using potato peelings as a cheap alternative to synthetic medium components.