分子筛上苯与烯烃烷基化失活动力学的研究

在改性USY沸石分子筛上对长链烯烃与苯的烷基化失活反应进行了研究 ,考察内扩散阻力和催化剂失活对烷基化反应的影响 ,建立了存在内扩散阻力影响的失活动力学方程 ,通过对实验数据拟合确定了失活动力学参数 :失活级数d =1 2、失活速率常数kd=4 82 6 5× 10 11exp(- 9 7793× 10 4 /RT)。统计检验结果表明 ,该失活动力学方程能很好地拟合试验数据。用所建失活模型预测了反应温度、催化剂颗粒度及进料时间对催化剂活性、稳定性的影响。     

长链烷烃脱氢主反应及其失活过程表观动力学研究

本文提出了在绝热固定床上求取催化反应及其失活过程总表观动力学方程和参数的方法,并用此法处理长链烷烃催化脱氢的中试数据,得列在DH-140催化剂上脱氢主反应的表观动力学方程为:-r=k(p_P-p_(MO)·p_(H_2)/K_(P_I))~(1/2)主反应失活过程的表观动力学方程为:-(dk)/(dt)=k_dt 或k=k_0e~(-k)d~t主反应表观速度常数的总表达式为:k=e~8·~(53)R~(-26.7)/RT_(·e~(-te))~(0.64R-12.7/RT     

CH_4、CO_2与O_2制合成气催化剂研究 VI.催化剂表面积炭种类和积炭动力学研究

利用XPS考察了甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气制合成气反应前后Ni/γ-Al2O3和Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面炭物种.发现反应后Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭有四种类型-表面碳酸盐、污染炭、金属炭化物和非活性炭,而高活性和稳定性Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭仅有两种类型——污染炭和金属炭化物.非活性炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因之一.积炭动力学研究表明:Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂上积炭反应的动力学方程为:-0.45·PO2-1.80,该催化剂积炭反应的表观活化能较高,从而抑制积炭反应的进行.1.1·PO2r0=A·e-ERT·PCH4     

CH4、CO2与O2制合成气催化剂研究VI．催化剂表面积炭种类和积炭动力学研究

利用XPS考察了甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气制合成气反应前后Ni/γ-Al2O3和Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面炭物种.发现反应后Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭有四种类型-表面碳酸盐、污染炭、金属炭化物和非活性炭,而高活性和稳定性Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O3催化剂表面积炭仅有两种类型--污染炭和金属炭化物.非活性炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因之一.积炭动力学研究表明 Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O 3催化剂上积炭反应的动力学方程为 r0=A·e(-E)/(RT)·PCH41.1·PO2-0.45·PO2-1.80,该催化剂积炭反应的表观活化能较高,从而抑制积炭反应的进行.     

不同底物体系下漆酶的失活动力学研究

本文对三种体系的漆酶热失活动力学进行了研究,并对动力学参数进行了相应的分析。结果显示,漆酶在纯水溶液中的失活符合一级动力学模型,其失活方程为lnA=-0. 1353t-2. 2522。在有毒有机物体系(2,4-二氯酚和吲哚溶液)中漆酶的失活仍符合一级失活动力学模型,失活速率常数减小,但半衰期增大。在极性溶液(乙醇)中,漆酶的反应速率常数最小,可能是因为漆酶分子内部作用力的变化导致了漆酶反应变缓;在非极性体系(异辛烷溶液)中,水-疏水体系减少了对酶的伤害,利于酶的稳定,延长了漆酶半衰期;极性或非极性体系中的漆酶失活均符合一级动力学失活模型。     

二氧化硅负载杂多酸对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化的催化作用Ⅰ.催化剂的制备、表征和失活

 采用浸渍法制备了二氧化硅负载的磷钨酸催化剂,系统考察了催化剂的比表面积、结晶水、结构特征和酸性等物化性质. 将在不同条件下制备的不同结构的杂多酸催化剂用于异丁烷与丁烯烷基化反应,考察了催化剂活性组分、制备方法和反应条件对催化剂性能的影响,分析了催化剂的失活过程和失活机理. 结果表明,当负载量不大于50%时,磷钨酸以单分子层形式均匀分散于载体表面,催化剂表面存在大量的强B酸中心,不存在L酸中心; 经160 ℃活化后的催化剂具有最大的酸量和最强的酸性; 催化剂对烷基化反应具有较高的初活性,但随着反应的进行催化剂迅速失活; 反应产物的组成与催化剂失活程度密切相关,反应初期产物以烷烃为主,之后产物则以烯烃为主; 催化剂的失活原因为积碳.     

CH4、CO2与O2制合成气催化剂研究Ⅵ.催化剂表面积炭种类和积炭动力学研究

利用XPS考察了甲烷、二氧化碳和氧气制合成气反应前后Ni/γ-Al2O3和Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面炭物种.发现反应后Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂表面积炭有四种类型-表面碳酸盐、污染炭、金属炭化物和非活性炭,而高活性和稳定性Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O3催化剂表面积炭仅有两种类型--污染炭和金属炭化物.非活性炭是导致催化剂失活的主要原因之一.积炭动力学研究表明: Ni-Ce-Mn-Li/γ-Al 2O 3催化剂上积炭反应的动力学方程为: r0=A·e(-E)/(RT)·PCH41.1·PO2-0.45·PO2-1.80,该催化剂积炭反应的表观活化能较高,从而抑制积炭反应的进行.     

Cr—P／SiO催化剂上异丁烯——甲醛气相缩合制异戊二烯失活动力学考察

本文用积分固定床反应器对异丁烯－甲醛一步缩合制异戊二烯用Cr-P/SiO2催化剂的失活动力学进行了研究。测定了在反应温度为260－340℃，常压及不同反应物组成时的反应速度。建立了失活动力学方程，估算出反应级数，活化能、以及失活级数和失活因子。所得失活动力学方程式为：r=1.07×10^6exp(-35.2/RT)·P1^0.9·P2^1.5a a-0.47 0.53exp(-4.83×10^4t) -da/dt=2.56×10^4exp(-4.83×10^4t)从上述方程式推测，在Cr-P/SiO2催化剂上可能存在两种活性中心，一种是既能进行缩合反应同时又伴随积炭的中心，另一种中心则只进行缩合反应。催化剂的失活机理为反应物没有内扩散阻力的平行一串联失活，反应物与产物均能在催化剂表面形成焦炭，覆盖活性中心或堵塞洞口而导致失活。经烧炭催化剂活性可获得恢复。     

Redox机理动力学内扩散影响的特征

在Pb0.88 Bi0.06 La0.02 Mo/SiO_2催化剂上,反应在动力学区域进行时,甲醇氧化制甲醛服从Redox机理动力学方程: r=(k_1k_2P甲醇Po_2)/(0.5k_1P甲醇+k_2Po_2) 当催化剂颗粒增大至3mm时,内扩散影响严重,催化剂有效因子在0.38—0.73之间,其内扩散区域的速度方程为 r内=(Do_2/RTKL)2φM[K(Po_2-Po_2.o)-ln(1+Kpo_2/1+Kpo_2.o)]~(1/2) 测定了反应受O_2内扩散控制时的反应活化能E内为74.5kJ/mol。     

VmTi和KnV0.04Ti担载氧化物催化剂的表征与催化燃烧柴油炭黑的性能

用FTIR和UV-Vis研究了2个系列不同V和K负载量的VOx/TiO2和K-VOx/TiO2催化剂结构的变化;并使用程序升温氧化反应技术对这两种催化剂催化柴油炭黑燃烧活性进行了考察.结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04时,催化剂活性最好(tm=389℃).添加K能显著改善VOx/TiO2催化剂活性,n(K)∶n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04∶0.04∶1时,炭黑燃烧的反应温度最低(tm=343℃).FTIR和UV-Vis结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂n(V)∶n(Ti)>0.04∶1时,催化剂表面有V2O5形成,由于V2O5氧化能力较弱,因而催化剂的活性反而降低.而当K-VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(K)∶n(V)达到1∶1时,由于形成的KVO3物种与TiO2载体有很好的协同作用,所以催化剂活性最好.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.