煤焦CO_2气化反应动力学及内扩散对气化过程的影响分析

采用热重分析仪考察了气化温度(850-1 150℃)和煤焦粒径(60、505、950、1 515、2 000μm)对常压下神木煤焦气化反应的影响。在此基础上,运用体积模型、缩核模型和随机孔模型研究了煤焦常压二氧化碳气化反应动力学,分析了内扩散对煤焦气化反应的影响。结果表明,随机孔模型能够准确预测反应速率随煤焦转化率的变化。基于本征动力学数据,通过对Thiele模数、内扩散效率因子的计算,并将其与实验效率因子相比较,发现计算效率因子能够评估内扩散对初始气化反应的影响,但不能准确评估整个气化过程中内扩散对气化反应的影响。     

负载碳酸钠煤焦催化气化反应特性研究

基于热重分析仪开展负载碳酸钠神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤煤焦气化实验,并借助扫描电子显微镜和孔结构及比表面积分析仪表征焦样孔结构及表观结构变化,考察了反应温度(650-800℃)、气化剂(水蒸气、二氧化碳)及碳酸钠负载量(钠离子负载量2.2%、4.4%、6.6%,质量分数)对神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤焦样气化反应活性的影响。结果表明,碳酸钠有利于促进神府/遵义煤热解过程孔隙结构的发展。在二氧化碳气氛下,适宜催化剂负载量使神府烟煤反应活性提高,过多负载催化剂堵塞煤焦内部孔隙结构,使得气化反应活性降低,遵义无烟煤反应活性随负载量增加而提高,两者反应活性均随温度升高而提高。在水蒸气气氛下,神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤在一定条件下反应活性随催化剂负载量增大、温度升高而提高。碳酸钠的添加能够在保证气化反应性的前提下降低气化反应温度和活化能。     

煤催化气化中非均相反应动力学的研究

以神木煤焦为研究对象,在小型加压固定床上考察了不同气化剂(水蒸气、二氧化碳、氢气)、催化剂负载量、水蒸气分压、氢气分压和一氧化碳分压对碳转化率和气化反应速率的影响。结果表明,对于非均相的催化气化反应来说,反应速率顺序为C-H2OC-CO2C-H2。H2和CO不同程度地抑制煤焦水蒸气气化反应,CO的抑制作用明显大于H2。在700℃,当添加5%的CO,碳转化率降低约50%。基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)方程,结合随机孔模型,同时考虑催化剂负载量及气化产物分压的影响,建立了煤焦催化水蒸气气化动力学模型,模型预测反应速率常数与实验值误差在10%以内,说明建立的动力学模型可以较好地模拟煤焦的催化水蒸气气化反应过程。     

腐植酸型煤气化特性及动力学研究

以低活性福建无烟粉煤为原料,采用腐植酸型煤黏结剂,制得腐植酸型煤。比较研究型煤和无烟煤在常压条件下的气化动力学和气化特性。运用等温热重法,在900~1 150℃进行水蒸气气化实验,测定了型煤和无烟煤的反应速率、转化率与时间的关系,考察了常压下温度和煤样对气化反应的影响。采用积分缩核模型对实验数据进行拟合关联,得到煤样水蒸气气化反应的动力学参数。结果表明,型煤的气化反应活化能(102.0 kJ/mol)低于福建无烟煤(122.5 kJ/mol)。950℃下型煤的化学反应性(80.0%)优于福建无烟煤(33.0%)。型煤较福建无烟煤表现出更好的化学反应性,可代替优质块煤用于工业固定床煤气化。     

氧化反应对胜利褐煤水蒸气气化反应的促进作用Ⅰ:宏观反应特性研究

在φ80×3 000mm耐高温不锈钢管气流床反应器中,以150-180μm胜利褐煤为气化原料,考察了800和900℃时添加氧气前后褐煤转化率的变化,研究了氧化反应对水蒸气气化反应影响的宏观特征。结果表明,添加氧气后褐煤转化率明显大于O_2和H_2O气氛下褐煤转化率之和,即向水蒸气气氛添加氧气后褐煤转化率的增幅大于氧气氧化作用导致的褐煤转化率的增幅,随着H_2O含量增大以及温度的升高此现象愈加明显。该协同作用主要是氧化反应对水蒸气气化反应的促进作用造成的。利用φ40×200 mm石英圆筒流化床反应器进行了类似的实验,也发现了该协同作用。同时,借鉴收缩核模型并结合气流床气化实验条件推导了水蒸气气化宏观动力学方程,得到的速率方程(Z-(1-x))~(1/3)=(tβk_(H_2O)/Rρ_C)φ_(H_2O)=K_(H_2Oφ_(H_2O))与实验值吻合较好,添加氧气后水蒸气气化反应速率和水蒸气气化反应表观速率常数K_(H_2O)明显增大,这是氧气对水蒸气气化反应促进作用的动力学特征。     

微型流化床与热重测定煤焦-CO2气化反应动力学的对比研究

对微型流化床反应分析仪(MFBRA)和热重分析仪(TGA)测定煤焦与CO₂的等温气化反应动力学进行了比较.在最小化气体扩散影响的条件下,半焦在MFBRA中的气化反应速率比TGA中大,且在转化率为0.15时有最大值.缩核模型能很好地描述半焦的气化行为.在760~1 000 ℃,半焦气化分两个阶段:在低温段,利用MFBRA和TGA求取的反应活化能基本相同,验证了MFBRA在求取反应动力学数据方面的有效性和可靠性;在高温段,MFBRA测定的反应活化能较大,说明其受扩散的抑制作用较小.相同温度下通过MFBRA求取的效率因子明显较大,这同其较快的反应速率相一致.上述差异充分说明了反应器类型对测试的(表观)反应动力学有显著影响.     

氢气存在下煤焦水蒸气气化:Ⅱ修正随机孔模型的建立

采用热天平对神府煤1200℃快速热解焦进行常压水蒸气／惰性气气化及水蒸气／氢气气化。考察神府煤焦在875℃～950℃时与水蒸气／惰性气的气化反应和水蒸气／氢气的气化反应特性,两者的特征曲线明显不同。不加氢的水蒸气气化反应速率随碳转化率的增加缓慢而均匀地下降;加氢水蒸气气化反应速率随碳转化率的增加先迅速降低,而后降低较缓慢。此种形式的气化曲线以往的动力学模型很难进行模拟,研究根据随机孔模型提出了一个新的气化动力学模型。此模型拟合的数据与实验数据比较,证明了修正的随机孔模型可以更好的模拟煤焦的加氢水蒸气气化,相关系数达到0．996以上。用修正模型求得的神府煤焦加氢水蒸气气化的活化能为251．990kJ／mol,指前因子为5．97877×10^9min^-1。     

氢气存在下煤焦水蒸气气化： II 修正随机孔模型的建立

采用热天平对神府煤1200℃快速热解焦进行常压水蒸气/惰性气气化及水蒸气/氢气气化。考察神府煤焦在875℃~950℃时与水蒸气/惰性气的气化反应和水蒸气/氢气的气化反应特性,两者的特征曲线明显不同。不加氢的水蒸气气化反应速率随碳转化率的增加缓慢而均匀地下降;加氢水蒸气气化反应速率随碳转化率的增加先迅速降低,而后降低较缓慢。此种形式的气化曲线以往的动力学模型很难进行模拟,研究根据随机孔模型提出了一个新的气化动力学模型。此模型拟合的数据与实验数据比较,证明了修正的随机孔模型可以更好的模拟煤焦的加氢水蒸气气化,相关系数达到0.996以上。用修正模型求得的神府煤焦加氢水蒸气气化的活化能为251.990kJ/mol,指前因子为5.97877×10⁹min^-1。     

加压下氢气对煤焦水蒸气气化反应的影响

在加压固定床微分反应器上对霍林河褐煤焦(HLH)、神木烟煤焦(SM)和晋城无烟煤焦(JC)与水蒸气/氢气混合气的加压气化反应特性进行了研究。结果表明,氢气对煤焦水蒸气气化反应具有明显的抑制作用,其抑制作用大小分别随氢气分压、总压和煤阶的提高而增强,而随反应温度升高而减弱;有氢气存在和无氢气存在时煤焦水蒸气气化反应过程都能用相同的动力学模型描述,有氢气存在时煤焦水蒸气气化的最终碳转化率低于纯水蒸气气化的最终碳转化率;氢气对煤焦水蒸气气化反应的抑制机理与氢气的分压范围有关,当氢气分压很低时,氢气的抑制作用主要是由于氢气离解生成的氢原子占据煤焦表面活性位所致,而当氢气分压很高时,氢气的抑制作用主要是由于氧交换反应的逆反应加强所致。     

神府煤焦与水蒸气、 CO2气化反应特性研究

采用高温微量热天平和自制水蒸气发生装置进行神府煤焦与水蒸气和CO2气化实验,考察热解速率、不同气化剂(CO2和水蒸气)以及温度对气化反应的影响.用扫描电镜和吸附仪测定煤焦的初始结构.两种煤焦孔径为2 nm～170 nm的孔占总孔容的90%以上.神府快速煤焦(FP)与水蒸气气化活性比慢速煤焦(SP)高4.16倍,FP比SP挥发分脱除快,破坏其孔结构,减少缔合机会和二次反应.SP的BET比表面积为1.077 7 m2/g,FP的BET比表面积为1.893 9 m2/g.SP与水蒸气气化活性是CO2的9.94倍,FP与水蒸气的气化活性是CO2的7.15倍,水蒸气比CO2气化时进入的孔径范围广及水蒸气比CO2更容易解离.同种煤焦与水蒸气和CO2气化时的气化速率与转化率之间的趋势相近.用随机孔模型拟合并求取反应动力学参数,温度对SP与水蒸气、CO2反应速率,以及FP与水蒸气反应速率影响相似,而对FP与CO2反应速率影响明显比前三个反应要小.     

液体内聚能的统计热力学研究

用统计热力学方法建立了一个液体内聚能模型。它能用来计算各种液体的内聚能和溶解度参数。考虑到液体分子间的强相互作用,引入了一个阻障因子,以修正其转动和振动对内配分函数的贡献。这个因子依赖于液体的密度,它与密度间的关系也在模型中导得。对溶解度参数的计算结果表明,与文献值的一致性令人满意。     

Determination of Naphthalenesulfonate Isomers in Industrial Effluents and River Water by Solid‐Phase Extraction and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

This work presents a method to separate polar naphthalenesulfonate (NS) isomers by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet detection in industrial effluents and river water samples. The method involves extraction of samples by a polystyrene‐divinylbenzene copolymer (PS‐DVB) solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The most effective CZE separation conditions were obtained in 20 mM borate buffer with 30% acetonitrile at pH 9.0 and 30 °C. The method proposed herein provides a high precision and sensitivity for NS isomers, to quantitation at ≤ 1.0 μg/L in 200 mL of the water samples. Recovery of the NS isomers in spiked water samples ranged from 73% to 87% while RSD ranging from 5.6 to 9.7%. The analysis of industrial effluents and river water samples was performed and naphthalene‐2‐sulfonate was found as a major pollutant. The difficulties in quantitating and identifying analytes in complex environmental samples can be resolved by using an internal standard response factor to calculate concentrations and relative migration times for peak confirmation.     

Understanding effect of wall structure on the hydrothermal stability of mesostructured silica SBA-15

Mesostructured silica SBA-15 materials with different structural parameters, such as pore size, pore volume, and wall thickness, etc., were prepared by varying the postsynthesis hydrothermal treatment temperature and adding inorganic salts. The hydrothermal stabilities of these materials in steam (100% water vapor) were systematically investigated using a variety of techniques including powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption, and (29)Si solid-state NMR. The effect of the pore size, microporosity or mesoporosity, and wall thickness on the stability was discussed. The results show that all of the SBA-15 materials have a good hydrothermal stability under steam of 600 degrees C for at least 24 h. N(2) sorption measurements show that the Brumauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of SBA-15 materials is decreased by about 62% after treatment under steam at 600 degrees C for 24 h. The materials with thicker walls and more micropores show relatively better hydrothermal stability in steam of 600 degrees C. Interestingly, we found that the microporosity of the mesostructured silica SBA-15 is a very important factor for the hydrothermal stability. To the materials with more micropores, the recombination of Si-O-Si bonds during the high-temperature steam treatment may not cause direct destruction to the wall structure. As a result, SBA-15 materials with more micropores show better stability in pure steam of 600 degrees C. Nevertheless, these materials are easily destroyed in steam of 800 degrees C for 6 h. Two methods to effectively improve the hydrothermal stability are introduced here: one is a high-temperature treatment, and another is a carbon-propping thermal treatment. Thermal treatment at 900 degrees C can enhance the polymerization degree of Si-O-Si bonds and effectively improve the hydrothermal stability of these SBA-15 materials in 800 degrees C steam for 12 h. But, this approach will cause very serious shrinkage of the mesopores, resulting in smaller pore diameter and low surface area. A carbon-propping thermal treating method was employed to enhance the polymerization of Si-O-Si bonds and minimize the serious shrinkage of mesopores at the same time. It was demonstrated to be an effective method that can greatly improve the hydrothermal stability of SBA-15 materials in 800 degrees C steam for 12 h. Furthermore, the SBA-15 materials obtained by using the carbon-propping method possess larger pores and higher surface area after the steam treatment at 800 degrees C compared to the materials from the direct thermal treatment method after the steam treatment.     

A dynamic wicking technique for determining the effective pore radius of pregelatinized starch sheets

A dynamic wicking technique is employed for the first time for the determination of the effective mean pore radius of a thin-layer porous food: drum dried pregelatinized starch sheets. The technique consists of measuring the penetration rate of various n-alkanes in the porous matrix of the starch sheets and using this data to calculate the effective pore radius via the Washburn equation. Pore sizes in the order of a few nanometers have been determined in the starch sheets depending on the drum dryer’s operating variables (drum rotation speed, steam pressure and starch feed concentration). The conditions for the application of the technique in porous foods are discussed as compared to the conditions for single capillaries and inorganic porous material measured in other studies.     

Silicon speciation by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in gasolines

A method for the speciation of silicon compounds in petroleum products was developed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Prior to analysis, several precautions about storage and conservation were applied for all samples. In spiked gasoline samples, limits of detection between 24 and 69 μg kg(-1) for cyclic siloxanes (D(4)-D(6)) and between 1 and 7 μg kg(-1) for other species were obtained. In this study, cyclic siloxanes (D(n)) and one ethoxysilane were quantified for the first time in petroleum products by a specific method based on response factor calculation to an internal standard. This method was applied to four samples of naphthas and gasolines obtained from a steam cracking process. Cyclic siloxanes were predominant in four investigated samples with concentrations ranging between 101 and 2204 μg kg(-1). Cyclic siloxane content decreased with an increase in their degree of polymerization. During a steam cracking process, silicon concentrations determined by GC-MS SIM (single ion monitoring) significantly increase. This trend was confirmed by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) measurements but a difference on the total silicon content was observed, certainly highlighting the presence of unknown silicon species. GC-MS SIM method gives access to the chemical nature of the silicon species, which is crucial for the understanding of hydrotreatment catalyst poisoning in the oil and gas industry.     

A rigid-body Newtonian propagation scheme based on instantaneous decomposition into rotation and translation blocks

The rotation and translation block (RTB) method of Durand et al. [Biopolymers 34, 759 (1994)] and Tama et al. [Proteins 41, 1 (2000)] provides an appealing way to calculate low-frequency normal modes of large biomolecules by restricting the space of motions to exclude internal motions of preselected rigid fragments within the molecule. These fragments are modeled essentially as rigid bodies and the need to calculate high-frequency relative motions of the atoms that form them is obviated in a natural way. Here we extend the RTB approach into a method for computing the classical (Newtonian) dynamics of a biomolecule, or any large molecule, with effective rigid-body constraints applied to a prechosen set of internal molecular fragments. This method, to be termed RTB dynamics, is easy to implement, conserves the total energy of the system, does not require the construction of the matrix of second spatial derivatives of the potential-energy function (Hessian matrix), and can be used to compute the classical dynamics of a system moving in an arbitrary anharmonic force field. An elementary numerical application to signal propagation in the small membrane-bound polypeptide gramicidin-A is presented for illustration purposes.     

Efficient parallelization of the energy,surface, and derivative calculations for internal coordinate mechanics

An efficient algorithm for parallelization of a molecular mechanics program operating in the space of internal coordinates such as dihedral angles, bond angles, and bond lengths is described. The iterative procedure to calculate analytical energy derivatives with respect to the internal coordinates was modified to allow parallelization. Computationally intensive modules that calculate energy and its derivatives, solvent-accessible surface, electrostatic polarization energy and that update lists of interactions were parallelized with nearly 100% efficiency. The proposed strategy for the shared-memory computer architecture is easily scalable and requires minimum changes in a program code. The overall speedup for a realistic calculation minimizing the energy of a myoglobin reaches a factor of 3 for 4 processors. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

PHYTOCHROME MACRO-DISTRIBUTION, LOCAL PHOTOCONVERSION AND INTERNAL PHOTON FLUENCE RATE FOR Cucurbita pepo L. COTYLEDONS

Abstract— Using 7-day-oId cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo L., local phytochrome photoconversions could be measured for blue, red and far-red light. For this purpose, after nonsaturating irradiation, cotyledons were sliced into discs 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick and signals measured. This method also yielded the internal phytochrome distribution of the cotyledons with maximal concentration near the adaxial surface, dropping to about 50% in the center and reaching again about 90% at the abaxial surface. Local phytochrome conversion rates were used to calculate internal fluence rates across the cotyledons. Relative internal fluence rates were also derived from measured reflectances and transmittance according to the Kubelka-Munk theory. The general shape of the internal fluence distribution calculated on the basis of these two methods coincided well. It was observed that the internal local photoconversion is proportional to the penetration depth over a wide range of incident fluences and for all wavelengths tested, showing in addition that reciprocity holds. A method to calculate internal fluence rates by a simplified procedure assuming either linear or exponential functions is described.     

Calculating thermodynamic properties from perturbation theory: Part III. The mixtures of square-well chain fluid

A completely analytic perturbation theory has been developed to calculate the Helmholtz energy, compressibility factor, internal energy and constant-volume heat capacity for square-well chain fluid mixtures. This theory is based on the improved Barker–Henderson macroscopic compressibility (mc) approximation proposed by Zhang, the first-order perturbation theory of Wertheim in which Zhang’s analytic monomer radial distribution function as the function of temperature and monomer density is used, and a simple mixing rule similar to that of Hino–Prausnitz. The validity of the perturbation theory is evaluated by comparing the calculated compressibility factor, internal energy and constant-volume heat capacity for the freely jointed square-well chain mixtures from the theory to MC simulation data. The results show that the theory predicts results in good agreement with simulation results.     

Possible remediation of dioxin-polluted soil by steam distillation

2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) was found to evaporate easily with water vapor from a heated solution. Steam distillation was also effective for the removal of DCDD from DCDD-applied soil; its concentration (250 microg/50g soil) in the original soil decreased to less than 5% after steam distillation for only 20 min. Actual dioxin-polluted soil in Tokorozawa City was partially decontaminated using the same method. These results suggest that steam distillation could be a new remedial method for soils contaminated with persistent environmental pollutants, such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls.