Redox chemistry of o- and m -hydroxycinnamic acids: A pulse radiolysis study

Radiation chemical reactions of^•OH, O^•−, N₃ ^•and e _aq ^t- witho- and m-hydroxycinnamic acids were studied. The second-orderrateconstantsforthereaction of^•OH with ortho and meta isomers in buffer solution at pH7 are 3.9±0.2 × 10⁹ and 4.4 ± 0.3 × 10⁹ dm³ mol^-1 s^-1 respectively. At pH 3 the rate with the ortho isomer was halved (1.6 ± 0.4 × 10⁹ dm³ mol^-1 s^-1) but it was unaffected in the case of meta isomer (k = 4.2±0.6 × 10⁹dm³mol^-1 s^-1). The rate constant in the reaction of N₃ ^• with the ortho isomer is lower by an order of magnitude (k = 4.9 ± 0.4 × 10⁸ dm³ mol^-1s^-1). The rates of the reaction of e _aq ^t- with ortho and meta isomers were found to be diffusion controlled. The transient absorption spectrum measured in the^•OH witho-hydroxycinnamic acid exhibited an absorption maximum at 360 nm and in meta isomer the spectrum was blue-shifted (330 nm) with a shoulder at 390 nm. A peak at 420 nm was observed in the reaction of O^bb−with theo-isomer whereas the meta isomer has a maximum at 390 and a broad shoulder at 450 nm. In the reaction of the absorption peaks were centred at 370–380 nm in both the isomers. The underlying reaction mechanism is discussed.     

The C2H 3 + cation and its interaction with HF

The structure and stability of classical and bridged C₂H ₃ ⁺ is reinvestigated. The SCF and CEPA-PNO computations performed with flexibles andp basis sets including twod-sets on carbon confirm our previous results. We find the protonated acetylene structure to be more stable than the vinyl cation by 3.5–4 kcal/mol. The energy barrier for the interconversion of these two structures is at most a few tenths of a kcal/mol. The equilibrium SCF geometries of Weberet al. [15] are affected insignificantly by further optimization at the CEPA-PNO level. Several structures for the interaction of C₂H ₃ ⁺ with HF have been investigated at the SCF level. With our largest basis set which includes a complete set of polarization functions we find a remarkable levelling of the stabilities of most of the structures. In these cases the stabilization energy ΔE ranges from −10 to −13 kcal/mol.     

Intramolecular nucleophilicS N 2 substitution at the tetrahedral carbon atom: Anab initio study

Pentacoordination of carbon atom in bicyclic organic compounds of the pentalene type was studied by theab initio RHF/6-31G^** and MP2(full)/6-31G^** methods. It was shown that intramolecularS _N 2 reactions with energy barriers within the energy scale of NMR spectroscopy can occur in systems in which a linear orientation of the attacking and leaving groups is realized. The barrier to the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction in 2,3-dihydro-3-formylmethylenefuran is 36.9 (RHF) and 27.7 kcal mol⁻¹ (MP2) and decreases to 16.4 and 19.4 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively, in the case of diprotonation at the O atoms in this system. For model pentalene type compounds containing electron-deficient B atoms in the ring, theab initio calculations predict a further decrease in the barrier height (down to less than 10 kcal mol⁻¹). Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1246–1256, July, 1999.     

Association of metal cations with alkanes: Na(CH4)+ versus Cu(CH4)+ as molecular models

Summary Ab initio molecular orbital calculations give small stabilization energies for the various Na(CH₄)⁺ adducts (less than 4 kcal mol^–1), but predict a stronger binding for the copper compounds (about 13 kcal mol^–1). The different behaviour of Na⁺ and Cu⁺, already present at the SCF level, is reinforced by electron correlation. This can be attributed to an important contribution of the dispersion energy to the binding energy of the copper ion: about 40% of the total, including basis set superposition corrections.Dedicated to Mrs A. Pullman     

Kinetics for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Application of the Ti/SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> + RuO<Subscript>2</Subscript> + MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Electrode

A Ti/SnO₂ + RuO₂ + MnO₂ electrode was prepared by thermal decomposition of their salts. Results from SEM and XPS analyses, respectively, indicate that the coating layer exhibits a compact structure and the oxidation state of Mn in the coating layer is +IV. The experimental activation energy for the oxygen evolution reaction, which increased linearly with increasing overpotential, is about 8 kJ⋅mol⁻¹ at the equilibrium potential (η=0). The electrocatalytic characteristics of the anode are discussed in terms of ligand substitution reaction mechanisms (Sn1 and Sn2). It was found that the transition state for oxygen evolution at the anode in acidic solution follows a dissociative mechanism (Sn1 reaction). The Ti/SnO₂ + RuO₂ + MnO₂ anode in conjunction with UV illumination was used to degrade phenol solutions, where the concentration of phenol remaining was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of phenol on the anode can reach 96.3% after photoelectrocatalytic oxidation for 3 h.     

Quantum-chemical calculation of a spillover model on a graphite support

The simplest quantum-chemical models of hydrogen spillover over a graphite-like surface as a proton or radical have been considered. The condensed planar C₂₄H₁₂ molecule was used as a model surface. Theab initio calculations of the interaction of hydrogen with the model surface were carried out by the restricted Hartree-Fock (HF) method in the STO-3G and 6-31 G^* basis sets. The radical hydrogen can not bind to such a surface, whereas the proton binds to it with an energy release of 186 kcal mol⁻¹. The activation energy of the transfer of the proton between two neighboring carbon atoms (10 kcal mol⁻¹) has been determined. The simplest model of the hydrogen migration as a proton over the model surface can be used for describing the spillover of hydrogen over the graphite surface. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 428–430, March, 1997.     

Hydration and protonation ofO-vinylacetoxime in the gas phase: anab initio study

Ab initio HF/6–31G^* calculations ofO-vinylacetoxime monohydrates and cations were performed. Each conformer forms two stable H-complexes with participation of N and O atoms. The former have planar heavy-atom skeletons, whereas the water molecule in the latter is located above the plane of the proton-acceptor complex. The complexes stabilized by N...HO and O...HO bonds have different dipole moments and frequencies of the OH stretching vibrations. The most energetically favorable cation is formed by adding a proton to the C_β atom of the vinyl group ofO-vinylacetoxime. Theap,ap-conformer (ap is antiperiplanar) of this cation is 6.5 and 34.9 kcal mol⁻¹ more stable than the onium cations with the NH⁺ and OH⁺ fragments, respectively, and is characterized by polarization and appreciable lengthening of the N−O and C=C bonds. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 597–600, April, 2000.     

Heat capacity at constant pressure and thermodynamic properties of phase transitions in PbMO<Subscript>3</Subscript> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>=Ti,Zr and Hf)

The heat capacity of PbMO₃ (M=Ti, Zr and Hf) at constant pressure was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) from room temperature up to 870 K. Large anomalies were found in the heat capacity curves, corresponding to the ferroelectricparaelectric phase transition in PbTiO₃ (PT), the antiferroelectric-paraelectric phase transitions in PbZrO₃ (PZ) and PbHfO₃ (PH). The transition entropies were estimated as 7.3 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (PT), 9.9 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (PZ) and 9.3 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (PH). These values of transition entropies are much larger than that of a typical displacive-type phase transition.     

A Study of Haloperidol Inclusion Complexes with <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-Cyclodextrin Using Phase Solubility,NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling Techniques

Guest-host interactions of haloperidol (Halo) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) have been investigated using several techniques including phase solubility diagrams (PSD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular mechanical modeling (MM⁺). From an analysis of the PSDs, both protonated and neutral Halo (pK _a=8.5) form soluble 1:1 and 1:2 Halo/β-CD complexes, while the insoluble complex has 1:2 (Halo:β-CD) stoichiometry (B_S-type PSD). Ionization of Halo reduces its tendency to complex with β-CD, where the protonated species at pH=4.6 and 6.0 have K ₁₁ values of 100 L⋅mol⁻¹ and 298 L⋅mol⁻¹, respectively, compared with 2000 L⋅mol⁻¹ for neutral species at pH=10.6. The hydrophobic character of Halo was found to provide 32% of the driving force for complex stability, whereas other factors including specific interactions contribute −15 kJ⋅mol⁻¹. ¹H-NMR and MM⁺ studies indicate the formation of isomeric 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, where the chlorophenyl, flurophenyl, piperidine and butanone moieties become included into separate β-CD cavities. The dominant driving force for complexation is evidently van der Waals with very little electrostatic contribution. PSD, ¹H-NMR, XRPD, DSC and SEM studies indicate the formation of inclusion complexes in solution and in the solid state.     

Chromium(III) Hydroxide Solubility in the Aqueous K+-H+-OH?-CO2-HCO 3? -CO 32? -H2O System: A?Thermodynamic Model

Chromium(III)-carbonate reactions are expected to be important in managing high-level radioactive wastes. Extensive studies on the solubility of amorphous Cr(III) hydroxide solid in a wide range of pH (3–13) at two different fixed partial pressures of CO₂(g) (0.003 or 0.03 atm.), and as functions of K₂CO₃ concentrations (0.01 to 5.8 mol⋅kg⁻¹) in the presence of 0.01 mol⋅dm⁻³ KOH and KHCO₃ concentrations (0.001 to 0.826 mol⋅kg⁻¹) at room temperature (22±2 °C) were carried out to obtain reliable thermodynamic data for important Cr(III)-carbonate reactions. A combination of techniques (XRD, XANES, EXAFS, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, thermodynamic analyses of solubility data, and quantum mechanical calculations) was used to characterize the solid and aqueous species. The Pitzer ion-interaction approach was used to interpret the solubility data. Only two aqueous species [Cr(OH)(CO₃)₂²⁻ and Cr(OH)₄CO₃³⁻] are required to explain Cr(III)-carbonate reactions in a wide range of pH, CO₂(g) partial pressures, and bicarbonate and carbonate concentrations. Calculations based on density functional theory support the existence of these species. The log ₁₀ K° values of reactions involving these species [{Cr(OH)₃(am) + 2CO₂(g)⇌Cr(OH)(CO₃)₂²⁻+2H⁺} and {Cr(OH)₃(am) + OH⁻+CO₃²⁻ ⇌Cr(OH)₄CO₃³⁻}] were found to be −(19.07±0.41) and −(4.19±0.19), respectively. No other data on any Cr(III)-carbonato complexes are available for comparisons.     

Raman spectra and structural features of ClOF2 + cation in a solution of anhydrous HF

The Raman spectra of ClOF₂ ⁺ cation in solutions of anhydrous HF were studied. In the ClOF₂ ⁺HF₂ ⁻ and ClOF₂ ⁺BF₄ ⁻−HF systems, this cation exists as a pyramidal structure (C _s symmetry), while in the ClOF₂ ⁺AuF₆ ⁻−HF system, it exists as a planar structure (C _2v symmetry). Based on nonempirical calculations by the Hartree-Fock-Roothaan method, an explanation for the dependence of the structure of the ClOF₂ ⁺ cation on the nature of the anion was proposed. For the Cl−O bond vibrations, the correlation functions of vibrational and rotational relaxations were calculated, and the characteristic times of these processes were determined. The main contribution to the formation of the band contours corresponding to the above-mentioned modes is made by the vibrational dephasing. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 432–437, March, 1998.     

The thermal decomposition of N , N -dimethyl-3-oxaglutaramic acid and the kinetics of its second-stage thermal decomposition reaction

N,N-dimethyl-3-oxa-glutaramic acid was purified and characterized by ¹H-NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis. The thermal decomposition of the title compound was studied by means of thermogravimetry differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) and FT-IR. The kinetic parameters of its second-stage decomposition reaction were calculated and the decomposition mechanism was discussed. The kinetic model function in a differential form, apparent activation energy and pre-exponential constant of the reaction are 3/2 [(1−α)^1/3−1]⁻¹, 203.75 kJ·mol⁻¹ and 10^17.95s⁻¹, respectively. The values of ΔS ^≠, ΔH ^≠ and ΔG ^≠ of the reaction are 94.28 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹, 203.75 kJ·mol⁻¹ and 155.75 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20106009)     

Structural and spectroscopic characterization of Al2−x Cr x O3 powders obtained by polymeric precursor method

Al₂O₃ and Al_2−x Cr _x O₃ (x = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04) powders have been synthesized by the polymeric precursors method. A study of the structural evolution of crystalline phases corresponding to the obtained powders was accomplished through X-Ray Diffraction and UV-vis spectroscopy (reflectance spectra and CIEL^*a^*b^* color data). The obtained results allow to identify the γ-Al₂O₃ to α-Al₂O₃ phase transition. The single-phase α-Al₂O₃ powder was obtained after heat treatment at 1050 °C for 2 h. The results show that the green to red color transition and ruby luminescence lines observed for the powders of Al_2−x Cr _x O₃ are related to the γ to α-Al₂O₃ phase transition and the temperature and time range for such transition depends on the chromium content.     

Theoretical study of the structure and stability of the Na2Cl+, NaCl 2? , Na3Cl 2+ , and Na2Cl 3? ions

The geometrical parameters, normal vibration frequencies, and thermochemical characteristics of the Na₂Cl⁺, NaCl ₂ ⁻ , Na₃Cl ₂ ⁺ , and Na₂Cl ₃ ⁻ ions in saturated vapors over sodium chloride were calculated by the ab initio methods including electron correlation. According to calculations, the Na₂Cl⁺ and NaCl ₂ ⁻ triatomic ions have a linear equilibrium D _∞h configuration. The pentaatomic ions can exist in the form of the D _∞h linear isomer, C _2v planar cyclic isomer, or D _3h bipyramidal isomer. At ∼1000 K the Na₃Cl ₂ ⁺ and Na₂Cl ₃ ⁻ ions exist predominantly in the form of the linear isomers. The energies and enthalpies of the ion-molecule reactions involving the above ions were calculated. The formation enthalpy of the ions Δ_f H ⁰(0 K) was determined: 230 ± 2 kJ/mol (Na₂Cl⁺), −96 ± 4 kJ/mol (Na₂Cl ₃ ⁻ ), −616 ± 2 kJ/mol (NaCl ₂ ⁻ ), and −935 ± 4 kJ/mol (Na₂Cl ₃ ⁻ ). Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2007 by T. P. Pogrebnaya, A. M. Pogrebnoi, and L. S. Kudin __________ Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 1053–1061, November–December, 2007.     

A theoretical study of the relative stability of the isomeric forms of N2O3

The electronic structure, geometrical parameters and relative stability of the isomeric forms of N₂O₃ are analysed by means of ab initio calculations. Total energies of the different isomers are given. The energy difference between the most stable conformers of the symmetric N₂O₃ is 4.31 Kcal mol^–1 as provided by 6–31G basis set. The height of the rotational barrier determined by the ab initio technique is 7.12 kcal mol^–1.Member of the Carrera del Investigador CICPBA, R. Argentina.Member of the Carrera del Investigador CONICET, R. Argentina.Predoctoral fellow of CONICET, R. Argentina.     

A theoretical study of explosive sensitizers

Quantum chemical calculations at the HF/6-31G^* and B3LYP/6-31G^* levels have been performed on five explosive sensitizers, ethyl nitrate (EN), n-propyl nitrate (NPN), isopropyl nitrate (IPN), 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and tetraethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN). Theoretical study has made a detailed molecular-level investigation of the title compounds. Based on the Mulliken populations and bond lengths, the fission of the O₂–N₃ can be acceptable reasonably. Charge distribution analysis indicates that the five nitrates produce NO₂ gas during the dissociation of the O₂–N₃ weak bond. We also order the relative thermal stability of five nitrates on the basis of frontier orbital energy (E _HOMO, E _LUMO) and energy gap (ΔE = E _HOMO − E _LUMO).     

Effects of substituents and n-donors on the energies of Si←N,Si←O,and Si=C bonds in hypervalent silenes

The effect of the nature of substituents at sp²-hybridized silicon atom in the R₂Si=CH₂ (R = SiH₃, H, Me, OH, Cl, F) molecules on the structure and energy characteristics of complexes of these molecules with ammonia, trimethylamine, and tetrahydrofuran was studied by the ab initio (MP4/6-311G(d)//MP2/6-31G(d)+ZPE) method. As the electronegativity, χ, of the substituent R increases, the coordination bond energies, D(Si← N(O)), increase from 4.7 to 25.9 kcal mol⁻¹ for the complexes of R₂Si=CH₂ with NH₃, from 10.6 to 37.1 kcal mol⁻¹ for the complexes with Me₃N, and from 5.0 to 22.2 kcal mol⁻¹ for the complexes with THF. The n-donor ability changes as follows: THF ≤ NH₃ < Me₃N. The calculated barrier to hindered internal rotation about the silicon—carbon double bond was used as a measure of the Si=C π-bond energy. As χ increases, the rotational barriers decrease from 18.9 to 5.2 kcal mol⁻¹ for the complexes with NH₃ and from 16.9 to 5.7 kcal mol⁻¹ for the complexes with Me₃N. The lowering of rotational barriers occurs in parallel to the decrease in D _π(Si=C) we have established earlier for free silenes. On the average, the D _π(Si=C) energy decreases by ∼25 kcal mol⁻¹ for NH₃· R₂Si=CH₂ and Me₃N·R₂Si=CH₂. The D(Si←N) values for the R₂Si=CH₂· 2Me₃N complexes are 11.4 (R = H) and 24.3 kcal mol⁻¹ (R = F). sp²-Hybridized silicon atom can form transannular coordination bonds in 1,1-bis[N-(dimethylamino)acetimidato]silene (6). The open form (I) of molecule 6 is 35.1 and 43.5 kcal mol⁻¹ less stable than the cyclic (II, one transannular Si←N bond) and bicyclic (III, two transannular Si←N bonds) forms of this molecule, respectively. The D(Si←N) energy for structure III was estimated at 21.8 kcal mol⁻¹. Dedicated to Academician N. S. Zefirov on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1952–1961, September, 2005.     

Calculations of thermodynamic stability of CpCoC<Subscript>2</Subscript>B<Subscript>9</Subscript>H<Subscript>11</Subscript> cobaltacarborane isomers

Quantum-chemical calculations of the geometry and energies of nine possible isomers of 12-vertex cobaltacarborane CpCoC₂B₉H₁₁ (1) were carried out by the DFT method (PBEPBE/DGDZVP/DGA1). Thermodynamic stability of the isomers increases with increasing distance between the carbon atoms in the cage and is virtually independent of the position of the CpCo vertex. The relative stabilities of the 1,2,3-(17.57 kcal mol⁻¹), 1,2,4-(3.72 kcal mol⁻¹), and 1,2,9-isomers of 1 (0 kcal mol⁻¹) are similar to the corresponding values for the ortho (17.61 kcal mol⁻¹), meta (3.21 kcal mol⁻¹), and para isomers (0 kcal mol⁻¹) of carborane C₂B₁₀H₁₂. The results of the present study confirm a close similarity of the CpCo and BH fragments in metallacarborane chemistry. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1557–1559, July, 2005.     

Ab initio MO LCAO SCF simulation of molecular and electronic structure of η5-π-C60H5XCp (X=Fe, Si) complexes

The problem of existence of η⁵-π-complexes of unsubstituted fullereneI _h -C₆₀ and its cyclopentadienyl type derivative C₆₀H₅ ^. is discussed.Ab initio MO LCAO SCF calculations of hypothetical sandwich systems η⁵-π-C₆₀H₅XCp (X=Fe (1a), Si (1b)), the cationic complex C₆₀FeCp⁺ of unsubstituted C₆₀, and the C₆₀H₅ ^. radical were performed in the STO-3G and 3-21G basis sets. In the1a, 1b, and C₆₀H₅ ^. systems, hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon atoms of fullerenei _h -C₆₀ at α-positions relative to the same pentagonal face (pent ^*). In η⁵-complexes, XCp species are also coordinated to this face. According to calculations in the 3-21G basis set, the Fe-pent ^* bond energy in complex1a is much higher than those of similar bonds in1b and in the η⁵-π-C₆₀FECp⁺ cation (117 kcal mol⁻¹ vs. 37 and 64 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively) and is 7 kcal mol⁻¹ higher than the Fe−Cp bond energy in the classical sandwich system FeCp₂. The Fe…C _pent* and Fe…C_Cp distances in complex1a are slightly shorter than the Fe…C distance in the ferrocene molecule. The spin populations in the C₆₀H₅ ^. radical are almost completely localized on the atoms of thepent ^* face, which must favor the formation of η⁵-π-complexes of this radical. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1657–1662, September, 1999.     

Theoretical study of isomerism in protonated forms of N2O,NPO, and P2O

The geometric parameters of the isomers HN₂O⁺, HPNO⁺, and HP₂O⁺ were calculated by the nonempirical SCF/3-21G* method and their relative energies were determined with consideration of the electronic correlation in the MP3/DEHD + PS approximation. According to the calculations, protonation of N₂O, PNO, and P₂O molecules should preferably take place at the oxygen atom. Isomers with a quasilinear NNO and PNO backbone are most advantageous in HN₂O⁺ and HPNO⁺, and cyclic isomers are 60 and 30 kcal/mole less stable, respectively. On the contrary, the cyclic form is more stable for HPO ₂ ⁺ (by 10 kcal/mole). The bond at the attacked atom usually weakens (breaks) and the neighboring (opposite) bonds are strengthened in protonation. Protonation of P₂O stabilizes the cyclic isomer by 15 kcal/mole more strongly than the "open" isomer, resulting in inversion of their position on the energy scale. In the case of N₂O and PNO, the relative position of the cyclic and basic isomers virtually does not change, but the linear NPO isomer is destabliized. The stability of the cyclic isomers in comparison to the "open" isomers increases on substitution of N atoms by P atoms in both molecules of N₂O, PNO, and P₂O and in their ions HN₂O⁺, HPNO⁺, and HP₂O⁺. This tendency probably holds in subsequent transition to As and Sb atoms.Institute of New Chemical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 126–134, January, 1992.