多肽和蛋白质的聚乙二醇化修饰方法

聚乙二醇是一类具有独特理化性质的大分子聚合物。多肽和蛋白质类药物经聚 乙二醇共价修饰后能明显改善其药代学和药效学性质，如降低免疫原性、增加对蛋 白水解酶的稳定性、增加水溶性及延长体内的半衰期等。蛋白质的聚乙二醇化修饰 研究已取得较好的效果，多肽的聚乙二醇化修饰研究起步较晚。对近年来多肽和蛋 白质的聚乙二醇化修饰方法进行了综述，主要介绍了对多肽和蛋白质的N端、C端及 某些氨基酸侧链进行选择性聚乙二醇化修饰的方法。     

几种修饰剂共价修饰L—门冬酰胺酶降低其抗原性的对比研究

选用单甲氧基聚乙二醇、右旋糖苷、磺化右旋糖苷,肝素及小分子醋酸酐对酶分子进行了共价修饰,研究了不同修饰剂对酶分子的酶活力及其抗原性的影响。结果表明,大分子,特别是单甲氧基聚乙二醇的降低抗原性效果很好,但活力损失较大;修饰剂分子量越大,酶表面氨基修饰程度越高,解除抗原性效果越好。     

蛋白质翻译后脂修饰的结构和功能分析:靶向细胞脂信号

蛋白质翻译后脂修饰是指蛋白质在核糖体合成后与疏水脂质分子的共价结合.在已知共价化学修饰中,脂质分子独特的物理化学性质赋予了蛋白质特殊的结构和功能,并极大地影响蛋白质的膜锚定能力、转运和定位途径、信号转导以及蛋白质相互作用等.多样化的脂质结构和结合方式决定了脂修饰蛋白功能的复杂性,这些脂修饰蛋白与其他已知或未知修饰蛋白一起,在细胞多层次交叉调控信号转导通路中互相影响,协同作用,从而实现对生理活动的精细调控.开展蛋白质翻译后脂修饰结构与功能分析是揭示微生物感染、免疫调节、肿瘤发生发展等机制的重要途径,对发现和筛选疾病标志物以及挖掘新型药物靶标具有重要意义.     

药物的聚乙二醇修饰研究进展

简要介绍了聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG)的生理化学特性, 药物的聚乙二醇修饰的优势, 详细介绍了蛋白质药物和小分子药物的聚乙二醇修饰技术及其在药物研究中的应用进展, 认为药物的聚乙二醇修饰技术通过改变药物的分子结构, 可以有效地改善药物动力学和药效等性质, 增加注射药物的临床应用范围. 同时基于药物的聚乙二醇修饰技术的优势和研究现状, 评述了药物的聚乙二醇修饰技术的发展前景.     

聚合物蛋白质类药物单分子修饰的发展和展望

随着基因组学、生物化学、分子生物学及多肽合成等科学技术的发展,蛋白质及多肽药物已成为跨国医药企业竞相争夺未来生物医药领域的一个制高点。但是蛋白质类药物的临床应用受到了其理化及生物特性的种种限制,为了改善治疗效果,近年来聚合物修饰的蛋白质类药物有了长足的发展。本文着重回顾了蛋白质类药物聚乙二醇修饰的发展和现状,以及由此获得的优点和局限性;同时介绍了其它新型生物相容性聚合物蛋白质类药物修饰的最新研究进展,探讨了蛋白质类药物的"后聚乙二醇修饰"时代的可能方向和应用前景。     

共价抑制剂的研究进展

共价抑制剂因其具有的优异的药代动力学特征,在近期的药物研发领域中起到了关键作用.共价抑制剂是一类有机小分子,能与特定的靶蛋白相互作用并形成共价键,导致蛋白质构象的改变,从而抑制蛋白质的活性.除了部分例外,通过共价抑制剂进行的蛋白质修饰通常是不可逆的.重点讨论通过迈克尔加成、亲核取代以及二硫键与蛋白质相互作用的商业共价抑制剂.有关于共价抑制剂中各种类型弹头的讨论,可以激发未来合理药物设计的灵感.     

核酸介导蛋白质共价修饰的研究进展

蛋白质是参与各种生理过程的关键生物分子。选择性的蛋白质化学修饰为开发新型生物制药和复杂生物系统中单个蛋白质的功能研究提供了有力工具。核酸作为一种多功能的分子工具,近十年被广泛用于构建选择性的蛋白质修饰策略。在这类策略中,核酸可以：（i）作为模板来辅助反应基团与蛋白质靠近,提高有效反应浓度;（ii）作为导向系统通过结合兴趣蛋白（Proteins of interest,POI）实现共价修饰的选择性;（iii）作为催化剂增强邻近区域的蛋白质修饰反应。该综述着重介绍核酸介导蛋白质共价标记策略的研究进展,并以不同的导向系统为分类,介绍了这类标记策略的发展及主要应用。     

蛋白质、多肽类药物控制释放体系的研究

近年来,蛋白质、多肽类药物广泛应用于各类疾病的治疗。本文对聚乙二醇修饰的蛋白质及蛋白质类药物控制释放这两大体系的研究进展做了较系统的总结和评述,并就更高级的靶向、易吸收的蛋白质药物体系的发展进行了展望。     

A型流感病毒血凝素蛋白S-棕榈酰化修饰的质谱分析

蛋白质S-棕榈酰化修饰是指棕榈酸分子通过硫酯键共价结合在蛋白质分子的半胱氨酸( S)的巯基侧链上,是蛋白质脂类修饰的重要形式之一,在细胞信号转导、代谢等过程中起着重要作用。本实验首先利用酰基-生物素置换反应,将A型流感病毒血凝素蛋白上的S-棕榈酸分子转换为含有生物素( Buotun)分子的标签。生物素标记蛋白经特异性富集、电泳分离纯化后,进行胶内水解。再利用质谱技术对水解混合物进行分析。结果表明,经酰基-生物素置换方法处理A型流感病毒裂解产物后,蛋白质耦联生物素的浓度(羟胺处理,＋Hydroxylamune)与空白对照组(未加羟胺处理,-Hydroxylamune)的比值大于3;对经富集后的流感病毒血凝素蛋白进行了质谱分析,鉴定了 A 型的两个 S-棕榈酰化修饰位点,分别位于蛋白羧基末端的 Cys562和Cys565。本研究为大规模研究S-棕榈酰化修饰蛋白提供了一种特异、有效的分析方法。     

蛋白质甲基化修饰的蛋白质组学分析方法新进展

蛋白质的甲基化修饰是一类重要的翻译后修饰。但与磷酸化、糖基化和泛素化等翻译后修饰相比,甲基化修饰的蛋白质组学分析方法开发还是一个较新的研究领域。近几年,由于甲基化修饰在表观遗传调控中的重要作用,这一修饰类型得到了越来越多的关注,相关的分析技术和分析方法也取得了较多进展。其中,基于质谱的蛋白质组学分析方法在甲基化修饰中发挥着关键的作用,实现了这一甲基化修饰的高通量分析。该综述将从甲基化修饰的分离富集、假阳性率控制以及定量蛋白质组学等方面对一些蛋白质甲基化修饰的分析技术和方法的最新进展进行介绍。     

Latest achievements in the analytical chemistry of actinides

New methods for separation and determination of actinides, widely used in analysis of actinides in technological and environmental samples are reviewed. Special attention is paid to obtaining and stabilizing transplutonium elements. (TPE) in extreme oxidation states. Their use in analytical practice resulted in expanding possibilities of methods for separation and determination of TPE. Solvent extraction, sorption and extraction chromatography are the basic methods for separation of TPE. Solvent extraction, sorption and extraction chromatography are the basic methods for separation of TPE. Methods of separation in gas phase and some other methods such as precipitation and coprecipitation are applied, however, to a lesser degree. Trends of development of these methods including those of various types of membrane extraction that succeeded in separation of TPE in both trivalent and other valence states have been shown. Attention is paid mainly to consideration of modern methods for determination of actinides, special distinction of such methods being low limits of determination, high precision and selectivity. Alpha- and beta-spectrometric methods with semiconductor detectors are the most advanced among various methods based on registration of nuclear radiation. Tremendous success has been achieved in development of emission-spectrometric methods for determination of trace amounts of actinides and various impure elements occurring in samples of actinides. Sensitive mass-spectrometric methods are widely used for determination of both isotope composition and content of elements in various samples including those which are highly radioactive. More simple and precise titrimetric methods based on using oxidizing-reducing or complexing agents are developed successfully. A large number of coulometric methods for determination of americium and berkelium, characterizing high precision and selectivity as well as luminescence methods have been developed.     

Measurement of ozone concentration

The principal methods used to measure ozone concentration are reviewed and experimental comparisons made between chemical methods, with both phosphate and boric acid buffers, UV absorption, and electrochemical methods. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are considered and recommendations are made for the adoption of a standard reference method for rubber test methods.     

苯甲酰基的脱去

讨论了苯甲酰基的脱去方法，包括一些传统的脱苯甲酰基方法和新的方法、试剂。脱苯甲酰基方法在此粗分为四类，即酸催化水解法、碱催化水解法、选择性脱苯甲酰基法和其它特殊方法。参考文献48篇。     

Thermoanalytical methods in the study of inorganic thin films

Thermoanalytical (TA) methods are relatively seldom applied for assessing the physical and chemical proeprties of thin films, but they can be used in studies of composition, phase transitions and film—substrate interactions. In the present paper the possibilities of TA methods in thin film studies are reviewed. The thermoanalytical methods considered are the classical TG and DTA/DSC methods but some complementary methods will also be briefly mentioned. The main emphasis is given to true thin films. Details of sample preparation are also given. An important application of TA methods is characterization of precursors for the CVD growth of thin films, and this is also discussed.     

Review of separation methods for the determination of ammonium/ammonia in natural water

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) and ammonia (NH₃) in aquatic ecosystems are of great interest to environmental scientists because they can be used to study the nitrogen cycle and as water quality indicators. Analytical separation methods developed in recent decades have been used widely to determine NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in aqueous solutions. This review presents an overview of state-of-the-art separation methods and analytical techniques for determining NH₃/NH₄⁺ in natural water, including chromatographic methods, electrophoretic methods, extraction methods, membrane-based gas diffusion methods, membraneless gas diffusion methods, passive sampling methods, and paper-based analytical methods. Common detection techniques that can be used in conjunction with particular separation methods are described, phase-transfer strategies (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-membrane-liquid, and liquid-gas-liquid methods) are highlighted, and the strengths and weaknesses of the separation methods are discussed. The outlook, challenges, and expected future developments in the field of separation methods for determining NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in natural water are presented.     

Extracellular vesicles based electrochemical biosensors for detection of cancer cells: A review

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells are considered as ideal biomarker for liquid biopsy in cancer diagnosis, and are stable and abundant. Electrochemical methods for the detection of EVs are preferred over conventional methods such as Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their high sensitivity and real-time detection. This article summaries studies proposing the electrochemical methods utilizing immunological and molecular methodologies for detecting EVs derived biomacromolecules such as miRNAs and transmembrane protein for cancer diagnosis. Moreover, the electrochemical detection methods are compared and future prospects for the development of electrochemical methods for EVs detection are concluded.     

Assessment of Contemporary Theoretical Methods for Bond Dissociation Enthalpies

The density functional theory (DFT) is the most popular method for evaluating bond dis-sociation enthalpies (BDEs) of most molecules. Thus, we are committed to looking for alternative methods that can balance the computational cost and higher precision to the best for large systems. The performance of DFT, double-hybrid DFT, and high-level com-posite methods are examined. The tested sets contain monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic molecules, branched hydrocarbons, small inorganic molecules, etc. The results show that the mPW2PLYP and G4MP2 methods achieve reasonable agreement with the benchmark values for most tested molecules, and the mean absolute deviations are 2.43 and 1.96 kcal/mol after excluding the BDEs of branched hydrocarbons. We recommend the G4MP2 is the most appropriate method for small systems (atoms number ≤20); the double-hybrid DFT methods are advised for large aromatic molecules in medium size (20 ≤atoms number ≤50), and the double-hybrid DFT methods with empirical dispersion correction are recommended for long-chain and branched hydrocarbons in the same size scope; the DFT methods are advised to apply for large systems (atoms number ≥50), and the M06-2X and B3P86 methods are also favorable. Moreover, the di erences of optimized geometry of different methods are discussed and the effects of basis sets for various methods are investigated.     

Flow “Fine” Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods

The concept of flow “fine” synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow “fine” synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.     

Recent analytical approaches in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines—A review

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are gaining more and more attention all over the world, due to their specific theory and long historical clinical practice. But the uncontrollable quality is a bottleneck for its modernization and globalization. This paper reviewed the recent analytical methods in the quality control of TCMs, including screening strategies of bioactive markers from TCMs through biochromatographic methods, the traditional chromatographic methods, DNA methods, as well as the spectroscopic methods, including FT-IR, NIR and NMR. The comprehensive methods, such as fingerprint and multi-component quantification are emphasized; hyphenated techniques, like HPLC-MS, GC-MS, CE-MS, LC-NMR, chemometric methods, and combination of chemical and biological methods, such as biofingerprint, metabolic fingerprint are now more and more widely used in TCMs. In a few word, the analysis and quality control of TCMs are moving towards an integrative and comprehensive direction, in order to better address the inherent holistic nature of TCMs.