Improved Covalent Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase on Macroporous Glycidyl Methacrylate-Based Copolymers

A macroporous copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, poly(GMA-co-EGDMA), with various surface characteristics and mean pore size diameters ranging from 44 to 200 nm was synthesized, modified with 1,2-diaminoethane, and tested as a carrier for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by two covalent methods, glutaraldehyde and periodate. The highest specific activity of around 35 U g^?1 dry weight of carrier was achieved on poly(GMA-co-EGDMA) copolymers with mean pore diameters of 200 and 120 nm by the periodate method. A study of deactivation kinetics at 65 °C and in 80 % dioxane revealed that periodate immobilization also produced an appreciable stabilization of the biocatalyst, while stabilization factor depended strongly on the surface characteristics of the copolymers. HRP immobilized on copolymer with a mean pore diameter of 120 nm by periodate method showing not only the highest specific activity but also good stability was further characterized. It appeared that the immobilization resulted in the stabilization of enzyme over a broader pH range while the Michaelis constant value (K _m) of the immobilized HRP was 10.8 mM, approximately 5.6 times higher than that of the free enzyme. After 6 cycles of repeated use in a batch reactor for pyrogallol oxidation, the immobilized HRP retained 45 % of its original activity.     

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐methylolacrylamide‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of adenosine phosphates in royal jelly

A polymer monolith microextraction method coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate. The monolithic column was synthesized inside fused‐silica capillaries using thermal initiation free‐radical polymerization with glycidyl methacrylate as the monomer, ethylene dimethacrylate as the cross‐linker, cyclohexanol, and 1‐dodecanol as the porogen. N‐Methylolacrylamide, an important hydrophilic monomer, was incorporated into the polymerization mixture to enhance the hydrophilicity of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) column. The obtained poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐methylolacrylamide‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Optimum conditions for the preconcentration and separation of the target adenosines were also investigated. Under the optimum conditions, we obtained acceptable linearities, low limits of detection, and good relative standard deviations. The developed polymer monolith microextraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography method exhibited a good performance with recovery values in the range of 76.9?104.7% when applied to the determination of the adenosines in five royal jelly samples.     

Superparamagnetic Polymer Emulsion Particles from a Soap-Free Seeded Emulsion Polymerization and their Application for Lipase Immobilization

Using emulsion copolymer of styrene (St), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as seed latexes, the superparamagnetic polymer emulsion particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA), vinyl acetate (VAc) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of the seed latexes and superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄/SiOx nanoparticles (or Fe₃O₄-APTS nanoparticles) through a two-step process, without addition of any emulsifier. The magnetic emulsion particles named P(St-GMA-HEMA)/P(BMA-VAc) were characterized by transmission electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results showed that the magnetic emulsion particles held a structure with a thinner shell (around 100 nm) and a bigger cavity (around 200 nm), and possessed a certain level of magnetic response. The resulting magnetic emulsion particles were employed in the immobilization of lipase by two strategies to immobilized lipase onto the resulting magnetic composites directly (S-1) or using glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent (S-2), thus, experimental data showed that the thermal stability and reusability of immobilized lipase based on S-2 were higher than that of S-1.     

Comparative evaluation of a one‐pot strategy for the preparation of β‐cyclodextrin‐functionalized monoliths: Effect of the degree of amino substitution of β‐cyclodextrin on the column performance

To further evaluate the feasibility and applicability of the one‐pot strategy in monolithic column preparation, two novel β‐cyclodextrin‐functionalized organic polymeric monoliths were prepared using two β‐cyclodextrin derivatives, i.e. mono(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin and heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin. In this improved method, mono(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin or heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin reacted with glycidyl methacrylate to generate the corresponding functional monomers and were subsequently copolymerized with ethylene dimethacrylate. The polymerization conditions for both monoliths were carefully optimized to obtain satisfactory column performance with respect to column efficiency, reproducibility, permeability, and stability. The obtained poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐mono(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths exhibited a uniform structure, good permeability, and mechanical stability as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and micro‐high‐performance liquid chromatography experimental results. Because of the probable existence of multi‐glycidyl methacrylate linking spacers on the poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith, the effect of the ratio of glycidyl methacrylate/heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin was especially studied, and satisfactory reproducibility could still be achieved by strictly controlling the composition of the polymerization mixture. To investigate the effect of the degree of amino substitution of β‐cyclodextrin on column performance, a detailed comparison of the two monoliths was also carried out using series of analytes including small peptides and chiral acids. It was found that the β‐cyclodextrin‐functionalized monolith with mono‐glycidyl methacrylate linking spacers demonstrated better chiral separation performance than that with multi‐glycidyl methacrylate linking spacers.     

Synthesis and characterization of spherical and hemispherical polyepoxide micrometer‐sized particles of narrow size distribution by a single‐step swelling of uniform polystyrene template microspheres with glycidyl methacrylate

Polystyrene template microspheres of narrow size distribution were prepared by dispersion polymerization of styrene in a mixture of ethanol and 2‐methoxy ethanol. Spherical and hemispherical polystyrene/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres of narrow size distribution were prepared by a single‐step swelling of the polystyrene template microspheres with the swelling solvent monomer glycidyl methacylate, followed by polymerization of the monomer within the swollen template microspheres at 73 °C. Uniform polystyrene/poly(glycidyl methacylate‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) polyepoxide composite microspheres were synthesized similarly, substituting glycidyl methacylate for glycidyl methacylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Uniform crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacylate‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) polyepoxide microspheres have been prepared by dissolution of the PS template polymer of the former composite microspheres. Particles with different properties, for example size, size distribution, shape, surface morphology, surface area, and so forth, were prepared by changing various parameters belonging to the swelling and/or polymerization steps, for example, volume of the swelling monomer/s and/or the swelling solvent dibutyl phthalate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4612–4622, 2007     

Using of silica particles as porogen for preparation of macroporous chitosan macrospheres suitable for enzyme immobilization

Porous chitosan macrospheres were prepared at the first time by using silica particles as porogen, and the optimal weight ratio of silica to chitosan during preparation was determined. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that the support with silica as porogen (support I) had a much more porous surface structure than the support without porogen (support II). Both supports were applied to immobilize β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Much higher specific activity and yield of galactose hydrolysis products were observed for the support I. Properties of both immobilized enzyme were determined and compared with the free enzyme, satisfactory results were obtained in thermostability, pH arid operational stability, Michaelis constants K _m and in maximum velocity of hydrolysis (V _m). Suggested method allow to prepare chitosan macrospheres as immobilized enzyme carrier with moreporous surface structure and more active reaction groups.     

含环氧基亲水性固定化青霉素酰化酶共聚载体的合成与性能研究

环氧基团可以在温和条件下与酶分子的氨基反应使其固定于载体表面.选用含有活性环氧基团的甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)和亲水性的N-乙烯吡咯烷酮(NVP)两种单体,以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,甲醇水溶液作致孔剂,液体石蜡为主介质,通过反相悬浮聚合技术成功地合成了亲水性大孔GMA-NVP-MBAA三元共聚物载体(GNM).通过调节交联剂的用量和单体NVP与GMA的比例,可以调节载体的孔径、比表面积及在水中的溶胀性能.将巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素酰化酶共价偶联于平均孔径为16.5nm、表面环氧基含量为0.906mmol/g的GNM共聚物载体,制成固定化酰化酶,其表观活性高达625U/g,水解青霉素G钾盐的最适宜温度为50℃,pH值为8.0.固定化酶在4℃保存40d,活性保持不变.经3次使用后,活性达到稳定值(601U/g左右),再经12次使用,活性几乎保持不变.     

Preparation of porous methacrylate monoliths with oxidized single-walled carbon nanohorns for the extraction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from urine samples

Microchimica Acta - A copolymer was prepared from glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and oxidized single-walled carbon nanohorns via photo-polymerization and used in spin columns...     

Porous glycidyl methacrylate-bentonite composite

Crosslinked macroporous copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (CP) and copolymer composite with acid modified clay (CP-S_A) were prepared by radical suspension copolymerization and functionalized by ring-opening reaction of the pendant epoxy groups with diethylene triamine (CP-deta and CP-S_A-deta). Both S_Amples were characterized by mercury porosimetry. The influence of pH, sorption time and initial 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) concentration on sorption efficiency of CP-deta and CP-S_A-deta was studied in order to evaluate this material as wastewater sorbent. The isotherm data were best fitted with Langmuir model, while the sorption dynamics obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Multidimensional system enabling deglycosylation of proteins using a capillary reactor with peptide-N-glycosidase F immobilized on a porous polymer monolith and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of glycans

A reactor with immobilized peptide-N-glycosidase F on a monolithic polymer support in a capillary has been developed that allows fast and efficient release of N-linked glycans from immunoglobulin G molecules. Two different monolithic scaffolds based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) and poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) were prepared. A multistep photografting process was used to reduce non-specific adsorption of proteins and to obtain support containing reactive azlactone functionalities enabling the preparation of highly active immobilized peptide-N-glycosidase F. Performance of these reactors was determined through glycan release from several glycoproteins including ribonuclease B, chicken albumin, and human immunoglobulin G and their detection by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The optimized reactor was integrated into a multidimensional system comprising on-line glycan release and their separation via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Using the optimized monolithic reactor with immobilized peptide-N-glycosidase F, human immunoglobulin G was deglycosylated at room temperature in 5.5 min to an extent similar to that achieved with soluble enzyme after 24 h at 37 °C.     

Development of a γ‐alumina‐ nanoparticle‐functionalized porous polymer monolith for the enrichment of Sudan dyes in red wine samples

Monolithic materials were synthesized in capillaries by in situ polymerization with N‐isopropylacrylamide, glycidyl methacrylate, and ethylene dimethacrylate as the monomers, and methanol and PEG as the porogens. With γ‐alumina nanoparticles attached to the surface of the porous monolithic column via epoxide groups, a novel polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) material was prepared with a good mechanical stability and a high extraction capacity. SEM and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the modified monolithic column, demonstrating that γ‐alumina nanoparticles were effectively functionalized onto the monolithic column. In addition, a new method was developed for the analysis of Sudan I–IV dyes using PMME coupled with HPLC. In order to obtain the optimum extraction efficiency, the PMME conditions including desorption solvent type, sample pH, sample volume, sample flow rate, and eluent flow rate were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, we obtained acceptable linearities, low LODs, and good intra‐ and interday RDSs. When applied to the determination of Sudan I–IV dyes in red wine samples, satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range of 84.0–115.9%.     

Semi‐micro reversed‐phase liquid chromatography for the separation of alkyl benzenes and proteins exploiting methacrylate‐ and polystyrene‐based monolithic columns

Monolithic columns were synthesized inside 1.02 mm internal diameter fused‐silica lined stainless‐steel tubing. Styrene and butyl, hexyl, lauryl, and glycidyl methacrylates were the functional monomers. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and divinylbenzene were the crosslinkers. The glycidyl methacrylate polymer was modified with gold nanoparticles and dodecanethiol (C₁₂). The separation of alkylbenzenes was investigated by isocratic elution in 60:40 v/v acetonitrile/water. The columns based on polystyrene‐co‐divinylbenzene and poly(glycidyl methacrylate)‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate modified with dodecanethiol did not provide any separation of alkyl benzenes. The poly(hexyl methacrylate)‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and poly(lauryl methacrylate)‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate columns separated the alkyl benzenes with plate heights between 30 and 60 μm (50 μL min^?1 and 60°C). Similar efficiency was achieved in the poly(butyl methacrylate)‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate column, but only at 10 μL min^?1 (0.22 mm s^?1). Backpressures varied from 0.38 MPa in the hexyl methacrylate to 13.4 MPa in lauryl methacrylate columns (50 μL min^?1 and 60°C). Separation of proteins was achieved in all columns with different efficiencies. At 100 μL min^?1 and 60°C, the lauryl methacrylate columns provided the best separation, but their low permeability prevented high flow rates. Flow rates up to 500 μL min^?1 were possible in the styrene, butyl and hexyl methacrylate columns.     

Monolithic columns with immobilized monomeric avidin: preparation and application for affinity chromatography

A poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith and a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith were prepared in fused silica capillaries (100 μm ID) and modified with monomeric avidin using the glutaraldehyde technique. The biotin binding capacity of monolithic affinity columns with immobilized monomeric avidin (MACMAs) was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy using biotin (5-fluorescein) conjugate, as well as biotin- and fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA). The affinity columns were able to bind 16.4 and 3.7 μmol biotin/mL, respectively. Columns prepared using the poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith retained 7.1 mg BSA/mL, almost six times more than commercially available monomeric avidin beads. Protocols based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry monitoring were optimized for the enrichment of biotinylated proteins and peptides. A comparison of enrichment efficiencies between MACMAs and commercially available monomeric avidin beads yielded superior results for our novel monolithic affinity columns. However, the affinity medium presented in this work suffers from a significant degree of nonspecific binding, which might hamper the analysis of more complex mixtures. Further modifications of the monolith’s surface are envisaged for the future development of monoliths with improved enrichment characteristics.     

A strategy for screening trypsin inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine based on a monolithic capillary immobilized enzyme reactor coupled with offline liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

A novel strategy was successfully developed for screening trypsin inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines based on monolithic capillary immobilized enzyme reactors combined with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Organic polymer based monolithic enzyme reactors were firstly prepared by covalently bonding trypsin to a poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate) monolith by the ring‐opening reaction of epoxy groups. The activity and kinetic parameters of the obtained monolithic trypsin reactors were systematically evaluated using micro‐liquid chromatography. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were also used to characterize the monolithic trypsin reactors. The resulting functional and denatured monolithic trypsin reactors were applied as affinity solid‐phase extraction columns, and offline coupled with a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry system to construct a binding affinity screening platform. Subsequently, the proposed platform was applied for screening trypsin binders in a Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Three compounds, namely scutellarin, baicalin, and wogonoside were identified, and their inhibitory activities were further confirmed via an in vitro enzymatic inhibition assay. Additionally, molecular docking was also performed to study the interactions between trypsin and these three compounds.     

Synthesis and chiral micellization behavior of optically active amphiphilic diblock copolymer bearing quinine pendants

A novel optically active amphiphilic diblock copolymer bearing quinine pendants poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(glycidyl triazolyl‐L ‐quinine) (MPEO‐b‐PGTQ) was synthesized by “click” reaction of alkyne‐modified diblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(glycidyl propargyl ether) (MPEO‐b‐PGPE) and 9‐N₃‐quinine. The structure and composition of copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), elemental analysis and optical rotation measurements, which showed that the synthetic route could provide the copolymer with well‐defined composition and with similar optical activity compared to its parent quinine. The micellization behavior of this chiral copolymer was investigated in different solvent systems. The results from fluorescence spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, ¹H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy indicated that the MPEO‐b‐PGTQ could form regular chiral spherical micelles in H₂O and Tetrahydrofuran‐H₂O (10:90, V/V) systems, and the state of aggregated chiral micelles depended on the nature of the medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3640–3650, 2009     

Improving Damping Properties and Thermal Stability of Epoxy/Polyurethane Grafted Copolymer by Adding Glycidyl POSS

Modified castor oil-based epoxy resin (EP)/polyurethane (PU) grafted copolymer by glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (glycidyl POSS) was synthesized. The damping properties, thermal stability, mechanical properties and morphology of the grafted copolymer modified by glycidyl POSS were studied systematically. The results revealed that the incorporation of glycidyl POSS improved the damping performance evidently and broadened damping temperature range, especially when the glycidyl POSS content was0.2%–1%. At the same time, there was a slight increase in thermal stability with the increase of POSS content. The tensile properties changed with the change of the copolymer's Tg, decreased at low POSS contents and increased at high POSS contents. This modified copolymer has the potential to be used as film damping material or constrained damping layer.     

Surface characterization of macroporous glycidyl methacrylate based copolymers by inverse gas chromatography

Two samples of macroporous crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), PGME, with different porosity parameters were synthesized by suspension copolymerization and modified by ring-opening reaction of the pendant epoxy groups with ethylene diamine, EDA. Inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution was used for the determination of adsorption properties of PGME, and copolymer modified with ethylene diamine, PGME-en. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, dispersive components of the surface free energies, and the acid/base constants for the copolymer samples were calculated. The calculated dispersive surface energy values, , for PGME and PGME-en are comparable with the literature data for nonconductive polymers.     

Preparation of 17β‐estradiol surface molecularly imprinted polymers and their application to the analysis of biological samples

17β‐Estradiol (E2) surface molecularly imprinted polymers have been prepared using functionalized monodispersed poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) beads as a support. The resulting polymers were found to be uniform in size (5 μm), and the surfaces of the microspheres possessed large pore‐like structures. A chromatographic experiment demonstrated that the resulting microspheres exhibited high levels of recognition and selectivity toward the target molecule. The particles were employed as a novel sorbent in a molecularly imprinted SPE protocol. A method was then developed involving the combination of the pretreatment with HPLC to determine the levels of estrogen secreted from Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 cells. The obtained results revealed that the extraction recoveries of E2 from real samples were in the range of 73.0–97.5% with RSDs of < 7.5% (n = 3). Calibration curves were established with R values > 0.9996 for concentrations in the range of 0.50–100.00 ng/mL. The LOD of this new method was 0.14 ng/mL. Compared with traditional C₁₈ SPE agents, the particles showed high selectivity and extraction efficiency for E2 in the pretreatment process. The particles could therefore be used to determine trace estrogen in biological samples with a UV detector only.     

Silver‐coated monolithic columns for separation in radiopharmaceutical applications

In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of a macroporous monolithic column containing anchored silver nanoparticles and its use for the elimination of excess radioiodine from the radiolabeled pharmaceutical. The poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith was first functionalized with cystamine and the free thiol groups liberated by reaction with borohydride. In‐house‐prepared silver nanoparticles were then attached by interaction with the surface thiols. The deiodization process was demonstrated with the commonly used radiopharmaceutical m‐iodobenzylguanidine labeled with radionuclide iodine‐125.     

Properties of fructosyltransferase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aureobasidium pullulans</Emphasis> immobilized on an acrylic carrier

Optimization of immobilization conditions was carried out for covalent binding of Aureobasidium pullulans fructosyltransferase to a copolymer of butyl acrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate using a glutaraldehyde method. It was found that the highest activity of the preparation could be obtained for the immobilization pH 6.0 and initial protein amount 8.5 g per dm³ of the carrier. Effects of the reaction pH, temperature, and initial sucrose concentration on the activity and stability of the preparation were analyzed. Further investigations involved storage stability and operational stability in a mechanically stirred-tank reactor.