Identification and quantification of benzimidazole metabolites of thiophonate-methyl sprayed on celery cabbage using SiO2@NiO solid-phase extraction in combination with HPLC-MS/MS

Thiophonate-methyl(TPM) is one of fungicides and pesticides widely used in agriculture field.However,the residue of its benzimidazole(BZD) metabolites in related agricultural products poses a potential risk to consumers.In this paper,nickel oxide nanoparticle-deposited silica(SiO_2@NiO) composite was used for the selective enrichment and purification of TPM's BZD metabolites in celery cabbage sprayed with TPM.Meanwhile,high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with precursor ion scan-mass spectrometry(HPLC-PIS-MS) and high-resolution MS/MS analysis(HR-MS/MS) was utilized for their qualitative and quantitative analysis.Twenty-one potential TPM's BZD metabolites were found and four of them were identified.One metabolite was discovered for the first time.Besides,a robust and sensitive quantitative method was developed with good linearities(R^2> 0.9972) within a wide range of 10.00-1000 ng/g.The detection limits of three known TPM's metabolites were within the range of 3.20-4.90 ng/g.Relative standard deviations(RSDs) of intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 18.3%,which showed perfect reproducibility.The method was successfully applied to monitoring TPM's BZD metabolites in celery cabbage sprayed with TPM and the concentration versus time curves of TPM's metabolites in celery cabbage were plotted.This method is expected to be used to monitor BZD residues in various fruits and vegetables.     

Sensitive determination of fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin in environmental water samples using multiwalled carbon nanotubes cartridge prior to HPLC

This paper described a new method for the trace determination of fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin using multiwalled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） cartridge. Important parameters, such as the sample pH, eluent and its volume, sample flow rate and sample volume were investigated in detail. The linear ranges, the detection limits, and precisions （R.S.D.） were in the range of 0.1- 40 μg L^-11, 1.34.3 ng L^-1 and 2.3-2.8%, respectively. The performance of the proposed method was validated with real water samples, and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 91.7-117.8%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method was an excellent alternative for the routine analysis of such pollutants in environmental samples. 2007 Qing Xiang Zhou. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

Catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue on a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for the production of light olefins

Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst has good capability of cracking atmospheric residue to light olefins. The analysis of gas samples shows that the content of total light olefins in cracked gas is above 80%. The analysis of liquid samples shows that the content of aromatics in liquid samples ranges from 60% to 80%, and it increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature. The yield of total light olefins shows a maximum with the increase of reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil, respectively. The optimal reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil are about 650℃, 15 and 0.75, respectively.     

Rapid determination of atrazine in environmental water samples by a novel liquid phase microextraction

A novel method was described for the rapid determination of atrazine using dispersive liquid phase microextraction in combination with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Possible impact parameters such as sample pH, extraction and disperser solvents, salting-out effect, and extraction time were investigated. The experimental results indicated that proposed method possessed an excellent analytical performance, The linear range, detection limit, and precision （R.S.D.） were 0.1- 50 ng mL- 1 （R2 = 0.9955）, 0.601 ng mL- 1 and 6,4%, respectively. The proposed method was validated with the real water samples, and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 69.9-89.8%, respectively. These results indicated that the established method with high enrichment factor, short extraction time was an excellent alternative for the routine analysis of atrazine in environmental samples. 2007 Qing Xiang Zhou. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

New reagents for the facile and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of carbofuran in its formulations and environmental samples

Facile and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of carbofuran in its formulations and environmental samples by using new reagents. The methods were based on the coupling reaction of hydrolysed product of cabofuran with diazotized reagents, namely, 2,6-dibromo-4-methylaniline, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitroaniline, and 2,4,6-tribromoaniline in basic medium to give color derivatives having the absorption maximum at 468, 474, and 410 nm, respectively. The color derivatives were correspondingly stable for 40, 30, and 16 h. Beer’s law was obeyed in the carbofuran concentration range 0.2–10.0 μg/mL. The proposed methods have been found to be applicable to the determination of carbofuran in its formulations, tap and distilled water, grains, polluted water, plant material (cabbage), and soil samples. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Spectrophotometric Study on the Interaction of Water with Chloranilic Acid and its Analytical Application

The reaction between chloranilic acid and water in alcohol was studied spectrophotometrically. The conditions of reaction were investigated in detail. The stable purple complex with an absorption wavelength at 530 nm was produced from the reaction between chloranilic acid and water. As a method for determination of H2O, Beer‘s law was obeyed in range of 0-6.0 % or 0-8.0 % (V/V) with the detection limit of 0.13 %. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 2 %. The proposed method has been applied to determination of tracea mount of water in ethanol, flour and food flavoring, respectively. The recoveries of water in samples were 97～102%.     

Low temperature purification method for the determination of abamectin and ivermectin in edible oils by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry

In this study,a method based on low temperature purification(LTP) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of abamectin(ABA) and ivermectin(IVR) in edible oils.ABA and IVR were extracted using conventional liquid-liquid extraction followed by purification via precipitation of interfering fatty components at low temperature without an additional cleanup step.LTP is simple,easy to use,labour-saving and cost effective,and requires reduced amounts of organic solvent.The linear ranges of ABA and IVR were 5-1000 μg/L using matrix-matched standards.Limits of detection(LOD) and limits of quantification(LOQ)were in the range of 0.1-0.4 μg/kg and 0.3-1.3 μg/kg,respectively.The LOQs were below the strictest maximum residue limits established by Codex Alimentarius Commission.Recoveries at three spiked levels of 10,20 and 100 μg/kg in peanut oil,corn oil,olive oil,soybean oil and lard ranged from 71.1%to119.3%with relative standard deviations of 3.2%-10.3%,which were in agreement with those obtained by the solid phase extraction method.The proposed method was utilized in the analysis of 10 edible oil samples from local market and neither ABA nor IVR was detected.As far as we know,this is the first time that LTP is applied to the determination of avermectins in edible oils.     

Chelatometric dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of total and water soluble copper in Rhizoma coptidis

A new method for the analysis of copper and its speciation in Rhizoma coptidis was proposed using chelatometric dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction(cDLLME) followed by capillary electrophoresis. Dithizone was used as a chelating agent for extraction and carbon tetrachloride and ethanol were used as extraction and dispersive solvent,respectively.The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5- 20.0μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990(n = 6) and the average recovery was in the range of 88.26%-94.44%.The method was successfully used to determine the total and water soluble copper in Rhizoma coptidis herbal medicine.The results suggested that it would be reasonable to setting the criterion of heavy metals in an herbal medicine according to the dosage forms.     

Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Quadrupole Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometric Method for Quantitation of Domperidone in Chinese Healthy Volunteers

A rapid,sensitive,and accurate method based on LC/MS/MS was developed and validated for the determination of domperidone in human plasma.Domperidone and internal standard,tramadol,were extracted from plasma with diethyl ether-dichloromethane(60∶40,volume ratio)and separated by reversed-phase HPLC with methanol-water-ammonia solution(80∶20∶0.2,volume ratio)as the mobile phase.Detection was carried out via multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM)on a Q-trapTM LC/MS/MS system(Q-trapTM).The assay result was linear over a concentration range of 0.1-30 ng/mL with a limit of quantitation(LOQ)of 0.1 ng/mL.The inter-and intra-day precision levels were within 7.52% and 12.9%,respectively,whereas the accuracy was within a range of 87.3%-114%.This method has been successfully applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in Chinese healthy volunteers given an oral dose of 10 mg.     

Simultaneous determination of difenoconazole,trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid residues in watermelon under field conditions by GC–MS/MS

An optimized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method for the simultaneous determination of difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid residues in watermelon and soil was developed and validated by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile (1% formic acid) and cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction with octadecylsilane sorbent. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.01 mg/kg, and the limit of detection was 0.003 mg/kg for all three analytes. The recoveries of the fungicides in watermelon, pulp and soil were 72.32–99.20% for difenoconazole, 74.68–87.72% for trifloxystrobin and 78.59–92.66% for trifloxystrobin acid with relative standard deviations of 1.34–14.04%. The dissipation dynamics of difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin in watermelon and soil followed the first‐order kinetics with half‐lives of 3.2–8.8 days in both locations. The final residue levels of difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin were below 0.1 mg/kg (maximum residue level [MRL] set by China) and 0.2 mg/kg (MRL set by European Union), respectively, in pulp samples collected 14 days after the last application. These results could help Chinese authorities to establish MRL of trifloxystrobin in watermelon and provide guidance for the safe and proper application of both fungicides on watermelon.     

苯醚甲环唑在芹菜及其土壤中的残留测定和消解动态研究

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测, 对芹菜及其土壤中的苯醚甲环唑消解动态和最终残留量进行了研究, 评价了苯醚甲环唑在芹菜上使用后的残留行为和环境安全性. 苯醚甲环唑在芹菜及土壤中的残留消解动态均符合一级动力学方程, 苯醚甲环唑在芹菜上消解快; 苯醚甲环唑最终残留量与施药的剂量、施药次数及采样的间隔时间有关; 水解研究表明, 苯醚甲环唑是稳定的农药, 在不同温度和不同pH的研究条件下水解半衰期均大于166 d, 碱性条件更有利于苯醚甲环唑的降解.     

Simultaneous determination and method validation of difenoconazole,propiconazole and pyraclostrobin in pepper and soil by LC–MS/MS in field trial samples from three provinces,China

A liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simple and accurate detection of the fungicides difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin in peppers and soil. Three fungicides residues were extracted from samples by acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction before instrumental analysis. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by conducting an intra‐ and inter‐day recovery experiment. The limits of quantification and detection of difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin in pepper and soil were 0.005 and 0.0015 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were investigated by spiking pepper and soil at three levels, and were found to be in the ranges 79.62–103.15% for difenoconazole, 85.94–103.35% for propiconazole and 80.14–97.69% for pyraclostrobin, with relative standard deviations <6.5%. Field experiments were conducted in three locations in China. The half‐lives of difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin were 5.3–11.5 days in peppers and 6.1–32.5 days in soil. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin well below the maximum residue limits of European Union at the interval of 21 days after last application following the recommended dosage.     

气相色谱法分析甘蓝及其土壤中的烯啶虫胺残留

建立了气相色谱测定甘蓝植株和土壤中烯啶虫胺残留量的分析方法。样品采用丙酮-水(4:1, v/v)进行提取,经弗罗里硅土柱净化,用电子捕获检测器进行测定。实验结果表明,添加水平为0.02～2.00 mg/kg时,烯啶虫胺在甘蓝植株和土壤中的平均回收率分别为88.73%～94.13%和90.82%～96.27%,相对标准偏差分别为3.09%～7.39%和2.01%～4.92%;方法的最低检出限为0.02 mg/kg。该方法快速简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于环境系统中烯啶虫胺残留量的检测分析。     

Development of extraction procedures for the determination of imidacloprid: application to residue analysis and dynamics of two formulations in Chinese cabbage

This study was undertaken to investigate whether an additional column clean-up procedure can affect the accuracy of an analytical method developed for the determination of imidacloprid residues in Chinese cabbage. Thereafter, the residue levels and the degradation rates of imidacloprid were investigated in experimental Chinese cabbage plots after treatment with two different commercial formulations: emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable powder (WP). The analyte was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UVD) and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) in the select ion-monitoring mode. The mean recoveries ranged from 75.34 to 98.00% and 96.95 to 100.97%, with relative standard deviations of 0.86-4.14 and 1.22-3.52%, in samples treated with and without additional column clean-up procedures, respectively. The minimum detectable amount of imidacloprid was 4 ng, while the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.2 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. The degradation of pesticide was monitored throughout a period of 13 days under greenhouse conditions. Although the behaviors of the EC and WP formulations appear to be similar, the absolute residue levels obtained with EC and WP treatments differed slightly. When imidacloprid formulations were applied (as foliar treatments) according to the recommended rate, the final residues (13 days post-treatment) in Chinese cabbage were much lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL = 3.5 ppm) established by the Korean Food and Drug Administration. Taken together, our study suggests that the analysis of imidacloprid can be performed without an additional column clean-up procedure, and the decline curve and the residue levels in Chinese cabbage could change if the same active ingredient is used in different formulations.     

甘蓝及其土壤中灭幼脲的残留检测与消解动态研究

建立了杀虫剂灭幼脲在甘蓝及其土壤中残留量的高效液相色谱检测方法。样品经提取和固相萃取(SPE)小柱净化后进行测定,灭幼脲的回收率为77.1%~81.6%,变异系数在4.3%~9.7%之间。残留动态研究表明,灭幼脲在甘蓝及其土壤中消解的半衰期分别为4~6 d和15~16 d;以20 g制剂/亩的剂量(最高推荐剂量)施药14d后收获时,甘蓝中最高残留量为0.38 mg/kg,土壤中最高残留量为0.28 mg/kg。     

西红柿、卷心菜中残留丙溴磷的提取及气相色谱-火焰光度检测法分析

 报道了一种简便、快速的西红柿、卷心菜中丙溴磷的提取净化及测定方法。采用丙酮 正己烷 (体积比为 1∶1)提取西红柿、卷心菜中的丙溴磷 ,经活性炭净化后 ,用气相色谱 火焰光度检测法直接测定其含量。丙溴磷在西红柿、卷心菜中的加标回收率分别为 96 .2 %～ 10 5 .9% ,94.7%～ 10 2 .3% ,RSD分别为 3.7%～ 4.9% ,3.7%～5 .0 %。西红柿、卷心菜中丙溴磷的最低检出限为 0 .0 6mg/kg。     

Simultaneous enantioselective determination of triazole fungicide difenoconazole and its main chiral metabolite in vegetables and soil by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Herein is reported, for the first time, a simple and highly sensitive chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of difenoconazole stereoisomers and their hydroxylated metabolite difenoconazole alcohol (CGA-205375) enantiomers in vegetables and soil matrix. The separation of difenoconazole and CGA-205375 including their simultaneous enantioseparation was studied using four different polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in combination with n-hexane-polar organic alcohols mobile phase. Chiralcel OJ consisting of 25?% of cellulose tris(4-methylbenzoate) coated on wide-pore polysaccharide silica gel exhibited higher resolving ability compared to cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralcel OD) as well as to its similar amylose derivative (Chiralpak AD) CSPs for this particular set of chiral analytes. Baseline separation and simultaneous enantioseparation of difenoconazole and its metabolite CGA-205375 could be achieved under optimized separation conditions. Based on the established HPLC method, enantioselective analysis method for this fungicide and its main chiral metabolite in vegetables and soil matrix were developed and validated. Parameters including the matrix effect, linearity, precision, accuracy, and stability were evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the mean recoveries from cucumber, tomato, and soil matrix ranged from 81.65 to 94.52?%, with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.05-8.32?% for all stereoisomers. Coefficients of determination R (2)?≥?0.998 were achieved for each enantiomer in the cucumber, tomato and soil matrix calibration curves within the range of 0.5-50?μg mL(-1). The limits of quantification for all enantiomers in three matrices were all below 0.1?μg mL(-1). The methodology was successfully applied for simultaneous enantioselective analysis of difenoconazole stereoisomers and their metabolite in the real samples, indicating its efficacy in investigating the environmental stereochemistry of difenoconazole in food and environmental matrix.     

应用GC-MS测定葡萄中的5种农药残留

酿酒葡萄是河北昌黎的主要水果种植品种,由于受海洋气候的影响,当地空气湿热,葡萄病害十分严重,因而农药使用十分频繁,为了评价其农药残留水平,我们采用丙酮提取,凝胶分离,硅胶小柱净化,GC-MS的选择离子方式检测对采集的葡萄样品进行5种农药(百菌清、精甲霜灵、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯)的残留分析。     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法检测食品中苯醚甲环唑的残留量

建立了一种用于各种食品中苯醚甲环唑残留量的气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱(GC-MS/NCI)检测方法。用乙酸乙酯对各类样品中的苯醚甲环唑进行提取,固相萃取(SPE)净化后由GC-MS/NCI在选择离子监测模式下进行测定。方法的准确度和精密度高,多数样品在0.01，0.04，0.10 mg/kg三个添加水平下苯醚甲环唑的回收率处于70%和120%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）不大于9.5%。方法在0.02～1.00 mg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,且灵敏度高,最低检测限达到0.0005 mg/kg;选择性好,抗干扰能力强,能消除复杂基质带来的干扰,适合各种食品中苯醚甲环唑残留量的确证分析。