四氢萘在两种改性Y沸石为担体的Mo—Ni催化剂上的加氢裂化

在两种改性Y分子筛为担体的Mo-Ni催化剂上,利用连续流动微型反应装置,在320－380℃、8.5MPa的反应条件下,对四氢萘加氢裂化反应进行了研究。根据产品分布提出了四氢萘加氢裂化反应网络。用非线性参数估计法对甲氢萘加氢裂化反应网络的拟一级动力学常数进行了计算,结果表明：四氢萘加氢裂化反应是复杂的平行－串联反应（包括加氢、异构、裂化）。四氢萘加氢裂化反庆的关键步骤和双环化合物裂解的转化率以及单环化合物的产率与两种催化剂担体的酸性及反应温度有关。四氢萘 加氢裂化反应动力学符合Langmuir-Hinshellwood 双位机理。     

稳定同位素方法研究正构烷烃与四氢萘二元体系的反应

以正构烷烃作为模型化合物的热反应、临氢反应、临氢催化反应中,添加供氢剂抑制正构烷烃所裂化;气相氢和供氢剂的供氢参与饱和烯烃,两者是性质不同的氢源,前者加速裂化,后者抑制裂化。供氢剂供氢行为依赖于反应体系自由基的多少和温度以及反应过程,反应体系较多的自由基和较高的反应温度有利于供氢行为。稳定同位素方法研究模型化合物的裂化反应表明,供氢剂的作用是通过脱氢湮灭自由基来抑制裂化反应,同时发现H12－四氢萘和D12－四氢萘的供氢（氘）率上存在着动力学同位素效应,在临氢及临氢催化体系中尤其是临氢催化体系中,动力学同位素效应变得不再明显。     

稳定同位素方法研究模型化合物之间的氢转移反应

二十烷,菲作为模型化合物,以四氢萘为供氢剂,在临氮及临氢体系中应用氘代四氢萘考察供氢剂的氢转移反应,发现供氢剂抑制烷烃的裂化,其作用是通过脱氢湮灭自由基来抑制裂化反应。临氮及临氢条件下,与正二十烷与菲的二元体系相比,正二十烷,菲和四氢萘三元体系中四氢萘不仅能生成较多的菲的氢化芳烃产物,而且稳定同位素方法表明氘代四氢萘可以向菲和菲的氢化芳烃产物转移更多的氘,同时发现H12－四氢萘和D12－四氢萘的供氢（氘）率上存在着动力学同位素效应。     

化学改性对催化裂化催化剂氢转移性能的影响

 研究了用草酸处理裂化催化剂的活性组分USY型分子筛以及在催化剂基质中添加磷改性的氧化铝等方法对裂化催化剂氢转移反应活性的影响. 实验结果表明,酸处理能脱除USY型分子筛孔道中的无定形氧化铝,疏通分子筛孔道,提高分子筛的氢转移反应活性,减少积碳; 对于含稀土的REUSY型分子筛,酸处理首先脱除的是稀土离子,降低了分子筛的裂化反应活性,但提高了氢转移反应活性. 在催化剂基质中添加磷改性的氧化铝能增加基质的弱酸性中心,增加裂化反应的活性中心,提高催化剂的裂化及氢转移反应活性,同时减少催化剂上的积碳.     

供氢剂与分散型催化剂协同作用的研究

以辽河渣油为原料,四氢萘为供氢剂,二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钼为油溶性催化剂在高压釜中进行裂化反应,比较了临氢裂化,临氢供氢裂化,催化加氢裂化以及供氢剂与分散型催化剂共同存在下的加氢裂化,在同样生焦量的情况下,渣油裂化转化率的顺序为：临氢催化供氢过程＞临氢催化过程＞临氢供氢过程＞临氢过程,同时发现供氢剂与分散型催化剂在渣油加氢裂化过程中具有协同作用,与单独使用分散型催化剂的改质反应相比,供氢剂的协同作用不但可以在低转化率下延迟生焦诱导期,提高渣油生焦前的最大转化率,而且在高转化率下对渣油的缩合反应有更大的抑制作用。由420－440℃四集总表观动力学模型计算出的动力学速率常数和活化能表明,供氢剂与分散型催化剂产生的协同作用提高了沥青质和焦生成的活化能,极大地抑制了沥青质和焦生成 速率,而对可溶质生成馏分油的裂化反应的抑制作用很小。     

供氢(氘)剂在减压渣油四组分裂化中的作用及其同位素效应

研究了辽河减渣四组分在微型高压釜内中临氮热裂化、临氢热裂化和临氢催化加氢反应，考察了供氢剂或供氘剂对上述反应的影响。结果表明，临氮热裂化时沥青质是大量生焦的物种，胶质的生焦能力不显著，芳香分、饱和分不生焦；临氢热裂化沥青质生焦量减少，胶质很少生焦，芳香分和饱和分不生焦；临氢催化加氢时，辽河减渣四组分在临氢反应基础之上，生焦量进一步降低。辽河减渣四组分在临氮热裂化、临氢热裂化和临氢催化加氢过程中添加供氢剂或供氘剂后，生焦反应得到显著抑制，相比之下供氢剂的作用更为明显。三种氢源都具有抑制渣油四组分缩合或缩聚反应的作用。渣油四组分从供氢剂或供氘剂中获得氢（氘）的能力不同，沥青质>胶质>芳香分≈饱和分。就同一组分而言，供氢剂或供氘剂的表观供氢（氘）率随反应条件不同而不同，临氮热裂化> 临氢热裂化>临氢催化加氢过程。供氢剂与供氘剂在所有的过程中都存在明显的动力学效应，并且这个动力学效应随加工环境的不同而变化，在临氮热裂化过程中动力学同位素效应明显。在临氢热裂化过程，尤其是催化加氢裂化过程中动力学效应逐渐变得不明显。2H-NMR分析表明，氘代四氢萘的环烷环中的α位比β位的脱氢选择性高，氘代四氢萘脱氢选择性大小的顺序为：临氮热裂化>临氢热裂化>临氢催化加氢过程。     

MCM-41负载钴催化H_2O_2氧化四氢萘合成α-四氢萘酮

比较了醋酸溶液中过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni、Ce、Cu、La、Zr或Cr)掺杂MCM-41催化过氧化氢氧化四氢萘合成α-四氢萘酮的转化率和选择性,发现其中Co/MCM-41的催化活性最好。探讨了Co/MCM-41作催化剂时反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等对四氢萘氧化的转化率和形成四氢萘酮选择性的影响,确定了较优的反应条件:m(四氢萘)∶m(催化剂)=12.5∶1;反应温度T=383 K,反应时间8 h。四氢萘的转化率达94.7%,α-四氢萘酮的选择性达到70.3%。在反应体系中,Co/MCM-41是一种固体非均相催化剂。催化剂Co/MCM-41可回收重复使用3次,催化活性基本不变。     

十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上的开环反应研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中研究了Y分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的十氢萘裂化开环反应性能,考察了温度和剂油比对Y分子筛开环反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,十氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃以及苯、C_1~4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃,并通过脱氢缩合反应生成四氢萘、萘、甲基萘和菲、芘等多环芳烃甚至焦炭等。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的裂化开环反应选择性比Y分子筛催化剂的高,因此,十氢萘环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例(NRO/DHC)在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上较高。在Y分子筛催化剂上,温度为450~550 ℃、剂油比为3~9,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。     

金属卟啉与过渡金属盐分步催化四氢萘合成α-四氢萘酮及反应机理

对以四氢萘为原料制备α-四氢萘酮的工艺进行了研究. 反应分两步进行: 首先以金属卟啉为催化剂催化空气氧化四氢萘,得到主要成分为α-四氢萘过氧化氢和α-四氢萘酮的氧化产物;然后以过渡金属盐为催化剂,将氧化产物中的α-四氢萘过氧化氢定向分解为α-四氢萘酮. 结果表明,四氢萘的金属卟啉催化氧化产物主要是α-四氢萘过氧化氢和α-四氢萘酮,仅得到微量的α-四氢萘醇. 含过渡金属CuⅠ和FeⅡ离子的盐类可以高选择性地将四氢萘氧化产物中α-四氢萘过氧化氢定向转化为α-四氢萘酮, FeⅡ离子的活性最高. 详细考察了不同金属卟啉及其浓度、温度对催化氧化四氢萘的影响;考察了不同金属离子及其浓度、温度对分解过程的影响. 对金属卟啉的催化氧化机理及过渡金属离子分解α-四氢萘过氧化氢机理进行了探讨.     

HY／MCM-41／γ-A12O3负载的硫化态Ni-Mo-P催化剂上萘的加氢

采用水热法合成了不同SiO2／Al2O3比的MCM-41介孔分子筛．并分别以HY／MCM-41／γ-A1203，HY／γ-A12O3和γ-Al2O3为载体，用浸渍法制备了Mo-Ni-P催化剂．以萘为模型化合物，考察了硫化态Mo-Ni-P催化剂的加氢活性．结果表明，不同载体负载的催化剂催化活性均随着活性组分负载量的增大而提高，其中掺杂大比表面MCM-41的HY／MCM-41/γ-Al2O3所负载的催化剂催化活性提高幅度最大．由于MCM-41与HY分子筛在酸性和孔结构上存在互补性，因而催化剂对萘加氢存在协同作用．提出了萘加氢的反应机理，认为反应网络包括两个平行路径：-是萘加氢生成四氢萘后发生异构化或开环反应；二是萘加氢生成四氢萘后进-步加氢生成十氢萘，继而发生异构化或开环反应．     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Catalyst free,visible-light promoted photoaddition reactions between C60 and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted tertiary amines for synthesis of aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes

An efficient and benign method for the preparation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerenes has been developed. The process, involving catalyst free, visible-light irradiation of 10% EtOH-toluene solutions containing fullerene C₆₀ and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted amines by using a 20 W compact fluorescent lamp, leads to formation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerene adducts in a highly efficient manner. The photoaddition reaction takes place via a pathway initiated by visible light absorption by C₆₀, followed by SET from the amine to the triplet excited state of C₆₀. Ethanol-promoted desilylation of the resulting a minimum radical then generates the corresponding α-amino radical which couples with the C₆₀ radical anion to form the anion precursor of the fullerene adducts. The new approach using visible-light takes place under mild conditions and it does not require the use of photocatalysts. Thus, the method developed in this effort could broadens the range of functionalized fullerene derivatives that can be readily prepared.     

Highly efficient and stereoselective cycloaddition of nitrones to indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates

The reactions of various nitrones with indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates proceeds regioselectively with high diastereoselectivity in the case of aldonitrones, and represents an effective method for obtaining new indolyl- and pyrrolyl-substituted isoxazolidine carboxylates stabilized by weak (CH?O) and moderate (NH?N) strength intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The resulting cycloadducts exhibit promising in vitro anti-influenza activities.     

Transition metal-free direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources

A transition metal-free method for the direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources is reported, which was mediated by an inexpensive and environmentally friendly tetrabutylammonium iodide/tert-butyl hydroperoxide system and gave the 2-aminobenzoxazole derivatives with moderate to good yields.     

l-Proline-catalyzed five-component domino reaction leading to multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines

Multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines are concisely synthesized in good yields via l-proline-catalyzed or l-proline/FeCl₃-cocatalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs). The MCRs involve a domino hydroamination/prins reaction/Mannich-type reaction/intramolecular dehydration-cyclization process. The molecular structure of 5baa, one of multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Exploring the scope of the Gewald reaction: Expansion to a four-component process

An efficient four-component reaction was developed to take advantage of the reactivity of the 2-aminothiophene-3-carbonitrile functionality, which is obtained during the classical three-component Gewald reaction. Various α-methylene bearing ketones were reacted with malononitrile, elemental sulfur, and aryl/heteroarylnitrile derivatives in t-BuOH/NaOH to afford 2-arylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines in high yields. Preliminary studies revealed the photophysical properties of the products and their potential for use as metal sensors.