Separation and quantitation of monovalent anionic and cationic species in mainstream cigarette smoke aerosols by high-performance ion chromatography

A simple method has been developed to separate and quantitate monovalent ionic species in mainstream cigarette smoke aerosols based on ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection. The method entails collecting the smoke aerosol particulate phase by electrostatic precipitation, dissolving the smoke condensate in methanol (MeOH), and separating the ionic species on either a cation- or anion-exchange column. The method has been applied to the analysis of smoke aerosols from two cigarettes, 1R4F Kentucky Reference cigarettes and a new cigarette that heats but does not burn tobacco. The predominant cations in smoke aerosols from 1R4F Kentucky Reference and the new cigarettes are sodium (Na+), ammonium (NH4+), and potassium (K+) ions; the predominant anions are acetate (AcO-) and formate (HCOO-). Trace amounts of chloride (Cl-), nitrite (NO2-), and nitrate (NO3-) ions are also present.     

Optimization and validation of a gas chromatographic method for analysis of (RS,SR)-diastereoisomeric impurity in formoterol fumarate

The levels of 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC or 2-amino-alpha-carboline), 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC or 2-amino-3-methyl-alpha-carboline), 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (norharman), and 1-methyl-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (harman) have been determined in the mainstream smoke condensate from three reference cigarettes, namely Kentucky reference 1R5F, Kentucky reference 2R4F, and CORESTA CM4. The amino-alpha-carbolines, and norharman and harman (beta-carbolines) can be classified as heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and are listed as biologically active agents in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes. For the analysis, the mainstream smoke condensate from cigarettes was collected on a filter pad, the analytes were isolated using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and quantified without derivatization on a GC-MS. Total amounts of carbolines found in the condensate increased from ultralight 1R5F to full-flavor CM4 cigarettes. The level of harman was about 250 ng/cigarette for the 1R5F cigarette and about 1025 ng/cigarette for the CM4 cigarette. Norharman was typically three times more abundant than harman. The AalphaC was found at about 10 times lower level compared to harman, and MeAalphaC was about 50 times lower than harman. The use of reference cigarettes can provide a common measure for laboratories to assess carboline amounts among cigarette brands.     

Determination of Cd levels in smoke condensate of Brazilian and Paraguayan cigarettes by Thermospray Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS)

In this study, the concentrations of Cd in smoke condensate of Paraguayan and Brazilian full flavor normal size cigarettes were determined. A “fishtail” chimney was used to confine and direct cigarette smoke to an impaction trap followed by 3 MCE (mixed cellulose ester) filters for smoke collection. The smoke condensate collected at the first two collection stages (chimney and impactor) was prepared as Triton X-100 slurry samples and the 3 MCE filters (third collection stage) used to collect smoke were microwave digested. Samples were analyzed by Thermospray Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) for Cd and the results obtained were compared with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). No significant differences were found between the values obtained with TS-FF-AAS and GFAAS at a 95% confidence level. The total concentration of Cd in the smoke of Brazilian and Paraguayan cigarettes tested ranged from 187 to 281 ng/cigarette and from 176 to 271 ng/cigarette, respectively. The LODs for Cd using TS-FF-AAS and GFAAS, were 5.8 and 1.5 ng/cigarette, respectively, for the analysis of smoke condensate from 1 cigarette. The main advantages of using the simple TS-FF-AAS system are its low running costs and the analysis time when compared to GFAAS.     

Quantitative determination of selected compounds in a Kentucky 1R4F reference cigarette smoke by multidimensional gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry

Eight compounds from a Kentucky 1R4F reference cigarette smoke condensate have been determined by selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry (SIM-MS) to confirm the validity of multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) as a quantitative tool in complex mixture analyses. Four electrostatically precipitated smoke condensate samples of 100 cigarettes each are dissolved individually in 25 mL of 2-propanol. The 2-propanol contains two methyl esters (C8 and C14) and seven deuterium-labeled compounds used as internal standards (IS). Analysis of the compounds of interest, pyridine; acetamide; acrylamide; phenol; o-, m-, and p-cresol; and quinoline, is accomplished by using two heartcuts. Heartcut times of the MDGC analysis are selected such that at least one IS is transferred with each group of compounds being analyzed. This study shows that the MDGC technique previously developed and described can be used for quantitative analyses. A comparison is made between the two types of internal standards. The results obtained for both types of internal standards agree within 20% of each other, on the average, with higher standard deviations for approximately 60% of the compounds where methyl esters are used as internal standards.     

卷烟主流烟气中氨的捕集及其离子色谱法测定

设计了高效的烟气捕集装置,建立了一种稀硫酸吸收、离子色谱法测定的卷烟主流烟气中氨的分析新方法.与早期的比色法、容量法、氨电极法、气相色谱法相比,该方法快速、简便,不需要复杂的样品前处理,完成一次分析只需12 min.检出限为0.005 mg/L,RSD为3.7%,空白加标回收率在87%～102%之间,吸烟加标回收率在98%～106%之间.测定了国内50种主要品牌卷烟,其主流烟气中氨含量范围为6.50～14.22μg/支烟.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of low-molecular-weight,u.v.-absorbing compounds in the sera of beagles exposed to cigarette smoke

High-performance liquid chromatography with a nonpolar stationary phase was used to determine the low-molecular-weight, u.v.-absorbing compounds in the sera of male beagles exposed to cigarette smoke. The sera from three groups of tracheostomized beagles were processed. The ChromatographiC profiles of the beagles exposed to the smoke of low-nicotine cigarettes for 610–750 days were not significantly different from the profiles of beagles identically exposed to the smoke of high-nicotine cigarettes. However, several important differences were determined between the profiles of sham controls and the dogs exposed to cigarette smoke. Most notably, a two-fold elevation of serum inosine was found in all beagles exposed to cigarette smoke.     

Characterization of cigarette smoke condensates by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/TOFMS). Part 2: basic fraction

Cigarette smoke condensate is a complex chemical matrix. Analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds present therein is very difficult because of the limitation of the peak capacity of conventional one-dimensional chromatography. Extensive and laborious sample preparation is frequently required or selective detectors are frequently used. In this study, the basic fraction of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate has been investigated by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/TOFMS). Auto data processing by TOFMS software combined with manual identification was used to assign the components. 377 nitrogen-containing compounds, including 155 pyridine derivatives, 104 quinoline/isoquinoine derivatives, and 56 pyrazine derivatives were tentatively identified. By selecting appropriate unique masses and in the light of the component positions in the structured chromatogram, alkyl-substituted pyridines, pyrazines, and quinolines/isoquinolines were separately shown and further validated. The peaks of eight individual positional isomers of two-carbon-substituted pyridines and thirteen positional isomers of methyl-substituted quinolines/isoquinolines were further confirmed, based on linear incremental retention behavior in combination with TOFMS and the structured chromatogram of GC x GC.     

Gel permeation chromatography of oxygenated components of cigarette smoke condensate

Oxygenated neutral constituents of a tumor-inhibiting fraction of cigarette smoke condensate were separated from interfering phenolic compounds by a combination of silicic acid and gel chromatography. Silicic acid adsorption and Bio-Beads gel chromatography separated aliphatic from aromatic ketones, and gel chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 resolved aromatic ketones from phenols. Identifications were achieved by studying individual fractions by g.c. and g.c.—m.s.     

Analysis of cigarette mainstream smoke for 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and vinyl acetate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, also known as unsymdimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and vinyl acetate (VA), are both classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as 2B carcinogens (possibly carcinogenic to humans) and listed as cigarette smoke constituents; however, there is little or no quantitative data available on them. For UDMH in cigarette smoke, neither a yield nor a method has been published. For VA, the most recent information on yields dates back to 1965. To bridge this gap, we have developed new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for both compounds to determine their yields in cigarette smoke. UDMH is determined by derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde in methanol and is not found in cigarette smoke at levels above the detection limit of 19 ng/cig. In further experiments, when UDMH is added to the smoke stream or air stream of lit or unlit cigarettes, the derivative 2-nitrobenzaldehyde-2,2-dimethylhydrazone is found only in the air stream of the unlit cigarettes. From this, we conclude that UDMH is either not formed during smoking at all or, if it is, it reacts immediately and quantitatively with other smoke constituents (e.g., aldehydes) and is therefore not detectable in cigarette smoke. VA is determined by trapping in acetone at -78 degrees C and is found at a concentration of 270 ng/cig for a standard reference cigarette with a cellulose acetate filter (the reference cigarette 1 R4F). In the literature, VA is reported at concentrations of 1.6 microg/cig for a cigarette with a cellulose acetate/charcoal filter and 4 microg/cig for a cigarette with a cellulose acetate filter and for an unfiltered cigarette.     

Determination of nickel in cigarettes smoke by molecular fluorescence

Smoking represents the main avoidable cause of disease and death in the world. Cigarette smoke contains over 4700 chemical compounds including 60 known carcinogens. The inhalation of tobacco smoke is one of the most significant sources of nickel exposure for occupationally unexposed population. The aim of this work was to evaluate nickel contents present in cigarette smoke by using an automatic sample preparation step and solid surface fluorescence. A total of 250 cigarettes (brands available in Argentine) were smoked in a smoking device applying vacuum and forcing the mainstream smoke to pass through a filter holder containing a Nylon membrane treated with eosin dye (eo). Nickel present in smoke cigarette was selectively retained by eo as an association compound. Chemically enriched nickel on nylon membranes was subsequent quantified by spectrofluorimetry (λ_em = 545 nm, λ_exc = 515 nm), reaching quantitative recovery with a detection limit of 1.56 ng L^{− 1} and quantification limit of 5.52 ng L^{− 1}. The calibration sensitivity using zeroth order calibration was 1 10¹² ng L^{− 1} (r² = 0.9992) for the methodology with a linear range of 5.52 to 5.17 10⁴ ng L^{− 1} Ni(II). Standard addition method was satisfactorily applied to nickel determination in mainstream smoke cigarettes of twenty brands. Results can be good correlated with urinary nickel contents coming from fifty subjects with different levels of addiction.     

快速分离柱高效液相色谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中的主要羰基化合物

选择2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)为羰基化合物的衍生化试剂,建立了快速分离柱高效液相色谱测定卷烟主流烟气中8种羰基化合物的方法。采用经2,4-二硝基苯肼酸性溶液处理过的剑桥滤片捕集烟气,再用含2%（体积分数）吡啶的乙腈溶液进行萃取,以ZORBAX Stable Bound色谱柱(50 mm×4.6 mm,1.8 μm)进行快速分离,最后由二极管阵列检测器于365 nm下进行检测。该方法的回收率为89.1%～99.2%,相对标准偏差（RSD)在6.0%以下。该方法分析时间短,流动相消耗少,且操作简便、重复性好、回收率高。     

Tobacco smoke chemistry. 2. Alkyl and alkenyl substituted guaiacols found in cigarette smoke condensate

A series of alkyl and alkenyl substituted guaiacols, which comprise a group of biologically and organoleptically active compounds, have been synthesized. Mass spectra and GC retention times for these have been recorded and compared with those obtained for constituents of a weakly acidic fraction of smoke condensate derived from American blend type cigarettes. On the basis of these results, 25 guaiacols have been identified, 18 of which have not been detected in tobacco smoke condensate previously.     

卷烟烟气中挥发性组分的毛细管气相色谱分析

采用毛细管气相色谱（CGC）和色谱－质谱联用（GC－MS）技术对国内外部分名牌卷烟烟气中的挥发性和半挥发性化学成分进行了定性定量分析,质谱鉴定出107种化合物;对其中重要的32种化合物进行了定量比较,结果发现烤烟型卷烟、混合型卷烟和英式烤烟在烟气的香味组分中存在一些差异和规律,烤烟型烟气组分总含量最高,烤烟烟气中碳氢化合物裂解产物和低级酸类组分含量较高,混合型卷烟烟气中茄酮和异戊酸较高,英式烤烟的烟气组分更接近于混合型卷烟。     

A high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of major phenolic compounds in tobacco smoke

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is developed that simultaneously quantifies the dihydroxy compounds hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol and the monohydroxy compounds phenol, m + p-cresol and o-cresol in cigarette smoke. Particulate matter samples collected on Cambridge pads and in impingers by conventional trapping techniques are simply (no derivatization required) subjected to reversed-phase gradient liquid chromatography. Samples of both mainstream and sidestream smoke can be analyzed. Selective fluorescence detection is used to monitor the mobile phase effluent, by which these phenolic compounds are detected in the nanogram range. The detector response is linear, overall precision is good, and recoveries are greater than 95 percent. The total run time, excluding extraction, is one hour. The procedure has been applied to tobacco products whose smoke contains varying amounts of these phenols. Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was found to contain substantially more of these compounds than a new cigarette that heats but does not burn tobacco (New Cigarette). The method is compared with other procedures used to determine phenolics in cigarette smoke.     

Puff-by-puff resolved characterisation of cigarette mainstream smoke by single photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS): comparison of the 2R4F research cigarette and pure Burley, Virginia, Oriental and Maryland tobacco cigarettes

Soft single photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is applied for the characterisation and comparison of puff-by-puff resolved and total yields of cigarette mainstream smoke from single tobacco type cigarettes (Virginia, Oriental, Burley, and Maryland) and the 2R4F University of Kentucky research cigarette. Puff-by-puff characteristics of various smoke components within one cigarette type as well as between different cigarette types can differ tremendously. This is demonstrated by means of a few selected compounds. Puff yields vary between 15 and 106 μm for acetaldehyde, 6 and 57 μm for NO, and between 1 and 8 μm for butadiene. Thereby, cigarettes containing 100% Oriental and Burley tobacco exhibit a very unique behaviour for the first and last puff. Different cultivation and processing methods as well as burning characteristics are most likely responsible for this. Since the 2R4F cigarette contains all four tobacco types it combines features of all of them. However, for some smoke constituents, smoking of the 2R4F reference cigarette results in exceptionally high yields which might not be attributable to the four pure tobacco types, but to other factors. In addition, comparison of the different cigarettes was also carried out by normalising the yields to puff resolved particulate matter. This procedure minimises effects caused by unequal smoke formation and represents another approach in evaluating the data.     

Simultaneous determination of nicotine and 3-vinylpyridine in single cigarette tobacco smoke and in indoor air using direct extraction to solid phase

The aim of the present study was to develop a new analytical method of chromatographic determination of two important markers of ETS exposure: nicotine and 3-vinylpyridine (3-ethenylpyridine, 3-EP) in mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke of one single cigarette and in indoor air using direct solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography. The method can be utilised for both nicotine and 3-EP determination in SS and MS of one single cigarette as well as it allows for a precise determination of compound distribution in indoor air. The application of the same analytical method for both kinds of samples allows anticipating indoor air distribution of both analysed compounds in a very precise way. The precision of the method (calculated as a relative standard deviation) was 9.78% for nicotine and 2.67% for 3-EP; whereas the accuracy (evaluated by a recovery study conducted at three different levels) was 70.1 and 87.3%, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.06 µg per cigarette for both nicotine and 3-EP. The method was evaluated by determining the compounds of interest in two commercially available brands of cigarettes as well as in the reference cigarettes 3R4F and also in indoor air polluted with tobacco smoke. Determined levels of compounds of interest in MS varied from 586 to 772 (nicotine) µg per cigarette and from 3.5 to 10.7 (3-EP) µg per cigarette. In SS smoke the level varied from 14,370 to 22,590 (nicotine) µg per cigarette and from 185 to 550 (3-EP) µg per cigarette, whereas levels in indoor air polluted with tobacco smoke varied from 50.1 to 157.3 (nicotine) µg m^?3and from 7.7 to 20.8 (3-EP) µg m^?3.     

A rapid and selective method for simultaneous determination of six toxic phenolic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke using single-drop microextraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cigarette smoke contains several toxic phenolic compounds, measurements of which are essential from a public health standpoint. This article describes a simple and selective analytical method for quantitative determination of six toxic phenolic compounds (phenol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, o-cresol, and p-cresol) from mainstream cigarette smoke using single-drop microextraction in combination with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Single-drop microextraction was applied prior to analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the extraction and preconcentration of target phenolic compounds from raw cigarette smoke extract. The effects of the extraction solvent, sampling time, solution pH, salt addition, sample agitation rate, and temperature on the extraction efficiency were examined and optimized. The identification of each analyte was established by chromatographic retention times, analyte-specific fragmentation patterns, and relative peak area ratios of two product/precursor ion pairs. Analytical parameters such as the detection limit, relative recovery, reproducibility, linearity, and enrichment factor were evaluated under the optimized experimental conditions. 1-Decanol was selected as the extraction solvent and the limits of detection were found to be in the range of 0.05-0.3 ng mL^-1 using an extraction time of 12 min. Gradient chromatographic conditions were optimized for the separation of the six phenolic compounds in a run time of 10 min including reequilibration of the column. The present method for determination of phenolic compounds from mainstream cigarette smoke is simple and specific and shows good reproducibility, with relative standard deviations less than 10 % for all targeted phenolics.

Tobacco smoke chemistry 3. Aromatic acids of cigarette smoke condensate

A fraction containing mainly aromatic acids has been isolated from cigarette smoke condensate. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of the corresponding methyl esters and comparison with reference compounds, many of which were synthesized for this purpose, made possible the identification of 27 constituents (Table 1). Eighteen of these have not been detected in tobacco smoke condensate before.     

沸石在去除卷烟烟气中亚硝胺的应用

吸烟污染;沸石;添加剂;沸石在去除卷烟烟气中亚硝胺的应用