立方体溴化银颗粒光谱增感的电子转移超快动力学研究

本文利用皮秒时间分辨条纹相机技术检测了3种染料在立方颗粒溴化银上吸附后形成聚集体的荧光光谱,分析了3种染料在不同染料浓度下对染料聚集体到溴化银导带的超快电子转移过程的影响,进而分析其对增感效率的影响关系,并探讨了增感过程的微观机理.实验结果表明,荧光衰减的动力学曲线与一个双指数函数拟合得相当好,存在一快一慢两个衰减成分,快衰减成分占拟合较大比例,表明其源于与荧光衰减相竞争的从激发态染料聚集体到AgBr导带的电子转移.光致电子转移的速率及增感效率随着染料相对浓度的增加表现出一定的变化趋势,染料浓度增加,增感效率减小.     

染料增感AgBr乳剂的光电子衰减动力学研究

本工作利用微波吸收薄膜介电谱测量技术,测量了菁染料光谱增感后的AgBr晶体乳剂在脉冲激光曝光后产生的光电子衰减时间特性,分析了不同类型的染料及其增感条件对材料光电子时间特性的影响关系.通过比较增感后的T 颗粒乳剂和立方体乳剂的光电子衰减特性,实验验证了吸附在T 颗粒(111)晶面上的染料比吸附在立方体(100)晶面上的染料更有效、更有助于形成潜影的论据.     

增感染料与卤化银微晶之间的作用及其聚集态的研究

本文研究了光谱增感染料的结构对立方体卤化银乳剂的感光性能的影响,并利用反射光谱和彩色分析荧光电镜研究了染料在卤化银微晶上的聚集态和Ｊ 聚集体的相对尺寸,通过测定乳剂离子电导率研究了染料的结构对乳剂离子电导率的影响．实验结果表明：本文中所用的九个染料不管是增感还是减感染料都能在立方体卤化银乳剂上形成Ｊ 聚集态;对噻碳菁染料而言,其５位上无论是吸电子基团还是推电子基团的染料形成的Ｊ 聚集体的平均尺寸皆较未取代染料的大,其增感效果也较好;苯环５位上吸电子基取代或平面性好的噻碳菁染料可提高立方体ＡｇＢｒＩ乳剂的离子电导率,证明它们的增感效果也好;６位硝基取代的吲哚碳菁染料是典型的减感染料,其在立方体乳剂上所形成的Ｊ 聚集体较小,但是对乳剂的离子电导无影响．此外,本文还试图对不对称插烯菁染料Ｄｙｅ９使立方体ＡｇＢｒＩ乳剂减感的作用进行了解释     

阴离子碳菁染料的合成与聚集动力学研究

自从1938年,Scheibe^[1]发现了菁染料聚集体中的能量传递现象,人们对菁染料的聚集行为展开了大量的研究^[2,3].由于菁染料聚集体对乳剂具有特殊的增感作用,人们主要研究聚集体在乳剂中的增感机理^[4,5]以及菁染料聚集的溶剂效应与浓度效应^[6]等,而对于菁染料聚集的动力学行为研究较少.     

某些硫碳菁染料在溴碘化银乳剂中聚集态的研究

本文应用三种不同晶形的溴碘化银乳剂(立方体、八面体和T-颗粒)和八种硫碳菁染料(大部分为内铵盐结构染料)进行了染料的聚集态的研究。试验结果表明,染料的J-聚集态的形成主要取决于染料的结构,其次依赖于卤化银的晶形。三种不同结构的表面活性剂对染料聚集态的形成均有影响,其中两性的表面活性剂最强,阴离子的表面活性剂次之,中性的表面活性剂最弱。二种中位甲基取代的硫碳菁染料的聚集态受表面活性剂影响最为明显,形成较强的J-态,而对其它六种染料的聚集态影响较小,J-聚集态稍有增强。     

溴碘化银核壳乳剂中电子的捕获和复合

本文应用双注仪制备了在核表面进行不同程度还原增感和一系列溴碘化银核壳乳剂,在不同条件下测定了核表面形成的不同还原增感中心对乳剂微晶光电子衰减动力学及发光光谱的影响。结果表明:在一定增感温度和时间条件下,当Na₂SO₃用量低于5.4mg/molAg时光电子衰减动力学为二级反应,而当Na₂SO₃用量超过27mg/molAg时,增感中心一部分作为空穴陷阱,另一部分作为电子陷阱,光电子衰减速率决定于电子的捕获和复合,光电了衰减动力学为一复杂过程。低温发光光谱随不同增感程度的改变证明:还原增感中心不是发光中心。     

草酸根掺杂板状溴碘化银颗粒乳剂的增感效应研究

使用反馈式微机控制双注乳化仪,在晶体生长过程中一定时间内,加入一定量的草酸盐,制得了草酸根离子处于晶体颗粒次表面的板状溴碘化银微晶乳剂.对其实验过程的考察和感光性能的测试结果表明:1)草酸根掺杂于次表面的溴碘化银乳剂与未掺杂乳剂相比较,经过化学增感后,或光谱增感后的乳剂,其感光度有明显提高(Sd/S0≥1.5),即具有明显的增感效应;2)无论是经过化学增感,还是经光谱增感后的乳剂,草酸根掺杂溴碘化银颗粒乳剂的灰雾水平都不高.     

反胶束体系中水团的笼效应

在反胶束体系中研究了菁染料的吸收光谱以及ω值对菁染料荧光光谱的影响.讨论了不同粒径的AgCl纳米粒子对反胶束体系中菁染料的吸附状态及J-聚集体形成的影响.特别研究了反胶束水团空间限定效应对菁染料荧光量子产率及J-聚集体的影响.     

不同取代基的噻碳菁和吲哚碳菁染料对其在溴化银微晶上吸附能力及形成J-聚集体尺寸分布的影响

本文研究了5-位不同取代基的噻碳菁和吲哚碳菁染料对其在立方型颗粒和T-颗粒溴化银微晶上吸附能力的影响,并采用ACFEM(Analytical Color Fluore scence Electron Microscopy)研究了上述结构染料对其吸附在溴化银微晶所形成的J-聚集体尺寸分布的影响。实验结果表明,对吲哚碳菁染料来说,立方体溴化银微晶表面的吸附能力较T-颗粒溴化银微晶表面的吸附能力强;但对噻碳菁染料来说则相反,它们在T-颗粒溴化银微晶表面的吸附能力较立方体溴化银微晶表面的吸附能力强。另外,对5-位不同取代基的噻碳菁染料而言,无论是在立方型颗粒或T-颗粒溴化银微晶上的吸附能力来说,含取代基(无论4-取代基是吸电子型还是推电子型)的噻碳菁染料较未取代的噻碳菁染料强;而5-位取代基是吸电子型的噻碳菁染料更有利于其吸附在T-颗粒溴化银微晶表面。此外,本文还进一步证明了溴化银微晶表面上染料J-聚集体的生长过程是符合奥斯瓦尔特成熟过程的。吲哚碳菁染料在T-颗粒溴化银微晶上形成的J-聚集体的平均尺寸明显大于在立方体溴化银微晶上形成的J-聚集体的平均尺寸。吸附在立方体溴化银微晶上的5-不同取代基的噻碳菁染料对其形成J-聚集体尺寸分布的影响的研究结果表明,含取代基(-CH₃,-Ph,-Cl)的噻碳菁染料形成的J-聚集体的尺寸分布几乎相同,但与未取代的噻碳菁染料形成的J-聚集体的尺寸分布明显不同;5-位含取代基的噻碳菁染料形成的J-聚集体平均尺寸大于未取代的噻碳菁染料的。     

短波长菁染料对氯化银乳剂的光谱增感作用

本文利用紫外 可见吸收光谱、光谱曝光等手段研究了5种短波长菁染料,比较了它们在氯化银乳剂上的光谱增感作用,得出3种较好的短波长增感染料,并研究它们在氯化银颗粒上的吸附行为.结果表明,这3种染料在氯化银颗粒上均有吸附,并能有效地提高氯化银乳剂在短波长区的感光度.     

卤化银乳剂颗粒上不对称菁染料J-聚体荧光的研究

光谱增感机理的研究是感光科学中的一个重要课题Gilman^[1]和Kuhn等^[2]曾经提出光谱增感的电子转移和能量传递理论。随着现代谱学手段的出现,为人们了解光谱增感的初始过程提供了条件。近年来,电子转移的机理已被广泛接受,并用来解释与光谱增感有关的各种现象。但在ns~ps范围内的光谱增感动力学方面的研究还不多见。Dahne认为光谱增感不仅决定于染料与卤化银的能级关系,而且是由动力学控制的^[3],激发态染料向卤化银导带注人电子的电子转移过程与辐射及其他无辐射去活过程是竞争的^[4]我们通过对两种不对称的苯并咪哇唾碳著染料在AgBrI乳剂颗粒上吸附形成的J一聚体的荧光性质的研究,以求深人了解光谱增感的电子转移机理及其动力学过程,无疑是有重要意义的。     

Effects of NaCl on the J-aggregation of two thiacarbocyanine dyes in aqueous solutions

The effects of NaCl on the aggregation of two typical thiacarbocyanine dyes (3,3'-di(3-sulfopropyl)-4,5,4',5'-dibenzo-9-phenyl-thiacarbocyanine triethyl ammonium salt (Dye 1) and 3,3'-di(3-sulfopropyl)-4,5,4',5'-dibenzo-9-methyl-thiacarbocyanine triethyl ammonium salt (Dye 2)) in aqueous solution have been studied by using absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and 1H- and 23Na-NMR measurements. It is found that the J-aggregation of two dyes can be promoted by the addition of NaCl and that the effective coherence length of the J-aggregate is shorter than that obtained without NaCl. Fluorescence spectra demonstrate that the fluorescence intensities of the J-aggregates of two dyes are quenched by addition of NaCl. This is consistent with the decrease of the effective coherence length of J-aggregates of the two dyes in the presence of NaCl. 1H-NMR spectra of two dyes show that the Na(+) ions penetrate into the J-aggregates and replace the counterion (triethylammonium ions) in two dyes. The measurements of the chemical shifts of 23Na nuclei provide further information about the interaction between the Na(+) ions and dye anions in the J-aggregates of the two dyes. Due to this interaction, the electrostatic repulsion between the dye anions in the J-aggregates can be reduced and thus accelerate the aggregation of the two dyes in the presence of NaCl. The apparent association constants between Na(+) ions and dye molecules in J-aggregates of Dye 1 and Dye 2 estimated from the measured chemical shifts of 23Na nuclei are about 2.38 M(-1) and 1.35 M(-1), respectively.     

Photophysical studies of dipolar organic dyes that feature a 1,3-cyclohexadiene conjugated linkage: the implication of a twisted intramolecular charge-transfer state on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells

A detailed study of the synthesis and photophysical properties of a new series of dipolar organic photosensitizers that feature a 1,3‐cyclohexadiene moiety integrated into the π‐conjugated structural backbone has been carried out. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on these structurally simple dyes have shown appreciable photo‐to‐electrical energy conversion efficiency, with the highest one up to 4.03 %. Solvent‐dependent fluorescence studies along with the observation of dual emission on dye 4 b and single emission on dyes 4 a and 32 suggest that dye 4 b possesses a highly polar emissive excited state located at a lower‐energy position than at the normal emissive excited state. A detailed photophysical investigation in conjunction with computational studies confirmed the twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer (TICT) state to be the lowest emissive excited state for dye 4 b in polar solvents. The relaxation from higher‐charge‐injection excited states to the lowest TICT state renders the back‐electron transfer process a forbidden one and significantly retards the charge recombination to boost the photocurrent. The electrochemical impedance under illumination and transient photovoltage decay studies showed smaller charge resistance and longer electron lifetime in 4 b ‐based DSSC compared to the DSSCs with reference dyes 4 a and 32 , which further illustrates the positive influence of the TICT state on the performance of DSSCs.     

新型中空卤化银颗粒乳剂的制备和性能研究V.中空卤化银T颗粒乳剂的制备和性能研究

８０ 年代以来,许多新型的卤化银微晶已在新开发的各种高质量感光材料中得到应用．近十年来在国内外文献中又出现新型中空卤化银微晶制备方法的报道．本文着重研究一种表面有许多小孔及凹坑的中空卤化银Ｔ颗粒的制备方法和感光性能．由于其独特的孔洞结构,使位错、缺陷增加,填隙银离子浓度增加和电子陷阱增多,潜影形成效率提高,从而达到提高乳剂感光性能的目的．     

稳盐(TAI)对立方体溴碘化银微晶中显影中心分布影响的研究

本文应用微机控制的双注仪制备了碘含量为2.5%的立方体溴碘化银乳剂微晶,应用控制显影技术和电子显微镜研究了稳盐(TAI)对乳剂微晶显影中心大小和分布的影响。结果表明:TAI对S+Au增感的立方体溴碘化银乳剂微晶有明显的增感作用,而对未经化学增感的乳剂没有明显的增感作用。TAI使S+Au增感的乳剂含一个和两个显影中心的颗粒数增加。     

Meso-Chloro-Substituted Indodicarbocyanines: Aggregate Behavior,Electrochemical Properties,Crystal Structure and Photographic Performance

The correlation of photographic performance of meso-chloro-substituted indocarbocyanine dyes having different substituent groups with their electrochemical properties and aggregation behavior in solutions and crystals and on emulsion grains was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the dyes form easily H-rather than J-aggregates no matter what they arc on AgBrI emulsions or in solutions and crystals. All the lowest vacant electronic energy level of the dyes, E_LV, are much lower than the energy of conduction band of AgBrI (E_CB)(-3.23 ev), so it is very easy for the dyes to trap electrons from the surface of silver halide, leading to strong desensitization by the electron-trapping process. The desensitization by the dyes depends fundamentally on their amount and structure, especially on the nature of substituents.     

染料敏化可见光催化制氢研究进展

染料敏化是拓展宽禁带光催化剂激发波长范围、有效利用太阳光中可见光部分的重要手段. 本文介绍了染料敏化分解水制氢的基本原理, 综述了染料敏化剂、基质或载体、染料与基质的相互作用、产氢助催化剂以及电子牺牲剂的研究进展. 并对光敏化体系中电荷转移途径及稳定性问题进行了讨论.     

Sensitizer molecular structure-device efficiency relationship in dye sensitized solar cells

In the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) the dye sensitizer carries out the light harvesting function and is therefore crucial in determining overall cell efficiency. In addition, the dye sensitizer can influence many of the key electron transfer processes occurring at the TiO(2)/dye/electrolyte interface which also determine efficiency. Dye structure can influence and drive forward electron injection into the conduction band of the TiO(2). Conversely, dye structure can help retard loss electron transfer processes such as charge recombination of injected electrons in the TiO(2) with dye cations and also recombination of these electrons with the electrolyte. Therefore tuning dye sensitizer light absorbing properties and control of the aforementioned electron transfer processes through structural design of the dye sensitizer is an important avenue through which optimization of DSSC efficiency should be pursued. In this critical review the latest work focusing on the design of dyes for efficient DSSCs is revised (111 references).