氧化铝基COS、CS_2水解催化剂表面碱性和催化作用

进行了３种氧化铝基催化剂上ＣＯ２的ＴＰＤ和ＣＯＳ、ＣＳ２的水解活性研究．结果表明，催化剂表面碱性中心类型、强度和数目是不相同的；Ｋ２Ｏ和Ｐｔ的负载能提高弱碱性中心的数目和强度，同时能显著提高ＣＯＳ、ＣＳ２的水解转化率．关联第一类ＣＯ２脱附活化能和峰面积与ＣＯＳ水解反应活化能和速率常数，发现呈线性关系，说明弱碱性中心是ＣＯＳ催化水解的活性中心．关联第一、二两类ＣＯ２脱附峰面积与ＣＳ２水解速率常数，指出弱、次弱两类碱性中心均参与了ＣＳ２催化水解．催化剂表面上能量的分布是不均匀的．     

程序升温热脱附研究不同热处理的HZSM-5分子筛的表面酸性和催化活性

用静态程序升温热脱附方法研究了不同热处理条件对HZSM-5分子筛的酸性和催化活性时影响。测得了不同焙烧温度和不同抽空温度下氨在HZSM-5上的热脱附谱,计算了测定条件下所相应的HZSM-5的表面酸中心数。结果表明,在HZSM-5表面上存在的两种强弱不同的酸中心随热处理温度而变化的趋势是一致的。在小于650℃时,焙烧温度对异构化的活性中心的酸强度分布影响不大。不同焙烧温度的HZSM-5上邻二甲苯异构化活性与酸中心数有对应的关系,它们随焙烧温度的变化趋势颇为相似。     

焙烧温度对稀土钴系复合氧化物催化剂结构与性能的影响

采用X光衍射（XRD），程序升温还原（TPR），程序升温脱附（TPD），付立叶红外光谱（FT－IR），二甲苯完全氧化活性测定等方法，对3种焙烧温度下所制备的稀土钴系复合氧化物催化剂进行了结构和性能表征，结果表明，随着焙烧温度的升高，钙钛矿型LaCoO3晶体逐渐发育完善，H2－TRP谱的高温还原峰面积和峰温逐渐上升，而低温还原峰面积和峰温逐渐减少，与此同时，O2－TPD谱中600℃附近的高温脱附峰逐渐增大，600℃以下低温脱附峰逐渐降低，稀土钴系复合氧化物催化剂的二甲苯完全氧化活性及导电性无有所改善。     

CO在Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3型低变催化剂上的TPD研究

本文采用程序升温脱附(TPD)法研究了CO在Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3型低变催化剂上的脱附动力学。结果表明,在350℃以内,该催化剂对CO显示出一种能量分布的活泼部位,主要由催化剂中的Cu所提供。以T_f法结合脱附速率等温线法进行了TPD谱图的定量解析,求出了脱附动力学参数,建立了脱附速率方程。并发现Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3型低变催化剂对CO的总有效表面虽为非均匀的,但该催化剂在350℃以内对CO显示的活泼部位所提供的有效表面却具有均匀表面的能量特征。由分析脱附级数,可推测出CO的吸附以缔合式吸附为主。     

Effect of reduction temperature on the properties and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performance of Fe-Mo catalysts

研究了还原温度对Fe-Mo催化剂性质及费托(F-T)合成性能的影响.采用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、穆斯堡尔谱和H2程序升温脱附技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,随还原温度升高,金属铁晶粒粒径增大,金属铁上的H2吸附量先升后降;催化剂还原度提高,反应态催化剂碳化铁含量递增.催化剂F-T合成性能在280℃、1.5MPa、2000h-1、合成气H2/CO比为2.0条件下在固定床反应器中测试.反应结果表明,随还原温度提高,催化剂接近稳态时的活性和重质烃选择性(C5+)先升后降,而甲烷选择性则先降后升.350℃还原催化剂具有最佳F-T合成反应性能.     

焙烧温度对Nb2O5/α-Al2O3催化剂结构及催化性能的影响

 制备了Nb2O5/α-Al2O3催化剂并用于环氧乙烷水合反应制乙二醇,采用X射线衍射,热重-差热分析,红外光谱,吸附氨的程序升温脱附,吸附环氧乙烷的程序升温脱附,扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了焙烧温度对催化剂物理化学性质及催化性能的影响. 结果表明,焙烧温度明显影响氧化铌催化剂的结构、酸量及酸强度. 催化剂的结构不同,环氧乙烷在催化剂表面的吸附强度存在明显差别,而催化剂的酸量和酸强度影响其催化性能.     

MgO上甲醇分解的TPSR研究

本文采用ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ技术考察ＣＨ＿３ＯＨ在Ｍｇｏ催化剂上的分解反应，并与ＭｇＯ固体碱催化剂表面的酸碱性质进行关联。发现ＣＨ＿３ＯＨ在２３８℃、３４２℃和５３３℃处有三个脱附峰，对应地有三种表面吸附形式。这三种吸附形式与催化剂表面的酸、碱中心的强度有关，弱的酸碱中心上，ＣＨ＿３ＯＨ以分子和弱吸附的表面甲氧基形式吸附，２３８℃时的脱附峰主要为甲醇和二甲醚；较强的酸碱中心上表面甲氧基吸附较牢固，于３４２℃脱附，产生的二甲醚的相对量亦多；强酸强碱中心上吸附的甲醇易脱氢而形成表面吸附的（Ｈ＿２ＣＯ），高温５３３℃脱附时分解成ＣＯ和Ｈ＿２。     

丁烯-1在MoO3.Bi2O3.P2O5/SiO2催化剂上的程序升温脱附

本文采用程序升温脱附技术,考察了MoO_3·Bi_2O_3·P_2O_5/SiO_2催化剂晶格氧的逸出和丁烯-1在催化剂上的程序升温脱附特性和表面反应。 实验结果表明:程序升温脱附峰T_M值随丁烯-1吸附量的增加而逐渐增高。从脱附物组成的色谱分析证实,在程序升温脱附过程中吸附的丁烯-1在表面晶格氧参与下发生复杂的催化反应,不单有丁烯异构物、聚合物、丁二烯,还有含氧化合物的生成。丁烯1和其产物的总包脱附活化能随丁烯-1吸附量的增加而增大。采用在不同脱附温度下切割程序升温脱附溜出物和改变程序升温脱附前的抽空条件然后进行色谱分析,初步对丁烯-1在催化剂上的表面反应活性中心进行了分类,并估算了各类反应中心的数目。当温度低于120℃时,发生异构化和双聚反应,高于120℃时有显著的氧化和氧化脱氢反应。还从吸附等温线计算了不同复盖度时丁烯的等容吸附热。并根据本文实验结果和松浦等从经典吸附法求得的丁烯吸附热值进行了讨论。     

焙烧温度对K改性Ag-Fe/ZnO-ZrO2催化剂结构和CO加氢合成低碳混合醇醚性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法在不同焙烧温度下制备K改性Ag-Fe/ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂,考察不同焙烧温度对催化剂CO加氢合成低碳混合醇醚反应性能的影响。通过N₂物理吸附(N₂-adsorption)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、一氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,250 ℃焙烧的催化剂,由于焙烧温度较低,表面尚未形成足够多的活性位,未能达到最佳的催化性能;300 ℃焙烧的催化剂,其CO转化率最高、醇醚选择性较高,醇醚时空产率达到最大值。随着焙烧温度进一步升高,CO转化率逐渐降低,醇选择性先降低后增大,二甲醚(DME)选择性逐渐增大,醇醚时空产率逐渐降低。催化剂性能主要与其比表面积、还原性能、所含银铁复合物分散度及CO吸脱附性能有关,即比表面积较大、易于被还原、银铁复合物分散度较高以及较多的CO吸脱附活性位,有利于催化剂CO加氢转化。催化剂表面活性位对CO的非解离吸附强度降低,有利于醇醚产物的生成;而对CO的解离吸附强度增强,则不利于烃类产物的生成。     

氧经铝基COS,CS2水解催化剂表面碱性和催化作用

进行了３种氧化铝基催化剂上ＣＯ２的ＴＰＤ和ＣＯＳ，ＣＳ２的水解活尾研究。结果表明，催化剂表面碱性中心类型，强度和数目是不相同的；Ｋ２Ｏ和Ｐｔ的负载能提高弱碱性中心的数目和强度，同时能显著提高ＣＯＳ，ＣＳ２的水解转化率。关联第一类ＣＯ２脱附活化能和峰面积与ＣＯＳ水解反应活化能和速率常数，发现呈线性关系，说明弱碱性中心是ＣＯＳ催化水解的活性中心。     

多级孔结构WO3/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的烷基化催化性能研究

采用复合模板表面活性剂辅助水热法一步合成WO3/ZrO2体系多级孔固体酸催化剂,探讨了煅烧温度对所合成催化剂试样酸强度及酸量的影响,并考察了催化剂针对苯和十二烯的烷基化反应中的催化性能.结果表明,WO3/ZrO2体系催化剂具有较强的酸强度,并且与催化剂的比表面积和晶化程度有密切关系,比表面积的增大和四方相ZrO2的生成能有效地提高催化剂的酸强度.该催化剂具有优良的烷基化反应催化活性和选择性,其中450℃,5h煅烧的WO3/ZrO2催化剂样品酸性最强,其烷基化催化活性和选择性最优.     

水热处理对MCM-22催化剂酸性、孔结构及甲苯/甲醇烷基化性能的影响

采用XRD, NH3-TPD, IR和低温氮气吸附等方法研究了分别以纯水蒸气和质量分数为6％的氨水蒸气处理MCM-22分子筛催化剂后, 其酸性和孔结构的变化, 并以甲苯、甲醇烷基化为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能. 研究结果表明, 在两种不同介质中和处理温度不高于400 ℃条件下, 催化剂的总酸量变化不大, 强酸中心有所增加; 处理温度高于500 ℃后, 催化剂的总酸量明显下降, 强酸中心基本消失; 经水热处理后, MCM-22分子筛催化剂中形成了孔径不均匀的二次孔, 平均孔径增大. 随着处理温度的提高, 催化剂的活性降低, 对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的选择性上升. 经500 ℃纯水蒸气处理5 h的MCM-22催化剂, 具有适宜的酸强度和酸类型分布, 有利于甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的进行, 且催化剂维持了较高的催化活性并具有一定的对位选择性(甲苯转化率和对二甲苯选择性分别29.22％和42.16％).     

还原温度对Fe-Mo催化剂性质及F-T合成性能的影响

研究了还原温度对Fe-Mo催化剂性质及费托(F-T)合成性能的影响。采用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射、穆斯堡尔谱和H₂程序升温脱附技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,随还原温度升高,金属铁晶粒粒径增大,金属铁上的H₂吸附量先升后降;催化剂还原度提高,反应态催化剂碳化铁含量递增。催化剂F-T合成性能在280 ℃、1.5 MPa、2 000 h^-1、合成气H₂/CO比为2.0条件下在固定床反应器中测试。反应结果表明,随还原温度提高,催化剂接近稳态时的活性和重质烃选择性(C₅⁺)先升后降,而甲烷选择性则先降后升。350 ℃还原催化剂具有最佳F-T合成反应性能。     

New Method for the Temperature‐ Programmed Desorption (TPD) of Ammonia Experiment for Characterization of Zeolite Acidity: A Review

In this review, a method for the temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia experiment for the characterization of zeolite acidity and its improvement by simultaneous IR measurement and DFT calculation are described. First, various methods of ammonia TPD are explained, since the measurements have been conducted under the concepts of kinetics, equilibrium, or diffusion control. It is however emphasized that the ubiquitous TPD experiment is governed by the equilibrium between ammonia molecules in the gas phase and on the surface. Therefore, a method to measure quantitatively the strength of the acid site (?H upon ammonia desorption) under equilibrium‐controlled conditions is elucidated. Then, a quantitative relationship between ?H and H₀ function is proposed, based on which the acid strength ?H can be converted into the H₀ function. The identification of the desorption peaks and the quantitative measurement of the number of acid sites are then explained. In order to overcome a serious disadvantage of the method (i.e., no information is provided about the structure of acid sites), the simultaneous measurement of IR spectroscopy with ammonia TPD, named IRMS‐TPD (infrared spectroscopy/mass spectrometry–temperature‐programmed desorption), is proposed. Based on this improved measurement, Brønsted and Lewis acid sites were differentiated and the distribution of Brønsted OH was revealed. The acidity characterized by IRMS‐TPD was further supported by the theoretical DFT calculation. Thus, the advanced study of zeolite acidity at the molecular level was made possible. Advantages and disadvantages of the ammonia TPD experiment are discussed, and understanding of the catalytic cracking activity based on the derived acidic profile is explained.     

NiSO4／HY催化剂上丙烯齐聚反应研究

本文考察了ＮｉＳＯ_４／ＨＹ催化剂用于丙烯齐聚反应的催化性能，研究了镍含量、镍盐、焙烧温度以及反应条件对催化活性和选择性的影响，随镍含量增加，反应活性及二聚选择性都升高，镍含量为９一２０ｗｔ％时活性达最好，液体收率达９５ｗｔ％，随焙烧温度升高，二聚选择性不断升高。催化活性则在８２３Ｋ时有最大值。用吸附指示剂法测定了样品的酸分布，ＣＯ－ＴＰＤ法测定了暴露的Ｎｉ中心量，ＸＲＤ法测定了ＮｉＳＯ_４在ＨＹ上的分散阈值，讨论了它们与丙烯齐聚活性的关联。     

(Fe)ZSM-5的水热稳定性及转化甲醇为低碳烯烃的反应性能

用XRD,ESR,Mossbauer谱,TPD,IR及连续反应等技术,考察了水热处理对杂原子(Fe)ZSM-5的结构稳定性、表面酸性和对甲醇转化为低碳烯烃反应性能的影响。在水蒸汽的影响下,骨架铁易向分子筛表面迁移而使分子筛骨架向silicalite-1转化。(Fe)ZSM-5的表面酸性明显弱于(Al)ZSM-5,而且酸中心以L酸为主,随着水热处理温度的提高,B酸下降程度大于L酸。另外,随着水热处理温度的提高,甲醇转化的活性降低。     

Measurements of acidic property of zeolites by temperature programmed desorption of ammonia

The overall view of the TPD of ammonia to measure the acidic property of zeolites is described. The desorption peaks were identified and the significance of readsorption of ammonia was pointed out for the first time. This part of the work was done using reference catalysts of the Catalysis Society of Japan. The theoretical equation for the TPD with free readsorption of ammonia was then derived. Two methods for determining the strength of zeolite acidity based on the derived equation were proposed. A curve fitting method was then proposed to determine the zeolite acidity; based on this method, not only the strength of acidity but also its distribution could be determined. This method was applied to mordenite and ZSM-5 zeolites with different contents of Al and Na cations, and a simple conclusion was reached; namely, the strength of the acidity was not influenced by the number of acid sites but by the structure of the zeolite. Finally, water vapor treatment to rub out the l-peak (lower temperature peak) was briefly mentioned. This method was applied to precisely determine the acidity of Y-zeolite. A case study about the beta zeolite as the catalyst for the amination of phenol was exemplified; the catalytic activity was discussed in terms of the measured acidity.     

Study of the acidity of zeolite alkylation catalysts by temperature programmed ammonia desorption

The temperature programmed desorption (TPD) spectrum of ammonia from HLaCaNaY alkylation catalysts shows a strong band with maximum at 389°C, which virtually coincides with the optimal sample activation temperature (380°C). The TPD spectrum was found to account for the specific features of the acidity of these alkylation catalysts. Institute of Bioorganic and Petroleum Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanskaya ul., Kiev 02094, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 247–250, July–August, 2000.     

SAPO-34和SAPO-44分子筛上吸附甲醇的TPSR-MS研究

 采用程序升温表面反应-质谱(TPSR-MS)和程序升温脱附(TPD)技术考察了SAPO-34和SAPO-44分子筛表面的酸性与其催化甲醇转化为低碳烯烃性能的关系. 结果表明,SAPO分子筛表面存在两种活性中心,这两种活性中心与分子筛表面不同的酸性中心相对应. 表面吸附的甲醇在不同强度的酸性中心上进行不同的反应,在弱酸中心上主要进行甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的反应,在强酸中心上主要进行二甲醚进一步转化为低碳烯烃的反应. 同时,探讨了SAPO分子筛表面的酸强度对低碳烯烃生成温度的影响.     

Effect of sulfate on the surface and catalytic properties of iron-chromium mixed oxide pillared clay

Sulfate-supported iron-chromium mixed oxide pillared clay was prepared varying the sulfate loading from 1 to 5 wt% by the incipient wetness method and characterized by low-angle XRD, BET surface area, and ammonia TPD. All the samples were found to be stable up to 500 degrees C having the basal spacing 17.7 A even after sulfate impregnation. Formation of strong Lewis acid sites and decrease in the number of Br?nsted acid sites due to the sulfate loading were observed from the ammonia TPD curve. Catalytic properties of the sulfated materials were evaluated with the help of methanol conversion and aromatic alkylation reactions and correlated with the surface area and TPD results. For methanol conversion, decomposition product selectivity increases due to the sulfate addition. A negligible decrease in the surface area and a substantial increase in the catalytic activity were observed due to the sulfate loading of 1-2 wt%. However, a significant decrease in the surface area as well as catalytic activity was observed for the 3 wt% and above sulfate loaded samples which may be due to the partial blockage of pores by excess sulfate. Results shows the importance of acidity of the material due to sulfate loading (up to 2 wt%) and thus can be used as a better acid catalyst.