氧化钛包覆对LiCo0.2Ni0.4Mn0.4O2结构和性能的影响

采用SEM、 XRD、 XPS、恒电流充放电等方法研究了不同量的氧化钛包覆对LiCo_0.2Ni_0.4Mn_0.4O₂结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明，0.3mol%氧化钛包覆能显著改善LiCo_0.2Ni_0.4Mn_0.4O₂的循环性能、倍率放电能力及高截止电压(3.0～4.5 V)下的循环性。XPS数据表明氧化钛包覆能明显的抑制样品表面的氧化活性，从而减少了电极材料表面与电解液的反应，改善了LiCo_0.2Ni_0.4Mn_0.4O₂的电化学性能。     

前驱体Ni(OH)2对LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2正极材料的影响研究

研究了两种不同前驱体Ni(OH)₂对LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂锂离子电池正极材料的结构与电化学性能的影响，并用XRD、SEM及电性能测试考察了材料的结构、形貌与电化学性能。结果表明，前驱体Ni(OH)₂的形貌、结晶形态对LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂正极材料的性能有极大的影响。与目前镍酸锂合成需高密度球形镍前驱体Ni(OH)₂认识不同，本文发现呈枝晶网络状结构、表面蓬松、比表面积高和振实密度低的前驱体Ni(OH)₂具有较高的化学活性，可有效抑制产物LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂正极材料中阳离子混排产物的生成。由其制备的目标正极材料LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂显示出较优的电化学性能，首次放电容量为175 mAh·g^-1，首次放电效率为93.9%，40次循环容量保持率为94.8%，显示较好的循环稳定性。     

Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05C2O4@Graphene的合成及电化学性能研究

过渡金属氧化物/石墨烯复合材料具有优异的电化学性能被广泛应用在锂离子电池中。本文以硫酸镍、硫酸钴、硫酸铝、草酸为原料按一定的物质的量比配制成溶液,在120°C的条件下水热反应12小时,得到多元过渡金属氧化物前驱体Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05C₂O₄(NCA-C₂O₄);该前驱体经聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐修饰后,与氧化石墨烯进行复合并还原得到石墨烯包覆的多元过渡金属氧化物/石墨烯负极材料Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05C₂O₄@Graphene(NCA-C₂O₄@G)。对材料的结构、形貌和电化学性质进行了表征。扫描电镜测试结果显示样品粒度均一,具有两端不规则长方体形貌。电化学性能测试结果表明：石墨烯包覆后的NCA-C₂O₄@G充放电容量高于前驱体NCA-C₂O₄,NCA-C₂O₄@G复合材料在0.1C电流密度 (1C=1000 mAh/g)下首次放电比容量为1956 mA h/g;经过0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C高倍率循环后,当测试电流密度恢复至100 mA/g时,复合材料比容量可迅速回升至720 mA h/g,并在随后50次循环中比容量保持稳定,显示出良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能。     

高密度非球形和球形LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2的合成和性能比较

利用二次干燥法和共沉淀法分别制备出了非球形的Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3OOH前驱体和球形Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3(OH)₂前驱体, 并分别和LiNO₃混合烧结合成高密度非球形和球形的锂离子正极材料Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂. XPS分析表明, 二次干燥法制备的非球形Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3OOH前驱体其过渡金属Ni, Co和Mn的价态分别是＋2, ＋3和＋4, 而共沉淀法制备的球形Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3(OH)₂前驱体其各金属价态为＋2; X射线衍射分析表明, 非球形的Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3OOH前驱体比球形的前驱体具有较高的活性, 能够在低温下合成出Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂, 而且制备的产物结晶度高, 具有规整的层状α-NaFeO₂结构, 扫描电镜显示制备的非球形产物颗粒均匀, 颗粒间隙小, 振实密度高达2.95 g•cm^－3, 远高于球形的振实密度2.35 g•cm^－3; 充放电实验表明, 由非球形前驱体制备的Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂其充放电性能和循环性能以及体积比容量均高于球形正极材料.     

高密度非球形和球形LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2的合成和性能比较

利用二次干燥法和共沉淀法分别制备出了非球形的Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3OOH前驱体和球形Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3(OH)₂前驱体, 并分别和LiNO₃混合烧结合成高密度非球形和球形的锂离子正极材料Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂. XPS分析表明, 二次干燥法制备的非球形Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3OOH前驱体其过渡金属Ni, Co和Mn的价态分别是＋2, ＋3和＋4, 而共沉淀法制备的球形Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3(OH)₂前驱体其各金属价态为＋2; X射线衍射分析表明, 非球形的Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3OOH前驱体比球形的前驱体具有较高的活性, 能够在低温下合成出Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂, 而且制备的产物结晶度高, 具有规整的层状α-NaFeO₂结构, 扫描电镜显示制备的非球形产物颗粒均匀, 颗粒间隙小, 振实密度高达2.95 g•cm^－3, 远高于球形的振实密度2.35 g•cm^－3; 充放电实验表明, 由非球形前驱体制备的Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂其充放电性能和循环性能以及体积比容量均高于球形正极材料.     

La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-α的微乳液法合成及其质子导电性研究

采用微乳液法合成了La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-α的共沉淀前驱体，经初烧和烧结后制得La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-α陶瓷样品，TEM和SEM分析结果表明陶瓷样品具有良好的微观结构，XRD分析结果表明陶瓷样品已形成了单相的LaGaO₃钙钛     

阴极材料LaFe0.8-xCuxNi0.2O3的合成和烧结性能

LaFe_0.8-xCu_xNi_0.2O₃ (x=0.0~0.2) (LFCN), a new cathode material of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), was synthesized by Co-precipitation method using sodium bicarbonate. The lattice structures of samples with different x contents were characterized by XRD. Porosity and density of the porous LaFe_0.8-xCu_xNi_0.2O₃ (x=0.0~0.1) as a function of sintering temperature were investigated. It was found that the orthorhombic structure could be formed after calcination at 900 ℃ for 4 h. The particle size of LFCN was about 350 nm. The density of the porous LFCN increased with sintering temperature, but the opposite was true for the porosity. On the other hand, at the same sintering temperature, the porosity of LaFe_0.8-xCu_xNi_0.2O₃ (x=0.0~0.1) decreased with increasing x contents. It is indicated that the dopant of Cu on LaFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₃ can facilitate the sintering of the materials. After sintering at 1 100 ℃ for 4 h, the porous LaFe_0.7Cu_0.1Ni_0.2O₃ was still with appropriate structure, and its porosity was 29%.     

Ba1.03Ce0.8Dy0.2O3-α固体电解质的合成及其离子导电性

用高温固相反应法首次合成了非化学计量组成的Ba_1.03Ce_0.8Dy_0.2O_3-α固体电解质样品,对其进行了X-射线衍射晶体结构测定,该样品为钙钛矿型斜方晶单相结构。分别用气体浓差电池方法和氢泵(氢的电化学透过)方法研究了它在600～1000℃下的质子和氧离子导电特性,并与化学计量组成的BaCe_0.8Dy_0.2O_3-α固体电解质样品进行了比较。实验结果表明,Ba_1.03Ce_0.8Dy_0.2O_3-α的质子导电性优于BaCe_0.8Dy_0.2O_3-α。Ba_1.03Ce_0.8Dy_0.2O_3-α在600～1000℃下氢气氛中的质子迁移数约为1,几乎是一个纯质子导体,而BaCe_0.8Dy_0.2O_3-α在氢气氛中600～800℃下是一个纯质子导体,在高于800℃时是一个质子与电子的混合导体。这两个样品在氧气氛中均是氧离子与电子空穴的混合导体,具有几乎相同的氧离子迁移数。     

层状LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的合成及电化学性能研究

采用液相法在800 ℃空气中烧结20 h合成出层状LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料。通过XRD、IR、SEM、XPS和电化学性能测试考察了产物的组成、结构、形貌及电化学性能。结果表明，所合成的LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂为六方单相，层状结构发育完善；产物呈球形且粒度小，分布窄，平均粒径为0.3 μm。以1 mA·cm^-2的电流密度，在2.7～4.3 V区间进行充放电测试，前4周的充放电比容量分别为168/160 mAh·g^-1、169/162 mAh·g^-1、165/160 mAh·g^-1、163/158 mAh·g^-1，循环性能优良。循环伏安实验表明，该材料在3.9 V附近出现了一对对称性好的氧化还原峰。     

锂离子二次电池正极材料LiAlyCo0.2Ni0.8-yO2的合成及其电化学性能研究

用固相反应法合成了锂离子二次电池正极材料LiAl_yCo_0.2Ni_0.8-yO₂(y=0,0.001,0.005,0.01,0.03),采用XRD、SEM、ICP-AES、差分计时电位法和充放电循环等对合成的材料的物理化学性质以及电化学性能进行了测试分析。结果表明所合成的产物均为α-NaFeO₂型的层状结构,产物无杂质相,产物的表面形貌规则,颗粒大小均匀。实验结果证明经过Al掺杂后的材料的放电电压平台有所提高,容量也有所上升。并且随着Al含量的增加,材料在电化学充放电过程的结构稳定性在上升,因此电化学稳定性得到了提高。实验结果还表明低含量Al元素的掺杂既提高了LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂的放电容量,又提高了其循环可逆性,使材料的容量保持率显著提高。     

免疫磁性纳米微球的制备与表征

成功制备了Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒及二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯-甲基丙烯酸(EGDMA-MAA)共聚物包覆的Fe3O4磁性复合微球。将吲哚美辛抗体固定在复合微球表面,形成了Fe3O4(核)/聚合物-抗体(壳)的复合免疫磁性颗粒。XRD结果表明,制备的Fe3O4的晶型为反立方尖晶石型且纯度较高;TEM表征表明Fe3O4粒径较为均匀,平均粒径为12nm;磁性复合微球的平均直径为460nm。制备的Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒和磁性复合微球有较强的磁响应强度,其饱和磁化率分别为49.16和8.38emu/g,能够满足磁性分离的要求。FT IR验证了磁性复合微球中羧基特征峰的存在,表明羧基成功连接在磁性微球上面。通过碳二亚胺/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(EDC/NHS)活化法将微球表面羧基活化并成功与抗吲哚美辛抗体交联。     

基于陶瓷/聚合物的准固态复合电解质的制备及电化学性能

采用聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(P(VDF-HFP))、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、磷酸钛铝锂(Li_(1.4)Al_(0.4)Ti_(1.6)(PO_4)_3)和锂离子电池三元电解液(1 mol·L~(-1)LiPF_6的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)-碳酸二甲酯(DMC)-碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)溶液,V_(EC)∶V_(DMC)∶V_(EMC)=1∶1∶1)制得准固态复合电解质,其中液态电解质含量为9%(w/w)。准固态复合电解质膜在25℃下电导率达1.3×10~(-4) S·cm~(-1)。与LiFePO_4组装成准固态锂电池,0.5C倍率下首次放电比容量达128.4 mAh·g~(-1),充放电50次后容量保持率为80%。与纯聚合物准固态电解质相比,添加Li_(1.4)Al_(0.4)Ti_(1.6)(PO_4)_3可显著降低界面电阻。     

气相燃烧合成纳米复合粒子的形态与结构

在气相燃烧反应器中成功地合成了TiO₂-SiO₂、TiO₂-SnO₂复合粒子。TiO₂-SiO₂复合粒子中TiO₂以金红石型和锐钛型存在，SiO₂以无定型的形式存在。复合结构为SiO₂附着于TiO₂的外部，在Ti∶Si的进料比较大时SiO₂附着于TiO₂的表面，Ti∶Si比值减小到1∶4时，SiO₂包覆全部TiO₂表面。包覆层的厚度大约为6～7nm。TiO₂-SnO₂的复合粒子中同时存在着三种晶体结构SnO₂、金红石型和锐钛型的TiO₂。在复合粒子的表面，TiO₂和SnO₂两种组分分布均匀。通过改变进料方式可以调整复合粒子的结构。     

Preparation and study of hydrides of fullerenes C60 and C70

Fullerene hydrides were prepared by hydrogenation of fullerences C₆₀ and C₇₀ using proton transfer from 9,10-dihydroanthracene to fullerene and were studied by mass spectrometry (electron impact, field desorption), IR, UV, and¹H and¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The main product of the hydrogenation of C₆₀ is C₆₀H₃₆, which is sufficiently stable. Hydrogenation of fullerene C₇₀ gives a series of polyhydrides C₇₀H _n (n=36–46), and the main product is C₇₀H₃₆. The dehydrogenation of C₆₀H₃₆ by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone is not quantitative and results in the formation of fullerene derivatives along with C₆₀. The comparison of the IR and¹H and¹³C NMR spectral data for solid C₆₀H₃₆ with the theoretical calculations suggests that the fullerene hydride has aT-symmetric structure and contains four isolated benzenoid rings located at tetrahedral positions on the surface of the closed skeleton of the molecule. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 4, pp. 671–678, April, 1997.     

A Simple Precursor-Assisted Preparation of Flowerlike SnO2 Nanostructures

A simple dissolution-renucleation process of SnC₂O₄ crystals was explored to prepare SnO₂ nanostructures. By controlling supersaturation of SnC₂O₄ crystals, nucleus surface/solution interfacial energy, and other reaction parameters, including concentration of a reactant, volume of water, and the amount of poly(ethyleneglycol), a series of SnC₂O₄ nanostructures could be obtained. A dissolution-renucleation growth mechanism of the flowerlike SnC₂O₄ nanostructures was suggested and discussed in detail. The results showed that the poly(ethyleneglycol) played an important role in tuning the SnC₂O₄ nanostructures. Meanwhile, high concentration of SnCl₂ in the mixed solvent of ethanol and poly(ethyleneglycol), and a large amount of water were favorable to the formation of the flowerlike SnC₂O₄.     

Preparation of an aluminum oxo-hydroxide gel in organic medium

A new method has been developed to prepare aluminum oxohydroxide containing spinnable material and gel. Partial hydrolysis of Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O in 1-propanol at 78°C produces a spinnable, viscous mixture. The role of the propanol in the hydrolysis proved to be to decrease the polarity of the solvent. In this medium the dissociation of nitric acid is driven back and it decomposes to nitrous gases resulting in the increase of pH in the solution. The conditions have been optimized to obtain the highest hydrolysis degree and to avoid precipitation of basic aluminum nitrate. The resulting optimal temperature is 76–80°C, the time needed is at least 15 h in the case of a laboratory scale preparation. Increasing the ratio of propanol: water and the concentration of Al(III) to the maximum value, leads to the decomposition of 54% of the initial amount NO ₃ ^– ion. By careful drying, the decomposition continues to about 70% and a solid foam comes into existence from the viscous mixture. This foam is able to swell in water, the degree of swelling in mass is about 10. The drying of swollen gel was examined. The spinnable mixture most likely contains polymer chains built up by H-bonds, the foam and the gel probably contain platelets.     

铁酸镁超微粒子的制备及结构特征

采用两种方法制得了尖晶石结构纯相MgFe2O4样品．Moessbauer分析发现,一种样品表现出了完全的超顺磁性,另一种表现出了部分超顺磁性．这揭示出了样品具有很小的粒子尺度．首次在实验上发现了MgFe2O4IR-V2谱带的劈裂现象,报导了拉曼光谱,通过ESR分析,进一步揭示了两样品的结构特征,并讨论了性质之间的相关性。     

新型半纤维素基磁性水凝胶的制备及性能

采用H₂O₂-Vc氧化还原体系引发半纤维素衍生物,以表面修饰的Fe₃O₄粒子作为磁性组分,利用接枝共聚方法制备了新型半纤维素基磁性水凝胶. 分别用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对水凝胶的结构及形貌进行了表征,利用X射线衍射(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对水凝胶的晶型结构及磁性能进行了分析,发现Fe₃O₄粒子均匀分散在凝胶网络中,半纤维素基磁性水凝胶表现出良好的顺磁性. 考察了丙烯酸/半纤维素比例、Fe₃O₄粒子含量及交联剂用量对水凝胶溶胀性能的影响,并探讨了该水凝胶的溶胀机理,它在pH 8 缓冲溶液中的溶胀较好符合Fickian 和Schott 动力学模型. 通过SEM和溶胀性能分析表明,随着pH值的升高水凝胶的孔径增大,水凝胶的溶胀率逐渐增大. 制备的水凝胶被用于溶菌酶吸附研究,结果表明磁性凝胶的吸附量大于非磁性水凝胶,水凝胶的吸附行为符合Freundlich 和Temkin 等温模型.     

三维有序大孔锂离子筛的制备及其交换性能研究

由110 nm聚苯乙烯(PS)微球组装晶体胶体模板,并用此模板合成三维有序大孔(3-dimensionally ordered macroporous,3DOM)锂离子筛前驱体Li4Ti5O12,用1.0 mol.L-1的盐酸改型制得锂离子筛H4Ti5O12(LiTi-H)。用XRD、SEM、饱和交换容量、pH滴定曲线等表征了材料的形貌、结构和离子交换性能。同时测定了25℃时LiTi-H在0.05 mol.L-1Li+体系吸附锂的动力学数据,并采用吸附动力学Bangham方程和Elovich方程关联离子筛LiTi-H对Li+的离子交换动力学数据。结果表明:PS胶体晶体模板和3DOMLi4Ti5O12锂离子筛前驱体均排列规则有序,大孔直径约90 nm,Li4Ti5O12为尖晶石结构;3DOM Li4Ti5O12酸稳定性好,锂离子筛LiTi-H对Li+具有较高的选择性,对Li+的饱和交换容量达56.70 mg(Li+).g-1;动力学模型用Elovich模型关联较好,离子筛对Li+的离子交换动力学方程是Q=-26.510 4+11.977 4lnt(25℃)。     

Preparation and characterization of nanotube Li-Ti-O by molten salt method

Nanotube Li-Ti-O compound with high surface (198.6 m²·g⁻¹) was prepared by a method involving the treatment of nanotube Na₂Ti₂O₅·H₂O in molten LiNO₃ and characterization by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectra (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG/DTG). Results show that the nanotube Li-Ti-O compound prepared by this method involves two crystal phases: spinel Li₂Ti₂O₄ and anatase Li_xTiO₂ (x < 0.1). Li⁺ exhibits different Li1s binding energy in the two crystal phases. In ambient air, the Li-Ti-O compound adsorbs water easily, and the chemically adsorbed water is difficult to remove below 400°C. Translated from Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006, 22(12): 2135–2139 [译自: 无机化学学报]