基于1HNMR给药赭石后大鼠尿液的代谢组学分析

基于1H NMR 的代谢组学方法结合多变量数据分析方法(主成分分析和偏最小二乘判别分析)对灌胃给药赭石(2,5和10 g/ kg 体重剂量)的成年 Wistar 大鼠尿液进行分析,并对大鼠给药前1天、给药后1~5天尿液1 H NMR 数据进行单变量比较分析,筛选出赭石的潜在特征代谢物,对赭石引起的代谢变化进行研究,为赭石的科学用药提供依据。结果表明,大鼠体内柠檬酸、牛磺酸、肌酸酐、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酸、二甲基甘氨酸等代谢物浓度发生明显变化,随给药时间的变化出现恢复趋势,且恢复趋势与给药剂量相关,可作为赭石的潜在特征代谢物。给药2,5和10 g/ kg 体重剂量赭石降低了大鼠机体三羧酸循环能力,影响了能量、肌酸及二甲基甘氨酸的代谢,且10 g/ kg 体重剂量赭石对大鼠肝功能造成一定影响。     

基于核磁共振氢谱代谢组学研究黄连解毒汤对胰岛素抵抗大鼠棕色脂肪组织代谢组的影响

采用基于核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)的代谢组学方法,研究了黄连解毒汤(HJD)对高果糖诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型棕色脂肪代谢组的影响.选取Wistar大鼠32只,适应7 d后随机分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性药物对照组和黄连解毒汤组,每组8只.正常对照组给予纯净水喂养,其它3组给予100 g/L的果糖水喂饲.28 d后,4组大鼠除了继续给予100 g/L的果糖水喂养外,阳性对照组和黄连解毒汤组同时分别给予阿托伐他汀10 mg/(kg·d)和HJD水煎剂3.175 g/(kg·d)灌胃,正常对照组和模型组给予一定体积的生理盐水灌胃,整个实验持续56 d.取各组大鼠棕色脂肪组织(BAT),采集各组组织提取液的1H NMR谱,运用主成分分析法(PCA)分析.与正常对照组相比,在模型组中乳酸、胆碱、磷脂胆碱/甘油磷脂胆碱、肌酸/肌酸酐、牛磺酸和肌苷的含量升高,脂质含量降低;黄连解毒汤组逆转了模型组中上述各代谢物的变化,且引起肌醇升高,均具有统计学意义.实验结果表明,黄连解毒汤能够逆转机体能量代谢、减轻细胞膜受损以及降低肝肾损伤,初步阐明了黄连解毒汤对胰岛素抵抗状态下棕色脂肪组织代谢的调控作用.     

硫酸氧钒毒性的核磁共振代谢组学方法研究

采用基于核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学方法,结合生化指标分析及组织病理学检测,研究了具有类胰岛素活性的硫酸氧钒(VOSO4)对Wistar大鼠的毒性作用.通过不同剂量的VOSO4对Wistar大鼠连续灌胃给药16d,收集大鼠的血清和尿液,并采集样品的1H NMR谱进行多变量数据统计分析来辨识其特征代谢物,然后采用TICL(a web Tool for automatic Interpretation of Compound List)方法建立特征代谢物的代谢网络模型,分析受影响的主要代谢途径及其相互关系.研究结果表明:高剂量组(45mg/kg)和低剂量组(15mg/kg)的特征代谢物含量与对照组存在明显的差异;与对照组相比,高剂量和低剂量组血清中乳酸、肌氨酸酐以及牛磺酸等代谢物的含量增加,尿液中氧化三甲胺(TMAO)、肌酐、牛磺酸和甘氨酸等代谢物的含量增加,并呈现显著的剂量依赖关系;给药组中乙酸和琥珀酸的含量都降低.这些结果说明VOSO4可能影响大鼠体内的糖代谢、脂类代谢及肠道菌群代谢等多个代谢系统,高剂量的VOSO4会导致肝脏毒性和肾脏损伤.     

尿液代谢组学方法研究人参总皂苷治疗糖尿病心肌病大鼠作用机制

利用基于质谱的代谢组学方法考察了人参总皂苷(TG)治疗糖尿病心肌病(DCM)大鼠的效应机制;建立了糖尿病心肌病大鼠模型,并连续12周口服人参总皂苷,采用快速高分辨液相色谱/四级杆-飞行时间/质谱(RRLC/Q-TOF/MS)技术对糖尿病心肌病模型组(DCM组)和人参总皂苷治疗组(TG组)大鼠尿样的尿液代谢物进行分析,采用主成分分析(PCA)对两组代谢物进行分类,并寻找潜在生物标记物,同时检测心肌病理超微结构、血液生化指标和心肌氧化应激水平。RRLC/Q-TOF/MS检测结果表明,DCM组和TG组大鼠的尿液代谢物谱能得到很好的区分,发现并鉴定了3种生物标记物。TG降低了DCM大鼠心肌超微结构损伤并改善其血脂、血糖及心肌氧化应激水平,代谢组学研究结果表明:作用机制可能是TG对柠檬酸循环、脂肪酸代谢和氧化应激水平的调节作用。     

基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术的代谢组学方法研究薄荷烟对大鼠代谢的影响

将基于液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术的代谢组学分析平台用于薄荷烟对大鼠代谢影响的研究。分析了3组大鼠的尿样,包括对照大鼠、吸食普通烟大鼠和吸食薄荷烟大鼠,并采用主成分分析(PCA)方法对数据进行模式识别。PCA得分图表明吸食薄荷烟大鼠与对照组大鼠尿样的代谢差异要小于吸食普通烟大鼠。从PCA载荷图中找到并鉴定了犬尿喹啉酸等8种重要代谢物。通过考察代谢物在对照大鼠、吸食薄荷烟大鼠和吸食普通烟大鼠尿样中的相对含量变化,进一步说明了烟草中添加薄荷醇可减少烟草对大鼠代谢的影响。     

大鼠尿液中壬基酚的代谢轮廓

运用代谢组学方法研究了壬基酚对大鼠尿液代谢的影响,通过高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术建立了大鼠尿样的代谢指纹图谱,用主成分分析法分析给药组与对照组代谢物指纹图谱的差异,通过t检验选取潜在的生物标志物及效应标志物,并结合代谢物数据库检索对其进行鉴定.结果表明,壬基酚给药后,尿液中含量变化显著的成分苯基葡萄糖苷酸、L-高半...     

五味子治疗大鼠糖尿病肾病作用机制的血清代谢组学研究

采用基于超高效液相色谱与串联四级杆飞行时间质谱仪(Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)联用技术的代谢组学方法,通过分析大鼠血清内源性代谢物的变化,研究五味子治疗糖尿病肾病的作用机制。利用高脂高糖饲料喂养并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型。给药12周后,采用试剂盒方法测定尿蛋白、尿肌酐的含量,结果表明五味子水提取物可以显著降低模型动物的尿蛋白含量(p<0.05),对糖尿病大鼠肾病并发症具有一定的改善作用。采用UPLC/Q-TOF-MS方法分析了五味子对糖尿病肾病大鼠的血清代谢轮廓,分析了健康组、模型组和五味子给药组的大鼠血清,采用偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)进行数据分析。PLS-DA得分图显示健康组、模型组和五味子组的代谢轮廓有显著差别,根据正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)载荷图筛选,将对各组分离贡献大的化合物的串联质谱分析数据,经Human Metabolome Database(HMDB)等数据库检索,进行质谱信息匹配,鉴定出黄尿酸、油酰胺、棕榈酰胺、尿酸、5-羟基己酸、硫酸对甲酚、对甲酚葡萄糖苷酸7种内源性代谢物为生物标记物。研究结果表明五味子通过影响色氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、肠内菌代谢、脂肪酸代谢等通路对糖尿病肾病发挥治疗作用,其中嘌呤代谢、肠内菌代谢通路可能是五味子发挥治疗作用的重要途径。     

黄芩-栀子配伍治疗糖尿病肾病大鼠的尿液代谢组学研究

采用基于超高效液相色谱与串联四极杆飞行时间质谱仪(Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UHPLC-Q-TOF MS)联用的代谢组学方法,通过分析大鼠尿液内源性代谢物的变化,研究黄芩-栀子药对治疗糖尿病肾病的作用机制。利用高脂高糖饲料喂养并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型。给药12周后,采用UHPLC-Q-TOF MS对正常对照组、模型组、黄芩-栀子药对治疗组的尿液样品进行代谢轮廓分析。利用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对实验数据进行分析,挑选出对各组分分离贡献较大(VIP>1,p<0.05)的化合物在Human Metabolome Database(HMDB)等数据库进行质谱信息匹配,共鉴定出糖尿病肾病潜在生物标记物31个,给药后回调生物标记物16个。研究结果表明,黄芩-栀子药对通过影响胆汁酸的合成与代谢、尿毒素代谢、能量代谢、色氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢等通路对糖尿病肾病起到治疗作用,其中胆汁酸的合成与代谢、尿毒素代谢和能量代谢可能是黄芩-栀子药对发挥治疗作用的主要途径。与单味药相比,配伍后的药对具有了新的药理作用。     

格列美脲治疗的2型糖尿病大鼠的尿液代谢组学研究

采用快速高分离度液相色谱-质谱技术(RRLC-MS)检测经格列美脲治疗的2型糖尿病大鼠尿液中代谢物的变化, 对糖尿病组、 给药组和健康对照组大鼠的尿液代谢物谱进行了分析. 采用主成分分析(PCA)对3组大鼠进行分类并寻找潜在生物标记物. 结果表明, 3组大鼠的尿液代谢物谱得到了很好的区分, 发现并鉴定了2个潜在生物标记物, 分别为4-脱氧三羟基丁酸和4-胍基丁酸. 格列美脲对2型糖尿病大鼠的药物作用可能体现为对氨基酸代谢的调节作用.     

大鼠尿中硝基安定与尼美西泮及其代谢物的GC-MS检测

采用GC-MS比较了硝基安定和尼美西泮在大鼠体内产生的代谢产物,确定了尼美西泮在大鼠体内的代谢途径.给大鼠急性喂食硝基安定和尼美西泮,收集24 h内尿液,尿样用β葡萄糖醛酸酶水解,Oasis(R)HLB柱固相提取,以DB-35 MS柱为分离柱,气相色谱-质谱联用检测.从大鼠尿液中检出3种硝基安定代谢物:7-乙酰氨基硝基安定、7-氨基硝基安定和2-氨基-5-硝基苯基苯甲酮;4种尼美西泮代谢物:7-乙酰氨基尼美西泮、7-乙酰氨基硝基安定、7-氨基尼美西泮和2-氨基-5-硝基苯基苯甲酮,检出少量尼美西泮原体.并推断出2种药物在大鼠体内的代谢途径.     

Metabolic profiles revealed synergistically antidepressant effects of lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae in a rat model of depression

Depression is a major cause of illness and disability. We applied untargeted metabolomics using mass spectrometry to identify metabolic signatures associated with depression in serum and explored the antidepressant effects of lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae on an experimental model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Meanwhile metabolomics based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS was used to study the change in metabolites in CUMS rat serum and to evaluate the effects of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and lilies (alone and in combination). Partial least squares‐discriminant analysis identified 30 metabolites as decisive marker compounds that discriminated the CUMS rats and the control rats. The majority of these metabolites were involved in amino acid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and phosphoglyceride metabolism. The reliability of the metabolites was evaluated by the administration of lilies, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, fluoxetine and the combination of lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae to the CUMS rats. Behavior studies demonstrated that treatment with the combination of lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae resulted in optimal antidepressant effects. The combination treatment was almost as effective as fluoxetine. Our results suggest that lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae demonstrate synergistically antidepressant effects in CUMS via the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways. These findings provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CUMS and suggest innovative and effective treatments for this disorder.     

Metabonomic study on 'Kidney-Yang Deficiency syndrome' and intervention effects of Rhizoma Drynariae extracts in rats using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

This paper was designed to study metabonomic characters of the ‘Kidney-Yang Deficiency syndrome’ induced by high dose of hydrocortisone and the therapeutic effects of Rhizoma Drynariae, classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating the syndrome. A urinary metabonomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was developed. The significant difference in metabolic profiling was observed from model group (hydrocortisone-induced group) compared with the pre-dose group (rats before hydrocortisone inducing) by using the principal components analysis (PCA). The time-dependent regression tendency in Rhizoma Drynariae treatment group (hydrocortisone-induced rats followed by being administered with Rhizoma Drynariae ethanol extracts) from day 3 to 15 was obtained, indicating the time-dependent recovery effect of Rhizoma Drynariae on ‘Kidney-Yang Deficiency syndrome’ rats. Some significantly changed metabolites like phenylalanine, phenylacetylglycine, N₂-succinyl-l-ornithine, l-proline, creatinine, hippurate and citrate have been identified. These biochemical changes are related to the disturbance in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and gut microflora, which are helpful to further understand the ‘Kidney-Yang Deficiency syndrome’ and the therapeutic mechanism of Rhizoma Drynariae. The work shows that the metabonomics method is a valuable tool for studying the essence of Chinese medicine's syndrome theory and therapeutic effect mechanism of TCM.     

Dynamic Metabolic Profiling of Urine From Type 2 Diabetic KK-Ay Mice Treated with Repaglinide by GC-MS

Repaglinide is a short-acting insulin secretagogue, commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this paper, metabolomics were first applied to research of dynamic urine metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetic KK-A^y mice treated with repaglinide based on GC-MS. Twenty diabetic KK-A^y mice were randomly assigned to four groups and fed with repaglinide for 6, 9, 12, and 14 weeks, respectively. Five C57BL/6 J mice were used as the healthy control group and fed with water as contrast. The PCA scores plot of the identified 41 metabolites showed that as treating time went on, the diabetic groups got closer to the healthy group. Furthermore, five marker metabolites, d-Glucose, d-Galactose, 1,5-Anhydro-d-glucitol, myo-inositol and tartaric acid were screened out, which have similar change footprints of the whole metabolic profiles. The results demonstrated that repaglinide not only regulates the sugars and polyalcohol but also the organic acid in the organism. This work has illustrated the potential of metabolomics to disease diagnosis, pharmacology, and pharmacodynamics research.     

Metabolite Variation in Lean and Obese Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Rats via <Superscript>1</Superscript>H NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a complex metabolic disease because it affects the metabolism of glucose and other metabolites. Although many diabetes studies have been conducted in animal models throughout the years, the pathogenesis of this disease, especially between lean diabetes (ND + STZ) and obese diabetes (OB + STZ), is still not fully understood. In this study, the urine from ND + STZ, OB + STZ, lean/control (ND), and OB + STZ rats were collected and compared by using ¹H NMR metabolomics. The results from multivariate data analysis (MVDA) showed that the diabetic groups (ND + STZ and OB + STZ) have similarities and dissimilarities for a certain level of metabolites. Differences between ND + STZ and OB + STZ were particularly noticeable in the synthesis of ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), and sensitivity towards the oral T2DM diabetes drug metformin. This finding suggests that the ND + STZ group was more similar to the T1DM model and OB + STZ to the T2DM model. In addition, we also managed to identify several pathways and metabolism aspects shared by obese (OB) and OB + STZ. The results from this study are useful in developing drug target-based research as they can increase understanding regarding the cause and effect of DM.     

Trimester-specific urinary metabolome alterations associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: A study in different pregnancy stages

Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), a frequently-occurring disease during pregnancy, may cause some adverse healthy outcome of both mother and offspring. However, the knowledge about metabolite alterations during the pathogenesis and development process is limited. Here, a large longitudinal nontargeted metabolomics study of 195 pregnant women(64 women with subsequently developed GDM and131 healthy controls) was conducted. Each participant provided urine samples at three timepoints during early,...     

Effects of Tao‐Hong‐Si‐Wu decoction on acute blood stasis in rats based on a LC‐Q/TOF‐MS metabolomics and network approach

A novel approach using metabolomics coupled with a metabolic network was used to investigate the effects of Tao‐Hong‐Si‐Wu decoction (THSWD) on the rat model of acute blood stasis syndrome. Acute blood stasis syndrome was induced by placing the rats in ice‐cold water following two injections with epinephrine. The hemorheological indicators [whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV)] and the blood coagulation indicators [thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB)] were detected. The nonparametric univariate method and multivariate statistical analysis were performed for determining the potential biomarkers. A correlation map was structured between biochemical indicators and hub metabolites to explain the effects mechanism of THSWD. After the administration of THSWD, the levels of WBV, PV, TT, APTT and FIB returned to levels observed in the control group. According to metabolomics coupled with metabolic network analysis, the intervention of THSWD in rats with acute blood stasis syndrome induced substantial and characteristic changes in their metabolic profiles. Fifteen metabolites were screened, which mainly involved 10 pathways and five hub metabolites, namely, l ‐glutamate, l ‐phenylalanine, N‐acylsphingosine, arachidonic acid and phosphatidate. The biochemical indicators and hub metabolites could be adjusted to close to normal levels by THSWD. Therefore, combining metabolomics and metabolic network helped to evaluate the effects of THSWD on acute blood stasis.     

Metabolic analysis of the antidepressive effects of Yangxinshi Tablet in a vascular depression model in mice

In recent years, vascular depression has become the focus of international attention. Yangxinshi Tablet (YXST) is usually used in cthe linic for the treatment of arrhythmia and heart failure, but we found that it also has antidepressive effects. The objective of the study was to identify biomarkers related to vascular depression in hippocampus and explore the antidepressive effects of YXST on the mouse model. Untargeted metabolomics based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS was applied to identify significantly differential biomarkers between the model group and control group. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) was used to scan the tendency of groups and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) to distinguish between the vascular depressive mice and the sham. PCA stores showed clear differences in metabolism between the vascular depressive mice and sham groups. The PLS‐DA model exhibited 38 metabolites as the biomarkers to distinguish the vascular depressive mice and the sham. Further, YXST significantly regulated 22 metabolites to normal levels. The results suggested that YXST has a comprehensive antidepressive effect on vascular depression via regulation of multiple metabolic pathways including amino acid, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and phosphoglyceride metabolisms. These findings provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanism underlying vascular depression and the mechanism of YXST.     

Systematic screening and characterization of absorbed constituents and in vivo metabolites in rats after oral administration of Rhizoma coptidis using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS

Rhizoma coptidis has been used for a long time in China owing to its anti-bacterial, anti-diabetes, anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-obesity activities. However, the in vivo biotransformation of Rhizoma coptidis is still unclear to date. In this study, a three-step strategy using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was applied to clarify the in vivo absorbed constituents and metabolites in rats after oral administration of Rhizoma coptidis. First, alkaloids in Rhizoma coptidis extract were identified. Second, six abundant alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, jatrorrhizine, and columbamine) were selected as representative prototypes and the metabolic fates of them in rats were investigated to obtain a database of Rhizoma coptidis-derived metabolites. Finally, the metabolic profiles of Rhizoma coptidis were fully elucidated based on the above-mentioned results. In summary, 29 alkaloids were identified in Rhizoma coptidis, and a database of Rhizoma coptidis-derived metabolites was obtained with 144 characterized metabolites. A total of 89 xenobiotics including 12 absorbed constituents and 77 metabolites were identified in dosed rat biosamples. Major metabolic pathways of Rhizoma coptidis were hydroxylation, reduction, methylation, demethylation, demethylenation, desaturation, glucuronidation and sulfation. This is the first systematic study on the in vivo absorbed constituents and metabolic profiling of Rhizoma coptidis and will be beneficial for its further studies.     

Combined metabolomic and correlation networks analyses reveal fumarase insufficiency altered amino acid metabolism

Fumarase catalyzes the interconversion of fumarate and l ‐malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Fumarase insufficiencies were associated with increased levels of fumarate, decreased levels of malate and exacerbated salt‐induced hypertension. To gain insights into the metabolism profiles induced by fumarase insufficiency and identify key regulatory metabolites, we applied a GC–MS based metabolomics platform coupled with a network approach to analyze fumarase insufficient human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and negative controls. A total of 24 altered metabolites involved in seven metabolic pathways were identified as significantly altered, and enriched for the biological module of amino acids metabolism. In addition, Pearson correlation network analysis revealed that fumaric acid, l ‐malic acid, l ‐aspartic acid, glycine and l ‐glutamic acid were hub metabolites according to Pagerank based on their three centrality indices. Alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities increased significantly in fumarase deficiency HUVEC. These results confirmed that fumarase insufficiency altered amino acid metabolism. The combination of metabolomics and network methods would provide another perspective on expounding the molecular mechanism at metabolomics level.