环糊精高分子

环糊精以其独特的包合特性而引入注目，已被广泛地应用于化学分离及分析、药物控制释放、食品加工和环境保护等领域。环糊精高分子亦被证实具有包含、缓释及催化的能力，以及良好的机械强度和化学稳定性。本文综述了国内外关于环糊精高分子的类型、合成方法及实际应用的最新研究进展。     

环糊精的理论计算

环糊精对超分子化学的发展具有重要意义,其特殊的物理和化学性质已经在实验和理论研究中受到广泛关注。本文对近10年来环糊精的理论计算发展情况进行了综述。重点概述了分子动力学模拟结合自由能计算方法在环糊精识别和自组装行为中的应用,最后展望了环糊精未来的理论计算发展方向。     

β－环糊精对香兰素的包合研究

β－环糊精对香兰素的包合研究宋乐新，孟庆金，游效曾（南京大学配位化学研究所，配位化学国家重点实验室，南京２１０００８）关键词包合物，香兰素，β－环糊精，合成β－环糊精（β－ＣＤ）是由７个葡萄糖分子以α－１．４糖苷键连接起来的环状低聚糖，呈筒状结构￣［...     

基于环糊精的新材料的研究进展

从纳米粒子、水凝胶、纤维材料和环糊精高分子等方面介绍了近年来以环糊精为基础研制的新材料的研究进展。目前以环糊精为基础的纳米粒子材料有核壳结构的纳米粒子、环糊精的化学接枝与共聚、环糊精与无机非金属材料的复合和含环糊精的囊泡材料;以环糊精为基础的凝胶材料有水凝胶和有机凝胶两种材料;此外还有以环糊精为基础的纤维材料、环糊精高...     

超分子体系中的分子识别研究（Ⅻ）：环糊精及环糊精双核铜…

用分光光度滴定法在２５．０℃时测定了不同ｐＨ值下α－，β－，γ－环糊精以及１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＯＨ水溶液中α－和β－环糊精双核铜配合物与４－取代苯酚形成超分子配合物的稳定常数。化学计量法表明，主体环糊精及环糊精双核铜配合物与客体４－取代苯酚形成了１：１的超分子配合物。从主－客体间的尺寸关系、ｐＨ值、多点识别和诱导契合作用等因素讨论了环糊精及环糊精双核铜配合物对客体４－取代苯酚的分子识别机制。结果表明     

环糊精聚合物的高分子效应

环糊精以其独特的包络性能而引人注目, 现已广泛应用于色谱分离、选择性合成的催化剂、食品、医药及农药等多种领域。环糊精聚合物被证实亦具有包络、缓释及催化的能力, 以及较好的机械强度和化学稳定性。目前环糊精聚合物主要应用在色谱分离、空气净化和食品工业等方面。本文综述了环糊精高分子化后所表现出的高分子效应, 为环糊精聚合物的合成和应用提供参考。     

富勒烯/环糊精复合物及其在生物医药领域的应用

富勒烯有着独特的球形结构，这一结构赋予了其优异的光电及生物性能，在生物医药领域备受关注。环糊精具有良好的水溶性和生物相容性，锥筒状结构赋予了其特异性包合作用，在主客体化学中有着非常重要的地位。富勒烯/环糊精的复合物，结合了富勒烯和环糊精的优势，在DNA切割，光动力学疗法，药物载体等领域发挥了重要作用。本文从富勒烯与环糊精体系的构筑出发，综述了富勒烯/环糊精非共价包合物及共价偶联物在生物医药领域应用的研究进展，且对富勒烯/环糊精复合物的应用进行了展望，为构建新型富勒烯/环糊精复合物提供参考。     

环糊精与新型表面活性剂的主客体相互作用

在298.15 K下用微量热法结合核磁共振法研究了α-环糊精, β-环糊精与十二烷基多氧乙烯磺酸钠C12EnS(n=1, 3)在水溶液中的包结作用. 实验结果表明, β-环糊精与客体的包合是焓、熵共驱的过程, α-环糊精与客体的包合则是焓驱动过程. β-环糊精与两种客体包合的化学计量比随客体中氧乙烯链的不同而不同, 而α-环糊精与两种客体包合的化学计量比则无差别. 1H NMR数据表明, C12EnS的存在使两种环糊精上各质子的化学位移向高场移动, 从微观上证明了包结作用的发生.     

基于环糊精的原子转移自由基聚合

综述了近年来基于环糊精的原子转移自由基聚合的最新进展.其中,基于环糊精合成化学的原子转移自由基聚合主要表现在:一方面,通过原子转移自由基聚合反应实现环糊精母体的共价键修饰;另一方面,利用该反应参与构筑非共价键的环糊精自组装体系.而通过原子转移自由基聚合反应获得的这些新型环糊精衍生物和自组装体系还可以被进一步应用到有机合成化学、复杂“智能型”超分子自组装体系的构筑、药物输运与控缓释工具、蛋白识别以及手性分离等领域.     

环糊精及其衍生物包合作用的理论研究进展

简要介绍了环糊精及其衍生物包合作用的理论研究进展,重点评述理论化学方法在环糊精的理化性质、环糊精包合客体分子的主要弱相互作用中的重要应用及其主要结果,并介绍了目前新的最常出现的部分理论研究方法.     

环糊精及其衍生物在手性识别中的应用

详细地论述了环糊精及其衍生物在手性识别中的应用,并对环糊精超分子体系手性识别中的进一步研究提供了依据。     

Novel stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cyclodextrin derivatives

Novel stationary phases were prepared for separation of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives by bonding substituted aromatic groups (phenyl and naphthyl) to the silica gel matrix. Both the electron-withdrawing (nitro) and the hydrogen-donor/acceptor (amide or carbamide) substituents of the phenyl group play essential role in the separation of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives. On the basis of the comparison of experimental data obtained on different columns the N-(4-nitrophenyl)-carbamide group bonded silica gel stationary phase was selected as the most effective one for analysis of cyclodextrin derivatives. Improved separation potency was observed for hydroxypropylated, methylated and several other cyclodextrin derivatives compared with the previously and presently used stationary phases. Owing to the strong retention of cyclodextrins and its derivatives on the selected column, detection of their decomposition products was easily achieved. Determination of unsubstituted, natural cyclodextrin as an impurity in the cyclodextrin derivatives was implemented. Identification and characterization of cyclodextrin derivatives in industrial products could also be performed.     

利用人工模拟酶环糊精催化羧酸酯水解反应的研究进展

环糊精因其结构和性质的特殊性在人工模拟酶方面发挥着重要的作用．概述了 利用简单的环糊精、带有催化基团的环糊精和二聚体环糊精催化羧酸酯水解反应的 研究进展．     

Carboxymethylated cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral NMR discriminating agents

Procedures to prepare cyclodextrins with carboxymethyl groups incorporated selectively at the primary (6-position) or secondary (2-position) are described. Complexation properties of the primary and secondary carboxymethylated derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins are compared to native cyclodextrins and indiscriminately substituted carboxymethylated cyclodextrins, using pheniramine, chlorpheniramine, and brompheniramine as substrates. The stoichiometry of association of these substrates with the α-cyclodextrins is 1:1, whereas with the γ-cyclodextrins, a 2:1 substrate:cyclodextrin complex forms. Data for the β-cyclodextrins suggest that there is a mix of 1:1 and 2:1 substrate–cyclodextrin complexes. The position of the carboxymethyl groups on the cyclodextrin does not appear to alter the geometry of substrate–cyclodextrin association. The effectiveness of the carboxymethylated cyclodextrins as chiral NMR discriminating agents is compared with the native cyclodextrins. In all cases, the indiscriminately substituted α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins are more effective at enantiodistinction with the cationic substrates than native cyclodextrins or the derivatives with carboxymethyl groups at the primary or secondary positions. Among α-, β-, and γ-indiscriminately substituted cyclodextrins, there was no clearly optimal candidate for chiral NMR discrimination studies. The indiscriminately substituted carboxymethyl cyclodextrins are effective water-soluble chiral NMR discrimination reagents for cationic substrates.     

Molecular Recognition Studies on Modified Cyclodextrins

This account describes our research progress in recent years in the areas of the molecular recognition studies on modified cyclodextrins, including positively charged cyclodextrins, cyclodextrin derivatives with hydrophobic substituent, and dimeric cyclodextrins. Calorimetric titration and various spectrometric techniques were employed to determine the complex stability constants, as well as the thermodynamic parameters, for their inclusion complexation with diverse guest molecules. The results obtained have been discussed from the viewpoint of size/shape‐matching, induced‐fit, geometric compensation, and multiple recognition. Thermodynamically, the compensatory relationship between ΔH and TΔS was found to be exhibited in the inclusion complexation of modified cyclodextrin.     

Multiple homo- and hetero-functionalizations of alpha-cyclodextrin through oriented deprotections

Introduction of one or more functions on a cyclodextrin in a regioselective manner is a complex task. The discovery of a blueprint strategy involving regioselective deprotection reactions of fully protected cyclodextrins, instead of functionalization of native cyclodextrins, allowed us to propose an efficient alternative to reach this goal. In this paper, we have applied previously delineated strategies, based on steric decompression, to duplicate our deprotection reaction, using a combination of mono- or di-deprotections to access cyclodextrins with two, three and five points of attachment for one, two or three different new functions. The patterns of multi-functionalization delineated here are not accessible by any other methods. Indeed, it is the first time ever a cyclodextrin bearing four different groups is synthesized in a completely controlled manner. This work paves the way to the use of cyclodextrins as multi-functional macrocyclic scaffolds, a use they have long been meant for, but lack of reliable functionalization methods hindered this development.     

基于环糊精的高度支化聚合物

环糊精(CD)与高度支化聚合物都存在空腔结构,若将两者结合起来可构筑出含有两种不同疏水空腔且具有特异物理化学功能的高分子体系,并有望在分子包合与识别、药物控释、基因传输等领域得到新的应用。本文根据高度支化聚合物与环糊精结合方式的不同,从以环糊精为核的高度支化聚合物、外端悬挂环糊精的高度支化聚合物、高度支化聚合物的结构单元与环糊精包合、环糊精与客体分子包合后自组装成高度支化聚合物,以及用功能化的环糊精单体合成超支化聚合物等5个方面对其研究进展进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上展望了该类聚合物的研究方向和发展趋势。     

The complexation efficiency

Studies have shown that cyclodextrins form both inclusion and non-inclusion complexes and that several different types of complexes can coexist in aqueous solutions. In addition, both cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin complexes are known to form aggregates and it is thought that these aggregates are able to solubilize drugs through micellar-type mechanism. Thus, stability constants determined from phase-solubility profiles are rarely true stability constants for of some specific drug/cyclodextrin complexes. A more precise method for evaluation of the solubilizing effects of cyclodextrins is to determine their complexation efficiency (CE). CE can be determined by measuring the solubility of a given drug at 2–3 cyclodextrin concentrations in pure water or a medium constituting the pharmaceutical formulation such as parenteral solution or aqueous eye drop formulation. Based on the CE value the drug:cyclodextrin ratio in the complexation medium can be determined as well as the increase in the formulation bulk in a solid dosage form. Determination of CE is a simple method for quick evaluating the solubilizing effects of different cyclodextrins and/or the effects of excipients on the solubilization. Here we report the CE of 43 different drugs with mainly 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin but also with randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin as well as few other cyclodextrins. Calculation of CE, drug:cyclodextrin molar ratio and the increase in the formulation bulk is discussed, as well as the influence of the intrinsic solubility and drug lipophilicity on the CE.