纳米固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-SiO_2的研究

采用纳米化学制备技术合成了新型的纳米固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4/ZrO2-SiO2.该催化剂对醋酸和脂肪醇的酯化反应有很好的催化作用,并具有耐水性强,再生容易,可重复使用,不腐蚀设备,不污染环境等优点,是对环境友好并具有应用前景的绿色工业催化剂.用XRD、XPS、TEM、IR和化学分析等手段分析了SO2-4/ZrO2-SiO2的晶化过程、比表面积、含硫量.结果表明,浸渍液H2SO4浓度、焙烧温度、沉淀条件、比表面积和含硫量均明显影响SO2-4/ZrO2-SiO2的酸强度及催化活性.SO2-4/ZrO2-SiO2最佳制备条件:陈化温度为0℃,浸渍液H2SO4浓度为0 5mol/L,焙烧温度为650℃,焙烧时间为3h.     

大孔SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2复合固体酸制备及催化性能

利用浸渍水解法在大孔SiO2载体上组装固体酸制备出大孔径SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2复合固体酸催化剂。用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和粉末X射线衍射仪等对其进行表征,结果表明:大孔SiO2载体的毛细管效应促使ZrO2以纳米薄层方式均匀地沉积在SiO2薄层表面,并抑制了ZrO2晶体的生长和晶相的转变,载体的大孔全连通的结构赋予该复合材料高的通透性(孔径在1~2μm)、两面活性点和大的比表面积(约156 m2.g-1)。Hammett指示剂法测得经550℃焙烧后产物的酸强度H0值小于-13.75,属于固体超强酸。以乙酸正丁酯的合成为探针反应考察硫酸浸渍液浓度、焙烧温度等制备条件对其催化活性的影响,结果表明,该SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2固体酸具有较好的催化活性,当焙烧温度为550℃和硫酸浸渍液浓度为1.5 mol.L-1时,超强酸对酯化反应的催化酯化率达到97%。     

纳米复合锆基固体超强酸的制备及其催化酯化反应

采用改性技术和浸渍—沉淀法制备出纳米固体超强酸催化剂S2O82-/ZrO2-Al2O3。通过正交试验获得催化剂制备的最佳条件,即ω(Al2O3)为2.0%,-15℃陈化24h,浸渍液(NH4)2S2O8浓度为0.8mol/L,焙烧温度为650℃,焙烧时间为3h。用XRD、TEM、BET、TG-DTG和化学分析等手段分析了S2O82-/ZrO2-Al2O3的晶化过程、比表面积、含硫量和热稳定性,分析结果表明这四个方面对催化剂的酸性有较大影响。500~650℃焙烧温度下制备的催化剂属纳米材料(<41nm),有较大比表面积和较好的热稳定性。以优化的催化剂S2O82-/ZrO2-Al2O3用于催化合成丁酸异丁酯的最佳条件为:n(异丁醇):n(丁酸)=1.8:1.0,催化剂用量为1.0g(以0.3mol丁酸为准),脱水剂环己烷用量为10mL,反应时间为3.0h,催化剂重复使用8次后酯化率仍在90%以上,该催化剂具有催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用等特点。     

Sol-gel法制备SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-SiO_2及催化合成对硝基苯甲酸甲酯的研究

以ZrOCl2·8H2O和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法和透析法制备固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂,考察了制备条件对硅、锆凝胶化时间的影响,并以合成对硝基苯甲酸甲酯为探针反应,研究了催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响,最后采用Hammett指示剂法、BET法、FT-IR、TEM和XRD分别对催化剂的酸强度、比表面、反应前后骨架结构和形貌变化、晶相进行了表征。结果表明:(1)当水浴温度为80℃,水10mL时,锆凝胶化时间最短;(2)水浴温度为80℃,水8mL,pH=3.0-4.0时硅凝胶化时间最短;(3)当硅、锆原子摩尔比为10:1,H2SO4浸渍液浓度为1.0mol·L-1,焙烧温度550℃时,催化剂的活性最高,酯产率为70%左右;(4)催化剂酸强度Ho-12.70,反应前后催化剂比表面变化较大且结构形态存在较大差异,催化剂中的SiO2为无定形态,ZrO2为四方晶态。     

钒改性对SO2-4/ZrO2-Al2O3固体酸催化剂结构与催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和浸渍法在不同条件下制备了V2O5-SO2-4/ZrO2-Al2O3系列固体超强酸催化剂. 使用乙酸与正丁醇酯化反应评价了催化剂活性,并通过热重、X射线衍射、红外光谱、比表面积测定和X射线光电子能谱等表征方法考察了催化剂结构和性能的关系. 结果表明,载体在0 ℃陈化,最终样品于600 ℃焙烧,钒浸渍浓度为0.005 mol/L, 且后于硫酸溶液浸渍时制得的催化剂活性最高,酯化率为99.71%, 且具有较好的重复使用性. V的引入使活性四方相ZrO2更加稳定, 0 ℃陈化促进了四方相ZrO2微晶生成, 600 ℃焙烧使催化剂既具有较多活性四方相ZrO2, 又具有较大比表面积,从而提高了催化剂活性. 催化剂中形成了固体超强酸结构,且改性后 S = O 吸收峰及劈裂程度增强,催化剂活性中心数目增加,Al2O3, ZrO2, SO2-4和助剂V发生了相互作用. 低温陈化虽然提高了催化剂的活性,但是略微降低了催化剂的热稳定性.     

硫酸浸渍La_2O_3掺杂TiO_2光催化剂对甲基橙废水化学耗氧量的影响

采用不同浓度的硫酸溶液浸渍处理La2O3掺杂TiO2,随后经焙烧制得一系列SO24-/TiO2-La2O3光催化剂;考察了SO24-/TiO2-La2O3光催化剂对甲基橙废水溶液化学耗氧量的影响.结果表明,SO24-/TiO2-La2O3的光催化活性比TiO2-La2O3的高;H2SO4浸渍液浓度对SO24-/TiO2-La2O3的光催化活性有一定的影响,H2SO4溶液的最佳浓度为0.5mol/L.同时,催化剂的焙烧温度对其光催化活性也有一定的影响,最佳焙烧温度为500℃;而复合催化剂中La2O3的最佳掺杂量为0.3%.     

Effect of preparation condition on catalytic performance of Ni/ZrO2-SiO2 for methanation of coal gas

采用浸渍法制备了ZrO2-SiO2复合载体和Ni质量分数为6％的Ni/ZrO2 -SiO2催化剂,考察了载体制备时浸渍溶液pH值、焙烧温度和催化剂制备时的焙烧温度对Ni/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂煤气甲烷化反应性能的影响.采用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和扫描电子显微镜等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,载体浸渍溶液pH值为8.0 ～9.0,载体焙烧温度为550℃,催化剂焙烧温度为450℃时,Ni/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂在煤气甲烷化反应中显示了最优的催化性能,CO转化率100％,CO2转化率1.8％,CH4生成速率16.6 mmol/(h·g).进一步表征发现,制备ZrO2-SiO2复合载体时,增大浸渍溶液的pH值有利于形成粒径较小的亚稳态四方晶相ZrO2,可见四方晶相ZrO2更有利于甲烷化反应;载体焙烧温度会影响到NiO粒径的大小和其在催化剂表面的分散,温度过高和过低都会导致NiO粒径大小的不适宜以及分散性的降低;催化剂焙烧温度过高则会导致NiO与载体间的相互作用减弱,NiO分散性降低.     

固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2的制备及其催化性能研究

以氧氯化锆为锆原,氨水为沉淀剂,硫酸溶液为浸渍液,通过沉淀-浸渍法制备SO2-4/ZrO2(SZ)酯化催化剂,其结构经BET、X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征.结果表明:随着焙烧温度升高,催化剂的比表面积依次降低,孔径增大,氧化锆的晶态由无定形态转化为四方晶态再转化为单斜晶态;于600℃焙烧时,催化剂形成的S=O键红外吸收峰最强;于700℃焙烧时,催化剂结构被破坏.在丙烯酸与十八醇的酯化反应中对催化剂进行活性测试.结果表明:600℃焙烧的催化剂产率最高(96.4%).     

SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2光催化氧化邻硝基苯酚

采用不同浓度的硫酸溶液浸渍处理TiO2,制得不同SO42-含量的SO42-/TiO2光催化剂.考察了光催化剂对邻硝基苯酚溶液的光催化行为.发现SO42-/TiO2的光催化活性高于TiO2的光催化活性,浸渍液中H2SO4的浓度和焙烧温度对SO42-/TiO2的催化活性有一定的影响,最佳浸渍H2SO4浓度为0.5 mol.L-1,最佳焙烧温度为500℃.     

SO2-4/TiO2光催化氧化邻硝基苯酚

采用不同浓度的硫酸溶液浸渍处理TiO2,制得不同SO2-4含量的SO2-4/TiO2光催化剂.考察了光催化剂对邻硝基苯酚溶液的光催化行为.发现SO2-4/TiO2的光催化活性高于TiO2的光催化活性,浸渍液中H2SO4的浓度和焙烧温度对SO2-4/TiO2的催化活性有一定的影响,最佳浸渍H2SO4浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,最佳焙烧温度为500℃.     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

Formal [(2+2)+2] and [(2+2)+(2+2)] nonconjugated dienediyne cascade cycloadditions

[reaction: see text] Fluoranthene 2 and heptacycle 3 are easily accessible from the reaction of diyne 1 and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of the rhodium catalyst. The unusual [(2+2)+(2+2)] adduct 3 was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis.     

The bivalent metal hypophosphites Sr(H2PO2)2, Pb(H2PO2)2 and Ba(H2PO2)2

The structures of isomorphous monoclinic strontium and lead bis­(di­hydrogenphosphate), Sr(H₂PO₂)₂ and Pb(H₂PO₂)₂, and orthorhombic barium bis­(di­hydrogen­phos­phate), Ba(H₂PO₂)₂, consist of layers of hypophosphite anions and metal cations exhibiting square antiprismatic coordination by O atoms. The Sr and Pb atoms are located on sites with point symmetry 2, and the Ba atoms are on sites with point symmetry 222. Within the layers, each anion bridges four metal cations.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.