甲烷催化裂解制氢技术研究进展

综述了甲烷催化裂解制氢的机理、影响因素以及催化剂的失活与再生,对影响甲烷催化裂解活性的因素如催化剂种类、载体种类、反应条件等方面进行了详细的论述。     

Co/Fe催化剂乙醇裂解和部分氧化制氢研究

采用共沉淀法制备的Co/Fe催化剂催化乙醇裂解和部分氧化制氢反应，考察了反应温度对两种途径反应的影响。结果发现，Co/Fe催化剂对乙醇部分氧化制氢显示出较高的氢选择性，且稳定性较好；该催化剂对乙醇裂解制氢也具有较高的氢选择性，但其稳定性很很差。XRD表征结果表明，在催化乙醇部分氧化反应后，Co70Fe30催化剂中存在CoFe合金和CoO相；而催化乙醇裂解反应后，Co70Fe30催化剂中仅存在CoFe合金，即CoFe合金可能是裂解反应的活性组分。     

光催化分解水制氢反应中助催化剂的作用及机理（英文）

近年来,随着一次能源过度消耗所带来的能源和环境问题日益突出,开发廉价、可持续的清洁能源备受关注.光催化分解水制氢可利用太阳能普遍率高和几乎免费等特点制取燃烧热值高、燃烧产物无污染的氢气能源.自从1972年日本的Fujishima教授和Honda教授首次发现TiO2单晶电极光催化分解水可以产生氢气以来,光催化制氢被认为是实现可持续制氢最有潜力的方法之一.有效地将太阳能转换为化学能的关键是设计高效的电荷分离和运输结构.然而,现有的大多数半导体光催化剂因缺少活性位点、光生载流子易复合等缺点而无法达到较高的转换效率.因此,如何提高半导体光催化产氢的转换效率是现阶段面对的重要问题.在众多解决方法中,助催化剂的引入可以为光催化制氢反应增加活性位点,促进光生载流子的有效分离,进而有效地提高半导体光催化产氢速率.本文总结了多种不同类型的助催化剂应用于光催化产氢研究的最新进展,详细讨论了助催化剂在增强光吸收、提供活性位点、增加催化剂稳定性和促进电荷分离等方面的作用,阐明了助催化剂在光催化分解水制氢中的反应机理,同时还提出了光催化制氢的未来研究和预测.本文将助催化剂分为以下几种类别进行讨论:(1)单一助催化剂,包括金属/合金、金属氧化物/氢氧化物、金属磷化物、金属硫化物、碳基材料等助催化剂材料;(2)双助催化剂;(3)Z-Scheme助催化剂;(4)MOFs助催化剂.近年来,助催化剂材料在光催化产氢中应用的发展趋势从当初价格昂贵的贵金属趋于价格相对低廉的非贵金属,从单一体系趋于更复杂的体系.虽然现阶段关于助催化剂与基底之间的匹配还需要进一步研究,但我们相信随着技术的发展,这些问题都可以迎刃而解.希望在不久的将来,可以精确设计和构建出具有高效光催化产氢活性的催化剂体系,开发出更多新的可再生清洁能源,从而缓解能源紧缺和环境恶化等棘手问题.     

IM-5分子筛在Ni-Cu催化剂甲烷热裂解制氢反应中的作用研究

甲烷热裂解制氢并生成高附加值的纳米碳材料,被认为是极具发展前景的氢气生产途径,但高性能催化剂的研发仍存在诸多挑战.我们选择多种载体(TS-1、 IM-5、 Y、介孔SiO₂、 γ-Al₂O₃、 CNTs),采用浸渍法制备Ni-Cu负载催化剂,通过低温N2吸附-脱附、 XRD、 SEM和H₂-TPR等系列表征方法对样品进行分析,考察不同载体对催化剂甲烷裂解制氢和纳米碳材料的影响.实验结果发现,分子筛载体独特的孔道结构有利于金属颗粒的分散,能有效避免反应中界面效应导致的催化剂失活,可提高催化剂反应活性并延长反应寿命,也显著提高了其碳产率.其中以IM-5分子筛为载体的催化剂表现最佳,在反应温度为700℃时, NiCu/IM-5催化剂甲烷转化率高达80%,氢气选择性达100%,反应400 min后活性未见明显降低. NiCu/IM-5催化剂碳产率高达1 446 g_C/g_cat,是NiCu/SiO₂催化剂的5.7倍, NiCu/γ-Al     

汽油制氢反应催化剂制备方法研究

对汽油氧化重整制氢反应催化剂制备方法进行了实验 ,研究了双金M N/Al2 O3 预还原与否对汽油制氢反应的活性、生成氢气的选择性及催化剂的稳定性。实验结果表明 ,催化剂的制备方法不同 ,在汽油氧化重制氢反应中催化剂活性、生成氢的选择性不同 ,还原态的好于非还原态的双金属催化剂 ;还原与否对该双金属催化剂的稳定性影响不大。     

镍-铁双金属催化剂在乙酸水蒸气重整制氢反应中的催化性能 --铁的互补作用和甲烷及CO生成的反应路径

本文研究了镍-铁双金属催化剂在乙酸水蒸气重整制氢反应中的催化性能。研究结果显示单金属铁催化剂对乙酸重整反应活性很低,但是对一氧化碳的中温变换反应有较好的催化性能。镍单金属催化剂对乙酸水蒸气重整制氢反应有非常好的初始催化活性,但是催化剂的长期稳定性很差。镍-铁复合催化剂的低温活性（623 K）和长期稳定性（100小时）都远好于单金属催化剂。这主要是因为铁的加入可以促进镍的分散,形成更多的表面活性位同时有助与防止镍的烧结。本研究也对乙酸重整反应中的两个主要气体副产物（一氧化碳和甲烷）的反应路径进行了分析。研究发现反应温度决定一氧化碳和甲烷的反应路径。673K是一个临界温度。低于此温度,甲烷的产生主要来自于一氧化碳和二氧化碳的甲烷化,而高于673K,甲烷主要来自于乙酸的直接裂解。对于一氧化碳副产物而言,低于673K其主要来自于乙酸的裂解或者不充分的水蒸气重整反应,而高于673K产生的一氧化碳则主要来自与逆水煤气变换反应。     

泡沫镍载钌催化硼氢化钠水解制氢

应用化学镀法制备泡沫镍载钉(Ru)催化剂,以其用于燃料电池硼氢化钠(NaBH4)水解即时供氢.该催化剂具有稳定高效的活性和稳定性能,而泡沫镍的预处理是一重要步骤.研究了制氢过程中NaBH4浓度、反应温度及使用次数对产氢速率的影响.结果表明:产氢速率随温度的升高快速上升,当反应温度从15℃升高到60℃,产氢速率增加了十几倍;在NaBH4浓度为20%的3%NaOH溶液中,使用载Ru量为3%的催化剂,于23.5℃常压下,水解NaBH4,其产氢速率达到0.784 mL·s-1·g-1.这种容易制备的催化剂在多次使用后仍显示出较高的活性.     

Ni-Mg复合催化剂催化裂解CH_4制氢动力学研究

基于定温热重实验,建立了甲烷催化裂解反应动力学模型和催化剂表面积炭失活动力学模型。其中,甲烷催化裂解动力学模型将初始产氢速率视为催化剂未积炭条件下的动力学基础数据;催化剂表面积炭失活动力学则基于甲烷催化裂解速率的降低。实验使用Ni-Mg复合催化剂,分别在535、585、635℃,甲烷分压10~4、2×10~4、3×10~4Pa条件下展开甲烷催化裂解动力学特性研究。结果表明,甲烷催化裂解的反应级数为0.5,活化能为82 k J/mol;Ni-Mg复合催化剂反应失活级数为0.5,催化剂失活活化能为118 k J/mol。实验条件下均制得了多壁碳纳米管。     

流化床中甲烷裂解制氢与催化剂再生过程研究

对流化床中甲烷裂解制氢与催化剂再生过程进行了研究。选用25Ni/CuAl2O3和75Ni/CuAl2O3两种催化剂，分别在500℃和650℃进行甲烷裂解制氢与催化剂再生，反应与再生过程的温度与时间保持相同，催化剂再生时采用空气进行再生，气体流量均为370mL/min（STP）。实验结果表明,镍质量分数较低时催化剂表现出较好的稳定性，温度增加催化剂的稳定性降低。甲烷转化率随操作周期呈下降趋势，在500℃制氢与再生操作达到第五周期时，甲烷转化率趋于稳定。对切换时间的影响研究表明，切换时间存在一个最佳值，即切换5min时甲烷裂解制氢效率最高。对生成碳产品进行了XRD和TEM表征，并对实验结果进行了讨论。     

硫化镉复合光催化剂在模拟有机污染物体系中光催化制氢研究

太阳能光催化分解水制氢是太阳能制氢的最佳途径之一.选择CdS为敏化剂,制备了可见光响应的CdS复合钛酸纳米管光催化剂.以所制备的光催化剂在不同模拟有机污染物中的光催化产氢活性进行研究,对有机物浓度、pH值等反应参数进行了考察,并对其产氢机理进行了分析.研究发现各类有机物中,甲酸溶液中产氢量活性最高.分别考察了10%、2...     

Production of Hydrogen from Methane by a CO2 Emission-Suppressed Process: Methane Decomposition and Gasification of Carbon Nanofibers

Catalytic methane decomposition into hydrogen and carbon nanofibers and the oxidations of carbon nanofibers with CO₂, H₂O and O₂ were overviewed. Supported Ni catalysts (Ni/SiO₂, Ni/TiO₂ and Ni/carbon nanofiber) were effective for the methane decomposition. The activity and life of the supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition strongly depended on the particle size of Ni metal on the catalysts. The modification of the catalysts with Pd enhanced the catalytic activity and life for methane decomposition. In particular, the supported Ni catalysts modified with Pd showed high turnover number of hydrogen formation at temperatures higher than 973 K with a high one-pass methane conversion (>70%). However, sooner or later, every catalyst completely lost their catalytic activities due to the carbon layer formation on active metal surfaces. In order to utilize a large quantity of the carbon nanofibers formed during methane decomposition as a chemical feedstock or a powdered fuel for heat generation, they were oxidized with CO₂, H₂O and O₂ into CO, synthesis gas and CO₂, respectively. In every case, the conversion of carbon was greater than 95%. These oxidations of carbon nanofibers recovered or enhanced the initial activities of the supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition.     

Formation of pure hydrogen from methane

The methods for production of pure hydrogen from methane are summarized. One method is methane decomposition to hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. Ni-based catalysts with high activity and long life for the methane decomposition were developed. The other method is based on the redox of iron oxides, i.e., Fe₃O₄ is reduced with methane to iron metals and, subsequently, iron metals are oxidized with water vapor to form hydrogen. Iron oxide mediators that could be reduced with methane and subsequently be oxidized with water vapor at low temperatures were designed.     

Development of Methane Decomposition Catalysts for CO<Subscript>x</Subscript> Free Hydrogen

Now-a-days, catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) into hydrogen and carbon is a promising technique for production of fuel cell grade hydrogen. The Ni based catalysts seems promising particularly for the production of CO_x free H₂ by methane decomposition process. The CDM activity and longevity of the Ni based catalysts are mainly influenced by the amount of Ni and type of support material. In this paper the CDM activity results are correlated with NiO crystallite size, Ni metal surface area and acidity of the catalysts. In case of bimetallic catalysts addition of Cu to Ni catalysts lead to enhance the CDM activity at higher temperature thus resulting in the increased concentration of hydrogen in the outlet stream. Finally, some of the carbon-based catalysts are studied for methane decomposition activity at higher temperature. The surface changes over carbon catalysts with methane decomposition are studied using various characterization techniques.     

Enhanced methane decomposition over transition metal-based tri-metallic catalysts for the production of COx free hydrogen

In this study, COx-free hydrogen production via methane decomposition was studied over Cu–Zn-promoted tri-metallic Ni–Co–Al catalysts. The catalysts have been prepared by the constant pH co-precipitation method, and the nominal Ni metal loading was fixed at 50 wt % along with other metals at 10 wt% each. The catalyst activity for methane decomposition reaction was examined in a reactor between 400 °C and 700 °C and at atmospheric pressure. Different techniques such as N₂-physisorption, X-ray diffraction, H₂-TPR SEM, TEM, ICP-MS, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy were applied to characterize the catalysts. The relation between the catalyst composition and their catalytic activity has been investigated. The controlled synthesis has resulted in a series of catalysts with a high surface area. Ni–Co–Cu–Zn–Al was the most active and productive catalyst. Various characterizations indicate that the promotional effects of Cu–Zn interaction were the critical factor in catalysts' activity and stability. Ni–Co–Cu–Zn catalyst gave the highest methane conversion of 85% at 700 °C. Zn addition improves the stability of the catalyst by retaining the active metal size during the decomposition reaction. The catalyst was active for 80 h of stability study. The rapid deactivation of the Ni–Co catalyst was due to the sintering of the catalyst at 650 °C. Moreover, carbon species accumulated during the methane decomposition reaction depend on the catalysts' composition. Zn promotes the growth of reasonably long and thin carbon nanotubes, whereas the diameter of carbon nanotubes on unpromoted catalysts was large.     

Decomposition of methane over alumina supported Fe and Ni–Fe bimetallic catalyst: Effect of preparation procedure and calcination temperature

Catalytic decomposition of methane has been studied extensively as the production of hydrogen and formation of carbon nanotube is proven crucial from the scientific and technological point of view. In that context, variation of catalyst preparation procedure, calcination temperature and use of promoters could significantly alter the methane conversion, hydrogen yield and morphology of carbon nanotubes formed after the reaction. In this work, Ni promoted and unpromoted Fe/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been prepared by impregnation, sol–gel and co-precipitation method with calcination at two different temperatures. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physisorption, temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The catalytic activity was tested for methane decomposition reaction. The catalytic activity was high when calcined at 500 °C temperature irrespective of the preparation method. However while calcined at high temperature the catalyst prepared by impregnation method showed a high activity. It is found from XRD and TPR characterization that disordered iron oxides supported on alumina play an important role for dissociative chemisorptions of methane generating molecular hydrogen. The transmission electron microscope technique results of the spent catalysts showed the formation of carbon nanotube which is having length of 32–34 nm. The Fe nanoparticles are present on the tip of the carbon nanotube and nanotube grows by contraction–elongation mechanism. Among three different methodologies impregnation method was more effective to generate adequate active sites in the catalyst surface. The Ni promotion enhances the reducibility of Fe/Al₂O₃ oxides showing a higher catalytic activity. The catalyst is stable up to six hours on stream as observed in the activity results.     

Ni/SiO2催化剂上甲烷催化裂解制氢

研究了固定床反应器上甲烷在Ni/SiO2催化剂上的裂解反应，并分别用O2、H2O进行催化剂失活/活化循环实验，并对催化剂用XRD进行分析。结果表明,Ni/SiO2催化剂具有良好的催化性能,甲烷转化率～40%，并能在150 min的时间内保持其活性，无论是用空气氧化还是水蒸气汽化，都能有效地活化已失活的催化剂。XRD实验显示，多次裂解－再生循环过程，对催化剂结构没有明显破坏。     

COx-Free Hydrogen and Carbon Nanofibers Produced from Direct Decomposition of Methane on Nickel-Based Catalysts

Direct decomposition of methane was carried out using a fixed-bed reactor at 700℃for the production of COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. The catalytic performance of NiO-M/SiO2 catalysts (where M=AgO, CoO, CuO, FeO, MnOx and MoO) in methane decomposition was investigated. The experimental results indicate that among the tested catalysts, NiO/SiO2 promoted with CuO give the highest hydrogen yield. In addition, the examination of the most suitable catalyst support, including Al2O3, CeO2, La2O3, SiO2, and TiO2, shows that the decomposition of methane over NiO-CuO favors SiO2 support. Furthermore, the optimum ratio of NiO to CuO on SiO2 support for methane decomposition was determined. The experimental results show that the optimum weight ratio of NiO to CuO fell at 8:2 (w/w) since the highest yield of hydrogen was obtained over this catalyst.     

Temperature-programmed oxidation of equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalysts

Characterization of coke on equilibrium, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts contaminated with metals was investigated using temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). TPO spectra of spent equilibrium catalysts from cracking of sour imported heavy gas oil (SIHGO) were deconvoluted into four peaks (Peak K, L, M and N). The four peaks were assigned to different types of coke on the catalyst. Peak L in the TPO spectrum was assigned to the 'contaminant' coke in the vicinity of metals. The amount of contaminant coke (Peak L) correlates with metal-contaminant concentration. The size of Peak L which is related to amount of contaminant coke decreased significantly for the spent highly contaminated catalyst pretreated with hydrogen and methane prior to cracking reactions as compared to the non-pretreated catalysts. Since both hydrogen and methane pretreatment can reduce oxidation state of the vanadium that present at high concentrations on the equilibrium catalysts the decrease in the amount of contaminant-coke represented by Peak L was explained by the reduction of the oxidation state of vanadium. Less contaminant coke was produced after the equilibrium catalysts were pretreated using hydrogen and methane gases since reduced vanadium has lower dehydrogenation activity compared to oxidized vanadium. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Improved catalytic performance of Ni catalysts for steam methane reforming in a micro-channel reactor

Milliseconds process to produce hydrogen by steam methane reforming （SMR） reaction, based on Ni catalyst rather than noble catalyst such as Pd, Rh or Ru, in micro-channel reactors has been paid more and more attentions in recent years. This work aimed to further improve the catalytic performance of nickel-based catalyst by the introduction of additives, i.e., MgO and FeO, prepared by impregnation method on the micro-channels made of metal-ceramic complex substrate. The prepared catalysts were tested in the same micro-channel reactor by switching the catalyst plates. The results showed that among the tested catalysts Ni-Mg catalyst had the highest activity, especially under harsh conditions, i.e., at high space velocity and/or low reaction temperature. Moreover, the catalyst activity and selectivity were stable during the 12 h on stream test even when the ratio of steam to carbon （SIC） was as low as 1.0. The addition of MgO promoted the active Ni species to have a good dispersion on the substrate, leading to a better catalytic performance for SMR reaction.