主链链端功能化聚烯烃的设计、合成及其应用研究新进展

设计与合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃已成为目前聚烯烃功能化研究的热点之一。本文首先对聚烯烃功能化研究进行了简要介绍,然后重点评述了主链链端功能化聚烯烃的设计、合成及其应用研究的新进展,并对其前景进行了展望。     

结构可控的功能化聚烯烃设计与合成

聚烯烃的功能化是聚烯烃研究领域的热点,设计和合成结构可控的功能化聚烯烃 是目前聚烯烃功能化的主要研究方向.本文首先对功能化聚烯烃进行结构上的归纳分类,然后针对不同结构的功能化聚烯烃,分别综述了其设计与合成方面近年来的研究进展,并展望了聚烯烃功能化研究的前景.     

主链链端功能化聚烯烃的设计、合成及其应用

设计与合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃已成为目前聚烯烃功能化研究的热点之一.本文首先对聚烯烃功能化研究进行了简要介绍,然后重点评述了自2000年以来用于设计合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃的4种方法:烯烃聚合中向链转移剂进行链转移的方法、烯烃配位活性聚合方法、烯烃阴离子活性聚合方法以及叶立德活性聚合方法.接着,对主链链端功能化聚烯烃的应用研究新进展进行了举例介绍,最后对其设计、合成及应用前景进行了展望.     

基于叶立德同源聚合的聚烯烃功能化研究

近年来,新的合成方法的发现以及多种活性聚合组合策略的运用,已成为聚烯烃功能化领域的研究热点。本文首先对构筑聚烯烃分子链骨架的一种新合成方法——叶立德同源聚合的反应机理、单体及其研究现状进行了简要的介绍,然后详细评述了叶立德同源聚合分别与活性阴离子聚合、原子转移自由基聚合、可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合以及开环聚合相结合,设计、合成功能化聚烯烃共聚物的研究新进展。最后,对基于叶立德同源聚合设计、合成功能化聚烯烃共聚物的研究前景与实际应用进行了展望。     

含硅功能化聚烯烃:合成及应用

聚烯烃功能化改性是获得高性价比新材料的有效途径。含硅功能化聚烯烃(SFPO)是聚烯烃分子结构中含有机硅功能基团或有机硅聚合物链段的一类功能化聚烯烃的统称。由于有机硅功能基团及有机硅聚合物特殊的理化性质,SFPO通常具有丰富反应性或优异性能,成为一类有代表性的功能化聚烯烃。SFPO可以作为反应性中间体,用于制备具有复杂拓扑结构的功能化聚烯烃(如星型聚合物、梳型聚合物、接枝共聚物)或聚烯烃共价键接枝改性纳米材料;SFPO还可作为功能性添加剂(如增容剂、加工助剂,表面改性剂),用于开发聚烯烃新材料。近年来,研究人员在含硅功能化聚烯烃研究领域取得了系列进展,本文旨在对相关工作进行系统总结,以期引起同行注意并促进相关研究深入发展。     

聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料及其聚烯烃纳米复合材料

聚烯烃纳米复合材料为聚烯烃材料带来广阔的性能提升空间,其研究开发工作引起了人们的广泛关注。聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料在制备高性能聚烯烃纳米复合材料方面有重要应用。接枝聚烯烃提高了纳米材料与聚烯烃基体之间的相容性,提供良好的界面作用力,从而有效促进纳米材料在聚烯烃基体中均匀分散、极大提高了聚烯烃纳米复合材料的相关性能。三种途径可以用来制备聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料:Graft-onto、Graft-from、Graft-through。Graft-onto方法是端基或侧基功能化聚烯烃与纳米材料表面活性基团或碳结构进行接枝反应的过程。由于功能化聚烯烃具有高度反应活性且方便得到,Graft-onto方法占据了制备聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料的主流。Graft-from和Graft-through方法中聚烯烃接枝过程即为烯烃聚合过程,实施较为困难,因而文献报道相对较少。本文对聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料的制备及其相应的聚烯烃纳米复合材料的最新研究进展进行了综述,着重讨论了聚烯烃接枝对聚烯烃纳米复合材料性能的影响。所涉及纳米材料包括二氧化硅(零维)、碳纳米管(一维)和石墨烯(二维)。     

聚烯烃后功能化：自由基接枝与碳氢活化

聚烯烃是消费量最大、应用最广泛的合成树脂。在聚烯烃结构中引入少量功能性基团,能够在保持聚烯烃固有优异性能的前提下,赋予聚烯烃极性、反应性、粘接性、抗氧化性、荧光性等多种功能特性,从而得到具有重要应用前景的功能化聚烯烃。后功能化法是制备功能化聚烯烃的主要方法之一。传统熔融自由基接枝(FRG)反应可控性低、副反应多,难以制备结构明确的高接枝量产物。使用新型引发体系,可提高FRG反应可控性,抑制副反应、提高接枝量。相比FRG反应,碳氢活化反应可控性强,可引入的功能性基团品类丰富,可用于高效合成结构明确、无副反应的新颖功能化聚烯烃。本文在简述FRG反应制备功能化聚烯烃的基础上,着重讨论近年来基于碳氢活化反应制备功能化聚烯烃的最新研究进展。     

直接共聚法制备功能化聚烯烃研究进展

从催化剂研究发展的角度概述了直接配位共聚法制备功能化聚烯烃的研究现状 ,重点讨论了催化剂的结构 ,主催化剂和助催化剂以及催化剂和极性基团之间的相互作用对直接功能化聚合反应的影响。     

功能化聚烯烃合成研究进展

综述了近年来在功能化聚烯烃合成领域的研究进展,包括烯烃配位共聚催化剂的研究和烯烃配位聚合与其它聚合方式联用制备功能化聚烯烃的研究进展.     

反应性聚烯烃的分子设计、催化聚合及应用

通用高分子材料高性能化研究的一个主要内容是聚烯烃(聚乙烯和聚丙烯)的高性能化和功能化.但是,由于聚烯烃大分子的化学惰性,其化学(分子)改性和物理(材料)改性都存在很大困难.近年来,烯烃聚合催化剂技术不断进步,烯烃聚合理论研究持续深入,从而为通过分子设计手段以可控方式在聚烯烃中引入化学活泼基团而制备结构明确和组成均匀的反应性聚烯烃奠定了基础.本文从反应性聚烯烃的分子设计、催化聚合以及其在聚烯烃高性能化研究中的应用等几个方面综述了近年来反应性聚烯烃领域的研究进展,并对此领域今后的研究发展方向提出了建议.     

Highly Efficient and Reversible Covalent Patterning of Graphene: 2D‐Management of Chemical Information

Patterned graphene‐functionalization with a tunable degree of functionalization can tailor the properties of graphene. Here, we present a new reductive functionalization approach combined with lithography rendering patterned graphene‐functionalization easily accessible. Two types of covalent patterning of graphene were prepared and their structures were unambiguously characterized by statistical Raman spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS). The reversible defunctionalization processes, as revealed by temperature‐dependent Raman spectroscopy, enable the possibility to accurately modulate the degree of functionalization by annealing. This allows for the management of chemical information through complete write/store/erase cycles. Based on our strategy, controllable and efficient patterning graphene‐functionalization is no longer a challenge and facilitates the development of graphene‐based devices.     

Synthesis and characterization of styrene grafted carbon nanotube and its polystyrene nanocomposite

Effective side wall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with 4-vinylaniline was carried out through solvent free functionalization. The functionalized SWCNT was characterized through FT-IR and NMR. Typical peaks to identify the functionalization were observed. Thermal analysis shows around 48% weight loss in functionalized SWCNT in comparison to the pure SWCNT. The ratio of disordered to order transition (I_D/I_G) in FT-Raman, indicated the generation of some surface defects due to functionalization. Near infrared spectrum of functionalized SWCNT also confirmed the functionalization of SWCNT. The polystyrene nanocomposite materials were prepared with functionalized SWCNT as fillers by solution casting from tetrahydrofuran. The functionalized SWCNT nanocomposite showed significant improvement in mechanical properties and electrical properties. The dispersibility of the carbon nanotube in the composite was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy.     

Spatially Resolved Bottom-Side Fluorination of Graphene by Two-Dimensional Substrate Patterning

Patterned functionalization can, on the one hand, open the band gap of graphene and, on the other hand, program demanding designs on graphene. The functionalization technique is essential for graphene-based nanoarchitectures. A new and highly efficient method was applied to obtain patterned functionalization on graphene by mild fluorination with spatially arranged AgF arrays on the structured substrate. Scanning Raman spectroscopy (SRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize the functionalized materials. For the first time, chemical patterning on the bottom side of graphene was realized. The chemical nature of the patterned functionalization was determined to be the ditopic scenario with fluorine atoms occupying the bottom side and moieties, such as oxygen-containing groups or hydrogen atoms, binding on the top side, which provides information about the mechanism of the fluorination process. Our strategy can be conceptually extended to pattern other functionalities by using other reactants. Bottom-side patterned functionalization enables utilization of the top side of a material, thereby opening up the possibilities for applications in graphene-based devices.     

含偶氮苯生色团的环氧树脂型光动力高分子的合成

1995年 ,Ｎａｔａｎｓｏｈｎ等和Ｔｒｉｐａｔｈｙ等分别同时报道了在干涉的偏振激光照射下 ,聚合物膜表面分子可发生宏观质量迁移的现象[1 ,2 ] .这种现象一经发现就得到了科技界和工业部门的广泛关注 .利用此效应可以在聚合物表面形成表面起伏光栅 (Ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｒｅｌｉｅｆｇｒａｔｉｎｇｓ)等复杂结构 ,并可用热或光的方法不留痕迹地进行擦除[3 ,4] .这类新型材料和有关的表面可逆光加工技术在光电子通讯和信息存储等领域具有很大的发展潜力和应用价值[5 ,6] .具有上述特性的聚合物也被称为光动力高分子 (Ｐｈｏｔｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｐ…     

Chemical Characterization of DNA-Immobilized InAs Surfaces Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

Single-stranded DNA immobilized on an III-V semiconductor is a potential high-sensitivity biosensor. The chemical and electronic changes occurring upon the binding of DNA to the InAs surface are essential to understanding the DNA-immobilization mechanism. In this work, the chemical properties of DNA-immobilized InAs surfaces were determined through high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). Prior to DNA functionalization, HF- and NH(4)OH- based aqueous etches were used to remove the native oxide from the InAs surface. The initial chemical state of the surface resulting from these etches were characterized prior to functionalization. F-tagged thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was used as the probe species under two different functionalization methods. The presence of DNA immobilized on the surface was confirmed from the F 1s, N 1s, and P 2p peaks in the XPS spectra. The presence of salt had a profound effect on the density of immobilized DNA on the InAs surface. To study the interfacial chemistry, the surface was treated with thiolated ssDNA with and without the mercaptohexanol molecule. An analysis of the As 3d and In 3d spectra indicates that both In-S and As-S are present on the surface after DNA functionalization. The amount of In-S and As-S was determined by the functionalization method as well as the presence of mercaptohexanol during functionalization. The orientation of the adsorbed ssDNA is determined by polarization-dependent NEXAFS utilizing the N K-edge. The immobilized ssDNA molecule has a preferred tilt angle with respect to the substrate normal, but with a random azimuthal distribution.     

Selective functionalization of crown ethers via arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes

The crown ethers dibenzo-16-crown-4 and dibenzo-18-crown-5 and a diaryl polyether were complexed by the chromium tricarbonyl group for the purpose of selective functionalization. This complexation did indeed permit exclusive functionalization of the complexed ring. CHO and CH₂OH functionalities were introduced ortho to the ether group. It was noted that the nature of the two ether chains had a strong influence on the regioselectivity of the functionalization, which occurred preferentially on the side with the polyether chain. Photochemical decomplexation produced functionalized organic crown ethers.     

Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral and Redox‐Green C–H Bond Functionalization

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C–H bond functionalization has become one of the most promising strategies to prepare complex molecules from simple precursors. However, the utilization of environmentally unfriendly oxidants in the oxidative C–H bond functionalization reactions reduces their potential applications in organic synthesis. This account describes our recent efforts in the development of a redox‐neutral C–H bond functionalization strategy for direct addition of inert C–H bonds to unsaturated double bonds and a redox‐green C–H bond functionalization strategy for realization of oxidative C–H functionalization with O₂ as the sole oxidant, aiming to circumvent the problems posed by utilizing environmentally unfriendly oxidants. In principle, these redox‐neutral and redox‐green strategies pave the way for establishing new environmentally benign transition‐metal‐catalyzed C–H bond functionalization strategies.     

Strategies for the Controlled Covalent Double Functionalization of Graphene Oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) is a versatile platform with unique properties that have found broad applications in the biomedical field. Double functionalization is a key aspect in the design of multifunctional GO with combined imaging, targeting, and therapeutic properties. Compared to noncovalent functionalization, covalent strategies lead to GO conjugates with a higher stability in biological fluids. However, only a few double covalent functionalization approaches have been developed so far. The complexity of GO makes the derivatization of the oxygenated groups difficult to control. The combination of a nucleophilic epoxide ring opening with the derivatization of the hydroxyl groups through esterification or Williamson reaction was investigated. The conditions were selective and mild, thus preserving the structure of GO. Our strategy of double functionalization holds great potential for different applications in which the derivatization of GO with different molecules is needed, especially in the biomedical field.     

Spatially Resolved Bottom‐Side Fluorination of Graphene by Two‐Dimensional Substrate Patterning

Patterned functionalization can, on the one hand, open the band gap of graphene and, on the other hand, program demanding designs on graphene. The functionalization technique is essential for graphene‐based nanoarchitectures. A new and highly efficient method was applied to obtain patterned functionalization on graphene by mild fluorination with spatially arranged AgF arrays on the structured substrate. Scanning Raman spectroscopy (SRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) were used to characterize the functionalized materials. For the first time, chemical patterning on the bottom side of graphene was realized. The chemical nature of the patterned functionalization was determined to be the ditopic scenario with fluorine atoms occupying the bottom side and moieties, such as oxygen‐containing groups or hydrogen atoms, binding on the top side, which provides information about the mechanism of the fluorination process. Our strategy can be conceptually extended to pattern other functionalities by using other reactants. Bottom‐side patterned functionalization enables utilization of the top side of a material, thereby opening up the possibilities for applications in graphene‐based devices.     

Highly Efficient and Reversible Covalent Patterning of Graphene: 2D-Management of Chemical Information

Patterned graphene-functionalization with a tunable degree of functionalization can tailor the properties of graphene. Here, we present a new reductive functionalization approach combined with lithography rendering patterned graphene-functionalization easily accessible. Two types of covalent patterning of graphene were prepared and their structures were unambiguously characterized by statistical Raman spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The reversible defunctionalization processes, as revealed by temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, enable the possibility to accurately modulate the degree of functionalization by annealing. This allows for the management of chemical information through complete write/store/erase cycles. Based on our strategy, controllable and efficient patterning graphene-functionalization is no longer a challenge and facilitates the development of graphene-based devices.