Studies on the Simultaneous Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate and Poly（ethylene terephthalate）： I. Catalytic Activity of Metal Acetate in Transesterification of Ethylene Carbonate with Dimethyl Terephthalate

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a new building block of organic synthesis, as an environmentally benign compound and unique intermediate, it has been attracted much attention. Among the various methods for synthesizing DMC, transesterification of ethylene car…     

金属醋酸盐催化合成聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚体和碳酸二甲酯

研究了醋酸盐催化碳酸乙烯酯（EC）和丁二酸二甲酯（DS）同时合成聚丁二酸乙二醇酯 (PES) 预聚体和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的耦合反应新工艺。 采用气相色谱-质谱联用定性分析馏分组成;红外光谱、核磁共振表征了预聚物的结构;采用乌式粘度计测试了预聚物的特性粘数;气相色谱定量测定馏分碳酸二甲酯的收率以考察耦合反应的进度。 以对该反应催化效果最佳的无水醋酸锂为催化剂考察了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量对耦合反应的影响,结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为：反应温度195～200 ℃,n(EC)∶n(DS)=2∶1,n(cat)∶n(EC+DS)=0.02∶1,反应时间为2 h,耦合反应所得的DMC收率为48.0%,聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚物的特性粘数为0.3787。     

Synthesis,Characterization and Catalytic Behaviour of Silica Supported Zinc Salicylaldimine Complex

Zinc salicylaldimine complex immobilized on silica gel was used as a promising catalyst for the transesterification reaction of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol (EG).The catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The product bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET)was confirmed by mass and ¹H‐NMR studies. In comparison to zinc acetate i.e., homogeneous catalyst, a polymer supported catalyst showed better stability, catalytic activity and ease of separation from the reaction product. The catalyst can be reutilized during successive catalytic cycles.     

Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET wastes by glycolysis in the presence of metal salts

Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been the subject of increased interest as a valuable feedstock for different chemical processes. In this work, glycolysis of PET waste granules was carried out using excess ethylene glycol in the presence of different simple chemicals acting as catalysts, namely zinc acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulphate and potassium sulphate. Comparable high yields (≈70%) of the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) were obtained with zinc acetate and sodium carbonate as depolymerisation catalysts at 196 °C with a PET:catalyst molar ratio of 100:1 in the presence of a large excess of glycol. The purified monomer was characterised by elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. These results revealed that, although the intrinsic activity of zinc acetate was significantly higher than that of sodium carbonate, this latter salt could indeed act as an effective, eco-friendly catalyst for glycolysis. Also an exploratory study on the application of this catalytic recycling technology for complex PET wastes, namely highly coloured and multi-layered PET, was performed.     

Mg-Al-O-t-Bu hydrotalcite as an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with ethanol

Mg-Al-O-t-Bu hydrotalcite was synthesized and characterized by XRD, FT-IR and TGA-DTA. It was proved to be an active heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol. When the reaction was carried out over Mg-Al-O-t-Bu hydrotalcite at 80°C, 7 h, molar ratio of ethanol to DMC 5:1, 1.0 wt.% of catalyst, the conversion of DMC was 86.4%, the selectivity to diethyl carbonate (DEC) was 61.2%. This heterogeneous catalyst could be used 5 times without loss of its activity.     

Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by ionic liquids

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) from an industrial manufacturer was depolymerized by ethylene glycol in the presence of a novel catalyst: ionic liquids. It was found that the purification process of the products in the glycolysis catalyzed by ionic liquids was simpler than that catalyzed by traditional compounds, such as metal acetate. Qualitative analysis showed that the main product in the glycolysis process was the bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer. Thermal analysis of the glycolysis products was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influences of experimental parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, glycolysis time, reaction temperature, and water content in the catalyst on the conversion of PET, selectivity of BHET, and distribution of the products were investigated. Results show that reaction temperature is a critical factor in this process. In addition, a detailed reaction mechanism of the glycolysis of PET was proposed.     

Microwave assisted ecofriendly recycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste

Glycolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste was carried out using microwave energy. A domestic microwave oven of 800 W was used with suitable modification for carrying out the reaction under reflux. The catalysts used for the depolymerization in ethylene glycol (EG) were zinc acetate and some simple laboratory chemicals such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and barium hydroxide. Comparison of results was made from the point of view of the yield of bis (2-hydroxyethylene) terephthalate (BHET) and the time taken for depolymerization. It was observed that under identical conditions of catalyst concentration and PET:EG ratio, the yield of BHET was nearly same as that obtained earlier by conventional electric heating. However, the time taken for completion of reaction was reduced drastically from 8 h to 35 min. This has led to substantial saving in energy.     

Protic ionic liquid-promoted synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from ethylene carbonate and methanol

In this work,the protic ionic liquid[DBUH][Im](1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undeceniumimidazolide)was developed as an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of ethylene carbonate with methanol to produce dimethyl carbonate.At 70℃,up to 97%conversion of ethylene carbonate and 91%yield of dimethyl ca rbonate were obtained with 1 mol%[DBUH][Im](relative to ethylene carbonate)as catalyst in 2 h.Even at room temperature,the conversion of ethylene carbonate can reach 94%and the yield of dimethyl carbonate can approach 81%for 6 h.Catalytic mechanism investigation showed the high catalytic efficiency of this ionic liquid results from the synergistic activation effect,wherein the cation can activate ethylene carbonate and the anion can activate methanol through hydrogen bond formatio n.Although the reusability of the ionic liquid need to be further improved,high efficiency and comme rcial availability of[DBUH][Im]render it a promising catalyst for the preparation of dimethyl carbonate.     

Dimethyl carbonate synthesis catalyzed by DABCO-derived basic ionic liquids via transesterification of ethylene carbonate with methanol

Easily prepared DABCO-derived (1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane) basic ionic liquids were developed for an efficient synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via the transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. 1-Butyl-4-azo-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroxide ([C₄DABCO]OH) exhibited high catalytic activity and 81% DMC yield together with 90% EC conversion was obtained under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the catalyst could be recycled for four times without loss of catalytic activity. Moreover, a possible mechanism was also discussed.     

低压下碱金属碳酸盐催化一步法合成碳酸二甲酯

报道了低压下碱金属碳酸盐催化环氧化物、CO2和甲醇一步合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的方法,系统考察了反应条件对一步合成DMC的影响规律.在最优反应条件下(初始压力0.5 MPa,反应温度120°C,碳酸钠7.5 mol%),以环氧乙烷为起始剂的DMC收率达到63.5%.提出了碱金属碳酸盐催化一步法合成DMC的可能反应机理.     

A New Process for Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Ethylene Carbonate and Methanol without any Catalyst under Supercritical Conditions

Dimethyl carbonate was synthesized by transesterification reaction between ethylene carbonate and methanol under supercritical conditions without any catalyst. Experimental results showed that the residence time and the molar ratio of methanol to ethylene carbonate all can affect the conversion of ethylene carbonate. When the molar ratio of methanol to ethylene carbonate was 8:1, 81.2% conversion can be achieved at 9.0 MPa and 250℃ after 8 h.     

Transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with phenol over a bimetallic molybdenum and copper catalyst

Mo-Cu bimetallic oxides were found to be efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with phenol. When the reaction was carried out between 150 and 180°C, with a molar of Mo/Cu of 1:1, molar ratio of phenol/DMC of 1:1, 4.8 wt.% of the catalyst, 9 h, the conversion of phenol was 49.9%, and the total yield of MPC and DPC was 45.4%. Catalyst reuse showed a gradual decline in the catalytic activity. The decrease in catalytic activity might be due to leaching out of Mo and Cu, and/or carbon deposition.     

聚离子液体催化碳酸乙烯酯与甲醇的酯交换反应

通过N-乙烯基咪唑鎓离子液体、 丙烯酸钠(NaAA)和交联剂二乙烯基苯(DVB)或1-乙烯基-3-三乙二醇基咪唑溴盐{[(EG)₃-DVIm]Br₂)}自由基聚合合成了一系列含羧酸根的聚离子液体. 将所合成的聚离子液体用于催化甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯(EC)酯交换反应制备碳酸二甲酯(DMC). 研究结果表明, 在甲醇和EC混合溶剂中具有最大溶胀度的聚离子液体催化剂poly[VOIm-AA-DVIm]活性最高. 在优化反应条件[120 ℃, 6 h, 1.0%(摩尔分数)催化剂用量, n(甲醇)/n(EC)=10∶1]下, DMC收率为76.6%, 选择性为90.1%, 达到了与均相催化剂1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([BMIm]OAc)相当的活性.     

Organocatalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

We describe the organocatalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), using a commercially available guanidine catalyst, 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD). Postconsumer PET beverage bottles were used and processed with 1.0 mol % (0.7 wt %) of TBD and excess amount of ethylene glycol (EG) at 190 °C for 3.5 hours under atmospheric pressure to give bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) in 78% isolated yield. The catalyst efficiency was comparable to other metal acetate/alkoxide catalysts that are commonly used for depolymerization of PET. The BHET content in the glycolysis product was subject to the reagent loading. This catalyst influenced the rate of the depolymerization as well as the effective process temperature. We also demonstrated the recycling of the catalyst and the excess EG for more than 5 cycles. Computational and experimental studies showed that both TBD and EG activate PET through hydrogen bond formation/activation to facilitate this reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

铅化合物催化二氨基二苯甲烷与碳酸二甲酯反应机理的红外光谱研究

研究了Pb(OAc)₂·3H₂O催化二氨基二苯甲烷(MDA)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)反应合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的稳定性和成分变化, 发现乙酸铅在反应过程中会形成含氨基配体的碱式碳酸铅, 该化合物对MDC的合成仍具有较高活性. 采用红外光谱结合原位控温液体池技术研究了其催化机理, 结果表明, 铅催化剂的配体对其催化活性起重要作用, 双齿配位方式向单体配位方式的转变是催化剂起作用的关键步骤; 并在此基础上提出了铅催化剂催化MDA与DMC反应的机理.     

Catalytic action of calcium acetate and the manganese acetate–sodium acetate mixture in the pre-esterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol

Products of pre-esterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at various times carried out with two catalysts, i.e., calcium acetate and a mixture of manganese and sodium acetates, were studied. Thin-layer chromatography was used to follow the fundamental reaction and determine the type and degree of oligomerization. It was established that the manganese–sodium acetate mixed catalyst is more efficient both with regard to pre-esterification and oligomerization.     

Model studies and a new melt polycondensation route to poly-bisphenol a–iso/terephthalate (polyarylate)

Alternate syntheses of polyarylate from dimethyl iso/terephthalate (DMI/DMT) and bisphenol-A (BPA) or bisphenol-A diacetate (BPAOAc) were investigated using a variety of catalysts. The model exchange of DMT with 4-t-butylphenol with loss of methanol proceeded moderately rapidly at rather low temperature (170°C) to produce to mono- and di-t-butylphenyl terephthalates. Dibutyltin oxide is the preferred catalyst. Alkali metal phenoxides are almost as effective but were less soluble. The model reaction of DMT with 4-tert-butylphenyl acetate involving loss of methyl acetate gave comparable results using dibutyltin oxide as catalyst. Based on these model results, polycondensations of DMI/DMT with BPAOAc under optimal conditions, gave polyarylate having an inherent viscosity 0.34 dL g^?1 in quantitative yield and light brown color. Polycondensation with BPA was unsatisfactory in terms of yield, molecular weight, and color.     

Kinetic analysis of the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol in a semibatch reactor

The kinetic analysis of the transesterification of ethylene glycol (EG) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) was studied in a semibatch reactor under nonisothermal conditions. The effect of the temperature profile, EG/DMT ratio, and catalyst concentration on the reaction rate was studied. Models were fitted by using an algorithm of parameter estimation in differential equations based on the Gauss–Newton method improved with the Marquardt extension. It was found that, unlike previous authors, the reaction rate was not a classical third order reaction of first order with respect to EG, DMT, and catalyst concentration, but the EG reaction order was 0.6 and a hyperbolic function was found to fit the relationship between reaction rate and catalyst concentration. Also, it was found that, at high conversions, the effect of the reverse reaction should not be neglected.     

Dimethyl carbonate synthesis via transesterification catalyzed by quaternary ammonium salt functionalized chitosan

A quaternary ammonium salt covalently linked to chitosan was first used as a catalyst for dimethyl carbonate （DMC） synthesis by the transesterification of propylene carbonate （PC） with methanol. The effects of various reaction variables like reaction time, temperature and pressure on the catalytic performance were also investigated. 54% DMC yield and 71% PC conversion were obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. Notably, the catalyst was able to be reused with retention of high catalytic activity and selectivity. Consequently, the process presented here has great potential for industrial application due to its advantages such as stability, easy preparation from renewable biopolymer, and simple separation from products.     

Zn-Al水滑石催化碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换反应的研究

用共沉淀法制备了Zn-Al水滑石,并用于多相催化酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的反应.研究了不同n(Zn)/n(Al)比的水滑石及其焙烧产物等对酯交换反应的催化活性.结果表明,Zn-Al水滑石催化剂对该反应的催化活性和选择性很高,当n(Zn)/n(Al)=3时,在150～180℃,n(PhOH)/n(DMC)=2,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1.5%,在反应时间为12h的条件下,DMC的转化率达到55.9%,DPC和MPC的收率分别为25.3%和27.0%,酯交换产物的选择性达到93.6%.利用XRD,TG-DTA和TEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征.