丁二酸酐修饰对漆酶稳定性和除酚效率的影响(英文)

采用(NH4)2SO4分步沉淀法对诺维信中国公司生产的漆酶制剂DeniLiteIIS进行了纯化,并用丁二酸酐(SA)对纯化酶进行了化学修饰,运用三硝基苯磺酸法、紫外光谱法及荧光光谱法对修饰效果进行了初步表征,比较了天然酶和修饰酶的pH稳定性、热稳定性及除酚效率.结果表明,修饰酶的平均氨基修饰度为85%,其紫外吸收峰和荧光发射峰均出现蓝移,而且紫外吸收减小、荧光强度增加.尽管采用SA化学修饰未能改变漆酶的最适反应温度,但使其最适反应pH值由4.5提高到5.5,并且使酶活提高60%.与天然酶相比,修饰酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性更高,催化效率(kcat)和酶与底物的亲和力(kcat/Km)分别提高了53%和122%,对邻、间和对苯二酚的除酚效率分别提高了48%,57%和18%.这预示着这些修饰漆酶可望应用于工业生产和酚类污染废水的治理.     

不同底物体系下漆酶的失活动力学研究

本文对三种体系的漆酶热失活动力学进行了研究,并对动力学参数进行了相应的分析。结果显示,漆酶在纯水溶液中的失活符合一级动力学模型,其失活方程为lnA=-0. 1353t-2. 2522。在有毒有机物体系(2,4-二氯酚和吲哚溶液)中漆酶的失活仍符合一级失活动力学模型,失活速率常数减小,但半衰期增大。在极性溶液(乙醇)中,漆酶的反应速率常数最小,可能是因为漆酶分子内部作用力的变化导致了漆酶反应变缓;在非极性体系(异辛烷溶液)中,水-疏水体系减少了对酶的伤害,利于酶的稳定,延长了漆酶半衰期;极性或非极性体系中的漆酶失活均符合一级动力学失活模型。     

环氧基修饰周期性介孔有机氧化硅对漆酶的固定化作用

以三嵌段共聚物P123为模板剂,在酸性条件下通过1,2-三乙氧基硅基乙烷(BTESE)和3-含氧缩水甘油基-丙基-三甲氧基硅烷(GPTMS)共水解缩聚合成环氧基修饰的周期性介孔氧化硅(PMOs),以修饰后的PMOs为载体对漆酶进行固定化,研究了环氧基修饰对固定化酶稳定性的影响.通过XRD、TEM、固态NMR和N2吸附等手段表征材料的修饰效果、孔结构以及漆酶的固定化.结果表明,修饰后的材料保持良好的孔结构,环氧基的修饰有利于提高固定化酶的活力,基于环氧基修饰PMOs的固定化酶具有较高稳定性.     

壳聚糖-g-N-羧甲基-2-硫代-4,5-2H咪唑啉酮-多壁碳纳米管复合物固定漆酶基化学传感器的性能

通过壳聚糖-g-N-羧甲基-2-硫代-4,5-2H咪唑啉酮(CTS-g-N-CSIDZ)非共价功能化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的方式制备固定漆酶载体,该复合物载体主要通过物理吸附和漆酶活性中心与载体上配体之间的配位作用来固定漆酶,较大程度地保持了游离漆酶活性位原始构象.将固定了漆酶的复合物附着在裸玻碳电极上便构筑了复合物固定漆酶修饰玻碳电极.在以分光光度法测定了这种复合物载体对漆酶的担载量、固定漆酶比活力、稳定性、重复使用性及其催化2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(DMP)氧化动力学参数的基础上,还对基于此种复合物固定漆酶修饰玻碳电极作为化学传感器(以DMP作为底物)的性能进行了研究.结果表明,该复合物具有较高的固酶担载量(81.7 mg/g)和固定漆酶比活力(1.33 U/mg);而作为电化学传感器的复合物固定漆酶修饰玻碳电极对底物DMP具有较高的亲和力(对DMP的米氏常数KM是0.0918 mmol/L),较高的灵敏度( 3680 mA· L/mol),较低的检测限(3.3×10-4 mmol/L),较高的响应选择性,良好的重现性、重复使用性和长期稳定性.这种漆酶基电极有望用作电流型特定结构的酚类传感器.     

云芝漆酶在N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(BIS)交联聚甲基丙烯酸基元上的固定及其修饰玻碳电极电化学行为

以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(BIS)交联聚甲基丙烯酸作为固定漆酶的载体,以共价偶联法固定云芝漆酶并测定了固定基元的酶固定量和固定漆酶的比活力。还研究了固定漆酶热稳定性、重复使用性以及固定漆酶催化2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(DMP)氧化的酶动力学参数。实验结果表明,这种交联聚合物基元通过共价偶联法固定漆酶的量和固定漆酶的比活力分别可达26.37mg/g和1.202U/mg;在交联聚合物基元上固定的漆酶在50℃下放置2h后仍然保持初始活力的83%,重复使用10次后仍保持初始活力的80%以上;交联聚合物固定漆酶催化DMP氧化的表观速率常数kcat可达1090min-1,以固定漆酶的BIS交联聚甲基丙烯酸功能化碳纳米管修饰的玻碳电极在pH=4.4磷酸盐缓冲液中氧还原发生在+724mV(vs.SCE)。     

聚芳酰胺-多壁碳纳米管混合物固定漆酶电极的电化学行为

以聚芳酰胺-多壁碳纳米管混合物为载体,利用漆酶表面氨基与聚芳酰胺主链端羧基的共价偶联以及碳纳米管与漆酶间的疏水作用,构筑了具有较高稳定性和电催化活性的漆酶修饰电极.并对该固酶修饰电极的固酶量、酶活力、电化学行为及其电催化氧还原的性能进行了表征.对漆酶分子具有亲和力的聚芳酰胺芳环结构及聚芳酰胺端羧基与漆酶表面氨基的共价偶联避免了漆酶的脱落和变性.而碳纳米管与聚芳酰胺的混合使得该三维修饰电极具有良好的电子导电性,并成功地实现了漆酶的氧化还原活性位与电极之间的直接电荷转移,这一点可由在0.73和0.38V附近观察到漆酶的T1和T2(漆酶的T1,T2铜活性位的形式电位分别为0.78和0.39V(vsNHE))铜活性位的两对氧化还原峰确认.漆酶的担载量为56.0mg·g-1,具有电化学活性的漆酶占总担载漆酶量的68%.在pH=4.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,该修饰电极上氧气还原的起始电位为0.55V,其对氧气的米氏常数KM为55.8μmo·lL-1,对氧气的检测限为0.57μmo·lL-1.在4℃下保存两个月后能实现直接电荷转移的漆酶量仅下降了14%左右而氧还原超电势提高了约50mV.结果表明该修饰电极有望用作酶基生物燃料电池的阴极和电流型氧气传感器.     

贝壳状革耳菌漆酶酶活测定方法分析

酶活测定方法中所用的反应底物、反应条件以及酶活单位定义对漆酶酶活的测定结果有很大的影响。在对贝壳状革耳菌 (Panusconchatus)漆酶酶活测定方法的研究中发现 ,该酶与 2 ,2’ -连氮 -双 ( 3-乙基并噻- 6 -磺酸 ) (ABTS)反应的最适pH值为 3.0 ,而与紫丁香醛连氮、2 ,6-二甲氧基苯酚和邻甲联苯胺反应的最适pH值均为 4.0。上述底物与Panusconchatus漆酶反应的Km (米氏常数 )分别为 0 .0 1 1 6(mmol·L) - 1 ,1 4.1 0 95 (mmol·L) - 1 ,0 .1 0 1 1 (mmol·L) - 1 ,0 .1 41 5 (mmol·L) - 1 。该酶与ABTS、2 ,6-二甲氧基苯酚和邻甲联苯胺反应均表现为零级反应 ,而与紫丁香醛连氮反应时只在一定范围的酶浓度以及反应时间内才表现为零级反应。     

高分子聚合物-多壁碳纳米管复合物固定漆酶及其在玻碳电极上的直接电子迁移

采用不同结构的高分子聚合物与纯化的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)共混的方法,制备得到聚合物非共价功能化多壁碳管复合物,测定了这些载体对漆酶(lac)的担载量、固定漆酶的比活力及稳定性.以固定漆酶的复合物修饰玻碳(GC)电极后,采用循环伏安法研究这些电极在无氧磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中的直接电化学行为及催化氧还原活力,粗略地测定了固定漆酶与电极间电子转移的速率常数.实验结果表明,当聚合物中含亲漆酶基团或能与漆酶活性中心发生相互作用的官能团时利于直接电子转移,而且复合物固定漆酶保持了游离漆酶的天然构象.这些电极中,lac/NIPAM-co-BPCP-M WCNTs/GC(NIPAM-co-BPCP:N-烯丙基-1-苯甲酰基-3-苯基-4,5-2H-4-甲酰胺基吡唑-co-N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)在无氧PBS中发生直接电子转移的式电位(605mV)更接近漆酶活性中心的式电位(580mV),具有较快的异相电子转移速率(0.726s-1),较高的漆酶担载量(103.5mg/g)和固定漆酶比活力(1.68U/mg),较高的催化氧还原能力(氧还原起始电位820mV,在650mV时的催化峰电流为85.5μA)以及良好的重复使用性和长期使用性.     

基于固定化电子媒介体的漆酶电极的制备与应用

采用一种新方法引入媒介体,即将媒介体2,2-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)固定在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)上,将壳聚糖与漆酶共同修饰在玻碳电极表面,制备了漆酶电极。实验发现,ABTS能够被牢固地吸附在多壁碳纳米管上,且吸附了ABTS的多壁碳纳米管在水中的分散性能大为改善。由于ABTS的存在,该漆酶电极能够更加有效地催化氧气还原,使氧气的还原电位从-0.1 V升至0.6 V。研究了修饰在多壁碳纳米管上的ABTS的电化学行为,并讨论了碳纳米管修饰量、pH值及温度对漆酶电极催化性能的影响。该方法简单,制备的漆酶电极对氧气还原的催化效率高,有望应用于植入型生物燃料电池。     

介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空磁性微球的漆酶固定化

以介孔SiO2/Fe3O4磁性中空微球作为载体,采用物理吸附法对漆酶进行固定化,考察了时间、温度和pH值对漆酶固定化效果的影响,并对固定漆酶的活性及稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,介孔SiO2/Fe3O4磁性中空微球吸附漆酶分子后,介孔材料的比表面积与孔体积均减小.在3 h时复合微球对漆酶的吸附达到平衡,复合微球中介孔SiO2对漆酶的有效固定量为689 mg/g,大大高于纯介孔材料MCM-41的漆酶固定量(319 mg/g).在pH=3～6的条件下,复合微球中固定漆酶仍保持70%以上的相对酶活.当温度不高于60℃时,固定漆酶的相对酶活仍保持65%以上.固定漆酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性都明显优于游离漆酶,固定漆酶的米氏常数为1.05 mmol/L,与游离漆酶相比,固定漆酶与底物的亲和力有所降低.当2,4-二氯苯酚的浓度为10 mg/L时,固定漆酶对其去除率在6 h时达到81.6%,表现出很好的催化活性.     

Heterologous expression of Trametes versicolor laccase in Pichia pastoris and Aspergillus niger

Convenient expression systems for efficient heterologous production of different laccases are needed for their characterization and application. The laccase cDNAs lcc1 and lcc2 from Trametes versicolor were expressed in Pichia pastoris and Aspergillus niger under control of their respective glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoters and with the native secretion signal directing catalytically active laccase to the medium. P. pastoris batch cultures in shake-flasks gave higher volumetric activity (1.3 U/L) and a better activity to biomass ratio with glucose than with glycerol or maltose as carbon source. Preliminary experiments with fed-batch cultures of P. pastoris in bioreactors yielded higher activity (2.8 U/L) than the shake-flask experiments, although the levels remained moderate and useful primarily for screening purposes. With A. niger, high levels of laccase (2700 U/L) were produced using a minimal medium containing sucrose and yeast extract. Recombinant laccase from A. nigher harboring the lcc2 cDNA was purified to homogeneity and it was found to be a 70-kDa homogeneous enzyme with biochemical and catalytic properties similar to those of native T. versicolor laccase A.     

壳聚糖负载辛可宁催化剂的制备及其在水中催化不对称Aldol反应

以丁二酸酐为连接臂,经两步反应制备了壳聚糖负载辛可宁有机催化剂(CTS-SA-CN),并研究了CTS-SA-CN在水体系中对酮与多种芳香醛的直接不对称aldol反应的催化性能。结果表明,在CTS-SA-CN催化下,酮与多种芳香醛发生直接不对称aldol反应,可得到99%的产率和96%的ee值。另外, CTS-SA-CN可通过简单过滤实现回收,重复使用5次活性并没有明显下降。     

Electrospun microfibrous poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)/poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) mats tailored for enzymatic remediation of waters polluted by endocrine disruptors

Novel bicomponent microfibrous mats containing targeted amount of reactive maleic anhydride groups were prepared by electrospinning of mixed solutions of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride). Then, amino-functionalized P(St-alt-MA)/P(St-co-MA) mats were obtained by reaction with p-phenylenediamine. ATR-FTIR and XPS spectroscopy were used to characterize pristine and modified P(St-alt-MA)/P(St-co-MA) mats. On the next step, laccase from Trametes versicolor was covalently attached onto the modified mats; the average amount of immobilized enzyme was 40 ± 0.7 mg/g mat. The catalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme was studied in respect to bisphenol A (BPA) endocrine disruptor. The optimum activity of the immobilized enzyme was reached at maximum flow rate of 1.3 mL/s. After 90 min the BPA concentration was reduced by 60% and the catalytic activity of microfibrous mats remained stable for about 30 successive reuses. In addition, the relative activity of laccase immobilized on the microfibrous mats was displayed in a broader pH range as compared to that of the free one.     

镍基催化剂的制备、表征及选择加氢性能

研究了溶胶-凝胶-超临界流体干燥法（sol-gel-SCFD）和浸渍法（IM）制备的SiO2负载镍催化剂的顺酐液相加氢性能,并用XRD、TPR、IR等手段对催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了表征.结果表明: 1) Sol-Gel-SCFD法制备的催化剂其体相和表面结构与镍含量有关,当镍含量 < 30％(质量分数)时,NiO主要以簇团形式存在;随镍含量增高到50％,过量的NiO以微晶态存在并覆盖部分NiO簇团.顺酐(MA)加氢产物有丁二酸酐(SA)和γ-丁内酯(γ-BL),它们的选择性随镍含量增加呈规律性变化;在镍含量为30％的催化剂上γ-BL选择性呈现最大值. 2) IM法制备的催化剂其体相和表面结构与镍含量无关,当镍含量在6％～30％范围内变化时,NiO都以结晶态存在,MA加氢产物为SA; NiO与SiO2的相互作用随镍含量增加而减弱,SA的选择性不变.     

前驱物对NiO/SiO_2气凝胶催化剂性能的影响

分别用硝酸镍、醋酸镍和氯化镍为活性组分前驱物，正硅酸乙酯为硅源，采用 溶胶凝胶超临界流体干燥法制备了N-SiO_2，Ac-SiO_2和C-SiO_2催化剂，经TEM， TPR，XRD，IR等物性结构表征及催化加氢活性评价结果表明：前驱物对由溶胶凝胶 法制备催化剂中氧化镍的分散性，晶粒大小及与载体的相互作用都有明显的影响， N-SiO_2催化剂有Ni-O-Si键形成，NiO呈簇团结构，粒径最小，分散性最好，但加 氢活性最低；Ac-SiO_2和C-SiO_2催化剂中氧化镍呈微晶态，与载体相互作用较弱 。在三种催化剂中，NiO与载体相互作用强弱顺序为：N-SiO_2 > Ac-SiO_2 > C- SiO_2，但加氢活性大小顺序相反为：C-SiO_2 > Ac-SiO_2 > N-SiO_2；C-SiO_2催 化剂加氢活性和丁二酸酐的选择性均在99%以上。     

Chemical Modifications of Laccase from White-Rot Basidiomycete Cerrena unicolor

Laccases belong to the group of phenol oxidizes and constitute one of the most promising classes of enzymes for future use in various fields. For industrial and biotechnological purposes, laccases were among the first enzymes providing larger-scale applications such as removal of polyphenols or conversion of toxic compounds. The wood-degrading basidiomycete Cerrena unicolor C-139, reported in this study, is one of the high-laccase producers. In order to facilitate novel and more efficient biocatalytic process applications, there is a need for laccases with improved biochemical properties, such as thermostability or stability in broad ranges of pH. In this work, modifications of laccase isoforms by hydrophobization, hydrophilization, and polymerization were performed. The hydrophobized and hydrophilized enzyme showed enhanced surface activity and higher ranges of pH and temperatures in comparison to its native form. However, performed modifications did not appear to noticeably alter enzyme??s native structure possibly due to the formation of coating by particles of saccharides around the molecule. Additionally, surface charge of modified laccase shifted towards the negative charge for the hydrophobized laccase forms. In all tested modifications, the size exclusion method led to average 80?% inhibition removal for hydrophilized samples after an hour of incubation with fluoride ions. Samples that were hydrophilized with lactose and cellobiose showed an additional 90?% reversibility of inhibition by fluoride ions after an hour of concluding the reaction and 40?% after 24?h. The hydrophobized laccase showed higher level of the reversibility after 1?h (above 80?%) and 24?h (above 70?%) incubation with fluoride ions. The addition of ascorbate to laccase solution before a fluoride spike resulted in more efficient reversibility of fluoride inhibitory effect in comparison to the treatments with reagents used in the reversed sequence.     

Low-temperature hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to succinic anhydride and γ-butyrolactone over pseudo-boehmite derived alumina supported metal(metal = Cu,Co and Ni) catalysts

The pseudo-boehmite derived alumina supported metal(Cu,Co and Ni) catalysts prepared by the impregnation method were investigated in hydrogenation of maleic anhydride(MA) to succinic anhydride(SA) and γ-butyrolactone.The catalysts were characterized by ICP-AES,N_2 adsorptiondesorption,XRD,H_2-TPR,CO-TPD,dissociative N_2O adsorption and TEM and the results showed that the alumina possessed mesoporous feature and the metal species were well dispersed on the support.Compared to Cu/Al_2O_3 and Co/Al_2O_3,Ni/Al_2O_3 exhibited higher catalytic activity in the MA hydrogenation with 92%selectivity to SA and nearly 100%conversion of MA at 140 °C under 0.5 MPa of H_2 with a weighted hourly space velocity of 2 h ~1(MA).The stability of Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst was also investigated.     

Stability of photocurable anhydrides: Methacrylic acid mixed anhydrides of nontoxic diacids

Disproportionation of the liquid mixed anhydride dimethacrylic sebacic anhydride (m‐SA) to methacrylic anhydride and polyanhydride oligomers, as well as vinylic polymerization, can occur on workup and storage at room temperature. Dimethacrylic 1,3‐bis(p‐carboxyphenoxy) propane, being a solid, can also disproportionate, but the propensity to do so is lower than for m‐SA. These events can be suppressed with free‐radical inhibitors, and the inhibitor 2+3‐t‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenol is a more effective stabilizer than 4‐methoxyphenol at 20 °C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4189–4195, 2001