农药化学现状与发展动向

本文农药化学现状，并与医药化学的研究特点进行比较。近年农药研究比较活跃的领域有天然农药，原农药，手性农药等。在新农药创造中发展较快的有超高效农药，特异性农药（生物调节剂），元素有机农药和复配农药，最后对农药化学展望作一概述。     

杨石先对农药化学学科的重要贡献及其学术思想

杨石先先生一生献身于我国的教育事业与化学学科的发展,在62年中为我国培养了无数高质量的科教人才。他除了长期担任南开大学校长之外, 还创建了我国大学第一个专职研究所,即元素有机化学研究所。他率先开展了我国元素有机化学与农药化学的科学研究,领导了元素有机化学国家重点实验室的建立,是我国元素有机化学和农药化学的奠基人和开拓者。他倡导用有机化学的专业知识,科学和系统地开展农药化学研究,组建队伍获得20项科研成果,发表上百篇科学与论述性论文,为我国开展自主创新农药研究事业作出重要贡献。在农药化学学科的学术思想中,他强调要弄清该学科的交叉性、系统性和内在规律性,倡导要学习国际先进经验,要结合国情自主创新,要为国家经济服务,要对世界农药科技做出贡献。他毕生对人才培养给予了特别的重视,为我国科技事业持续发展作出了重大贡献。     

农药化学现状和发展动向

本文介绍农药化学现状,并与医药化学的研究特点进行比较。近年农药研究比较活跃的领域有天然农药、原农药、手性农药等。在新农药创制中发展较快的有超高效农药、特异性农药(生物调节剂),元素有机农药和复配农药,最后对农药化学展望作一概述。     

α-硫羰基膦酸衍生化喹唑啉酮含磷类似物的研究

研究了两种不同的合成路线，合成１７个新的α－硫羰基膦酸衍生化喹唑啉酮含磷类似物２ａ－２ｑ，其结构经ＮＭＲ，ＩＲ，ＭＳ和元素分析表征，通过单晶Ｘ射线衍射分析，探讨了稠杂环标化合物的立体化学特征，并对其１，３位取代棋的氢谱磁不等价现象进行了合理解释。     

具有生物活性有机硅化合笺的研究（Ⅵ）：含硅四配位双（单）硫…

共合成了１３个含硅四配位二硫代磷酸酯和２个含硅四配位单硫代磷酸酯的新化合物，经元素分析，ＩＲ，＾１ＨＮＭＲ，ＭＳ确定了新化合物结构。对部分化合物进行了生物活性的测定，结果表明个别化合物有较好的生物活性。     

双香豆素类化合物的合成及表征

香豆素是一类具有重要生理活性的天然产物。本文通过4-羟基香豆素的合成，然后与醛缩合，制备了一类具有双香豆素结构的化合物，对其结构通过^1H NMR、IR及元素分析确证并对其波谱学特征予以了讨论。     

农作物病害的防治与药肥合一

叙述了农作物病害的发生与必需营养元素的关系。试验证明只有在平衡作物营养元素的基础上使用农药治病，才能标本兼治，收到事半功倍的效果。文章同时叙述了补充农作物中微量元素的方式以及药肥合一的使用领域、用法与用量。     

农药化学中的绿色化学

绿色化学是从根本上消除环境污染的必由之路。由于某些传统农药是引起环境污染的一个重要因素，因而对农药化学中的绿色化学进行研究和推广具有非常重要的意义。本文应用绿色化学原理，对农药化学中的一些绿色化学方法和技术作了简单介绍。     

有毒汤样中微量农药杀虫环的鉴定

报道了在广东江门市某工厂发生的食物中毒事件中，对致毒汤样品中农药的分析鉴定过程；采用GC－MS联用分析，被分离出的疑为致毒物质的成分在现有的质谱谱库中检索未能鉴定；通过采用综合分析，将可疑成分提取、分离、柱以谱纯化，结合NMR、ICP－AES和元素分析，确证了汤样中的致毒物质是沙蚕毒素类农药“杀虫环”。     

生命元素与营养、健康的研究现状、问题分析及其展望

综述了生命元素与人类营养和健康的研究现状，并对生命元素研究的局限性和产生问题的原因进行了多角度的探讨。作者认为，今后对生命元素的研究应注重生物有机体中生命元素生态系统的整体性、系统性和元素整体的比例平衡及其互作关系。     

Kinetics of tritium isotope exchange between H2S and CH3OH vapor in glass vessels

Two different mechanisms of tritium exchange between and CH₃OH vapor in glass vessels have been found: (i) bimolecular exchange in the gas phase, (ii) pseudomonomolecular exchange between gaseous and CH₃OH adsorbed on the surface. The total and partial orders, rate constants and activation energies are given.

---

, CH₃OH , : 1) 2) CH₃OH, . , .

     

Synthesis of selenophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid

Selenophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid was obtained by liquid-phase oxidation of 2,5-dimethylselenophene with molecular oxygen.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, p. 1605, December, 1972.     

Thiylating effect of 2-chloro-2-thiono-5-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholane

It was found that 2-chloro-2-thiono-5-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholane has a thiylating effect toward some compounds with carbonyl and phosphoryl groups.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1605–1606, July, 1991.     

CIS-trans isomerization of nitrostilbenes in the presence of aromatic amines

Conclusions The possible mechanisms for the cis-trans isomerization of nitrostilbenes in the presence of aromatic amines were discussed and it was shown that the reason for the isomerization is the formation of charge-transfer complexes.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1602–1605, July, 1980.     

Electrocatalytic sensing of hydrogen peroxide using a screen printed carbon electrode modified with nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons

We have synthesized nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons (N-GrNRs) by unzipping multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under strongly oxidizing conditions and subsequent doping with nitrogen by a low-temperature hydrothermal method. The N-GNRs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and assembled on a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode to give a sensor for H₂O₂ that was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronocoulometry and chronoamperometry. The nano-modified electrode displays enhanced electron transfer ability, and has a large active surface and a large number of catalytically active sites that originate from the presence of nitrogen atoms. This results in a catalytic activity towards H₂O₂ reduction at near-neutral pH values that is distinctly improved compared to electrodes modified with CNTs or unzipped (non-doped) CNTs only. At a working potential of −0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the amperometric responses to H₂O₂ cover the 5 to 2785 μM concentration range, with a limit of detection as low as 1.72 μM. This enzyme-free electrochemical sensor exhibits outstanding selectivity and long-term stability for H₂O₂ detection.

Nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons (N-GrNRs) were expediently synthesized for highly sensitive and selective detection of H₂O₂.

     

Synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives on the basis of carboxylic acid imino esters (review)

Data on methods for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives by cyclotrimerization and cyclocondensation reactions with the participation of carboxylic acid imino esters are systematized in the review.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No.12, pp. 1587–1605, December 1992.     

C-acylation of heterocyclic keto-enols Communication 9. Acetyl derivatives of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-phenyl-2(1H)-pyridone

Conclusions A study was made of the acetylation of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-phenyl-2(1H)-pyridone with acetic acid in presence of polyphosphoric acid and of phosphoryl chloride. The structures of the C- and O-acetyl derivatives obtained were proved by independent synthesis and from IR and UV spectral data.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1605–1607, September, 1966.     

Synthesis of 5-aryl-2-alkoxyfuranes from 1-aroyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanes

The reaction of 1-aroyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanes with a mixture of potassium tertbutylate and potassium methylate (or ethylate) in tert-butyl alcohol gives 5-aryl-2-methoxy (or ethoxy) furanes in good yield.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1603–1605, December, 1984.     

2-Benzopyrylium salts XI. Synthesis of 2-benzopyrylium salts and structural analogs of isoquinoline alkaloids by acylation of homoveratric acid and its derivatives

The acylation of homoveratric acid and its derivatives with carboxylic acids in the presence of polyphosphoric acid, which leads to the synthesis of 2-acylhomoveratric acids, was studied. The properties and transformations of the latter to 2-benzo-pyrylium salts and isoquinoline bases were investigated. The structural analogs of the alkaloid papaverine were synthesized.See [9] for communication X.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1601–1605, December, 1971.