低温选择性催化还原脱硝Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂的Pb中毒与再生研究

考察了Pb对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝活性的影响,并对Pb中毒的催化剂进行了再生;结合氮吸附、SEM、XRD、FT-IR、H_2-TPR和NH_3-TPD等表征结果,研究了Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂Pb中毒和再生活性恢复的原因。结果表明,Pb对Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂脱硝活性有明显的抑制作用;当Pb的含量为11%时,Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂在180℃下的脱硝效率从原来100%下降至44%。Pb在Mn-Ce/TiO_2中的掺杂使得催化剂的比表面积以及活性组分Mn~(4+)和Ce~(3+)的含量降低,影响了氧化还原循环反应(Mn~(4+)+Ce~(3+)?Mn~(3+)+Ce~(4+))的进行;此外,Pb的加入破坏了催化剂的酸性位点,阻碍了催化剂对NH_3的吸附和活化。经硝酸再生后的Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂的脱硝活性几乎完全恢复,在80–150℃下其脱硝活性甚至超过新鲜未中毒的催化剂,其原因主要在于硝酸再生能恢复催化剂的氧化还原能力、增大比表面积、并形成新的酸位点。     

含铈钒基SCR催化剂脱硝性能及SO_2失活机理研究

掺杂Ce到V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂中,并研究其NH_3-SCR脱硝性能及SO_2失活机理。结果表明,V_1W_5Ce_6 Ti表现出更好的脱硝活性。采用XRD、BET、FT-IR、TG-DSC、XPS等手段表征分析Ce对催化剂性能的影响,并提出V_1W_5Ce_6Ti硫失活机理。结果表明,Ce、V、W都能在催化剂中很好的分散,当Ce的掺杂量达到8%时,有明显的CeO_2特征峰出现。在250℃时,V_1W_5Ti(U)表面会有NH4HSO4和(NH_4)_2SO_4生成。掺杂Ce后,V1W5Ce6Ti催化剂的Brnste酸位和表面化学吸附氧都增加。Ce与烟气中的SO_2和H_2O结合生成硫酸铈盐,从而抑制硫酸铵盐的生成。同时也阻断了Ce~(3+)与Ce~(4+)氧化还原循环,破坏V-O-Ce结构,造成催化剂活性下降。     

Ho改性的Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂低温脱硝性能的评价和表征（英文）

作为引起酸雨、光化学烟雾、雾霾等大气污染问题的主要根源,氮氧化物(NO_x)的防治已成为亟待解决的问题。选择性催化还原技术作为最成熟有效的脱硝技术,目前已经被广泛应用于各燃煤电厂.低温脱硝催化剂具有优秀的低温活性,使得脱硝装置可以安放在脱硫装置和除尘装置下游,受到了学者广泛的研究.目前低温脱硝催化剂的研究主要是对催化剂进行改性以提高催化剂的性能,已有许多研究报道了Sn、Ni、Co、Zr、Cr、Ni等对催化剂的改性影响.Ho作为一种改性元素被应用于光催化领域,能提高TiO_2的光催化能力.但Ho应用于脱硝领域的研究鲜有报道,其氧化物具有酸性位点有助于脱硝反应,因此研究Ho对低温SCR催化剂的改性作用具有重要意义.本文采用浸渍法制备Ho掺杂的Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂,研究了Ho的掺杂对于Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响,同时还研究了烟气中的SO_2和H_2O对催化剂活性的影响,并利用XPS、XRD、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD等表征方法从物理性质和化学性质两方面对Ho改性的影响机理进行了研究.研究发现,Ho的掺杂能提高Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂的脱硝能力,有助于催化剂N_2选择性的提高.分析表明,Ho的掺杂有助于催化剂比表面积的提升,且能提高催化剂的酸性,有利于催化剂对NH_3的吸附,从而提高催化剂的性能.XPS表征结果表明Ho掺杂后的催化剂具有更高的化学吸附氧浓度和较高的Mn~(4+)/Mn~(3+)比例,使得脱硝反应更容易进行.改性后催化剂的抗水抗硫实验结果表明,Ho的掺杂能够提高催化剂的抗水抗硫性能.XRD结果表明,抗水抗硫实验后催化剂表面形成了硫酸铵盐,硫酸铵盐的形成会堵塞催化剂表面的活性位,限制脱硝反应的进行,从而影响催化剂的脱硝活性.同时,400℃下进行再生实验后的催化剂活性有所恢复,但是未能达到抗水抗硫实验前的活性,表明在抗水抗硫实验中催化剂表面形成了除硫酸铵盐以外的其他硫酸盐类.结合XPS和XRD表征结果,推断生成的盐类物质为硫酸锰和硫酸铈,从而导致再生后的催化剂的脱硝活性无法恢复到最初的活性水平.由此可以看出,硫酸盐的形成是催化剂在含硫气氛中失活的主要原因.     

MnαTi1-α催化剂NH3选择性催化还原NO的中低温活性及机理研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同MnO_x负载量的SCR催化剂,检测其在中低温下的脱硝活性和抗SO_2中毒性能,并分析影响Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂中低温活性的机理。采用BET、XRD、XPS、NH_3-TPD和H_2-TPR对催化剂表征。研究表明,随着MnO_x负载量的增加,Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂最高脱硝活性温度区间向低温区移动,Mn_(0.1)Ti_(0.9)催化剂在200-385℃脱硝效率达80%以上。SO_2会造成Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂脱硝活性显著下降,且不可逆。当MnO_x负载量增加时,催化剂比表面积先增大后略微减小、H_2-TPR中Mn~(4+)峰面积增大、表面化学吸附氧增加,有利于NH_3-SCR反应在低温下的进行。Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂的酸性位点随MnO_x含量增加而增多,H_2还原峰出现温度较低,表明Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂具有良好的中低温氧化还原性。     

新型CeO2/HBEA催化剂上NH3低温还原NO活性及抗毒性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了CeO2/HBEA催化剂,用于NH3选择性催化还原NO.考察了CeO2负载量、焙烧温度、氧浓度、空速、以及SO2和水蒸气等因素对催化剂活性的影响,并运用BET、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)等手段对该催化剂进行表征,研究了催化剂的晶相、微观形貌与抗毒机制.结果显示:CeO2/HBEA催化剂具有良好的脱硝活性,高活性温度窗口在220～400℃,当反应温度为220℃、空速为12 000 h-1时,NO的转化率达96.49%.H2O的存在对催化剂的脱硝活性无明显影响.SO2一定程度抑制该催化剂的低温脱硝活性,但随着温度的升高,其脱硝活性得到一定恢复.所制备的CeO2/HBEA催化剂有良好的低温活性,能适应较高的空速,且具有较强的抗硫性和抗水中毒性能,有一定的应用前景.     

氨法选择性还原氮氧化物V_2O_5/TiO_2-PILC催化剂的抗硫性能（英文）

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前去除氮氧化物最有效的方法之一.V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂被广泛应用于氨法选择性还原氮氧化物(NH_3-SCR)反应,但该催化剂存在工作温度高(300–400℃)及SO_2氧化率高引起设备腐蚀和管路堵塞等问题,开发低温SCR催化剂具有重要意义.过渡金属氧化物(如Fe_2O_3,MnO_x和CuO等)催化剂用于低温SCR先后见诸文献报道,但这些催化剂在SO_2和H_2O存在下易失活.近年来柱撑黏土(PILC)引起科学家广泛关注,Yang等首次将V_2O_5/TiO_2-PILC催化剂应用于NH_3-SCR反应,发现其催化活性高于传统V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂.柱撑黏土基催化剂在NH_3-SCR反应中也显示出良好抗硫性能,但V_2O_5/TiO_2-PILC催化剂的抗硫机理至今尚未见深入研究.因此我们制备了一系列V_2O_5/TiO_2-PILC催化剂,采用原位漫反射红外等方法详细研究了其抗硫性能较好的原因.首先采用离子交换法制备出TiO_2-PILC载体,之后采用浸渍法制备了不同钒含量(质量分数x/%=0,3,4,5)的xV_2O_5/TiO_2-PILC催化剂.同时,制备了传统V_2O_5/TiO_2和V2O5-MoO_3/TiO_2催化剂作为对比.活性评价结果显示,4V/TiO_2-PILC催化剂具有最高的催化活性,其催化性能与传统钒钛催化剂相当.在160℃时,NO转化率可达80%以上.同时,4V/TiO_2-PILC催化剂还具有较宽的反应温度窗口,在260–500℃范围内,NO转化率保持在90%以上.向反应体系中加入0.05%SO_2和10%H_2O后,在低温(160℃以下)时所有催化剂的反应活性都有一定提高,可能是由于SO_2的加入提高了催化剂的表面酸性.继续升高温度,4V/TiO_2和4V6Mo/TiO_2催化剂活性均明显下降,而4V/TiO_2-PILC催化剂的活性则未出现明显下降.原位漫反射红外光谱结果显示,SO_2在三种催化剂表面的吸附以表面硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐物种以及离子态SO_4~(2–)物种形式存在,而在4V/TiO_2-PILC催化剂表面离子态SO_4~(2–)物种的量最少.X射线光电子能谱及O_2程序升温脱附结果显示,在4V/TiO_2-PILC催化剂上,表面吸附氧(Oads)的量最少.综合上述分析可以得出,在SO_2气氛下,离子态SO_4~(2–)物种在SCR催化剂表面的累积可能是导致其失活的主要原因,而离子态SO_4~(2–)物种的形成可能与催化剂表面吸附氧的量有关.     

Ho掺杂对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温SCR催化剂的脱硝性能影响

采用浸渍法制备了五种掺杂不同比例的Ho的低温选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂Mn0.4Ce0.07Hox/TiO_2。研究了Ho的引入对于Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响,并采用XPS、XRF、BET、XRD、NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,掺杂适量的Ho能够有效提高Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂的低温脱硝性能,当Ho/Ti掺杂比例为0.1时催化剂Mn0.4Ce0.07Ho0.1/TiO_2活性表现最佳,在200℃左右催化效率达到最高,为91.17%,在140-240℃催化效率达到80%以上。结果表明,Ho的掺杂能够增大催化剂的比表面积,提高催化剂化学吸附氧的浓度以及Ce的附着量。     

蜂窝状Ho改性Fe-Mn/TiO_2催化剂的制备及其低温选择催化还原(SCR)脱硝性能

采用模压法制备了蜂窝状Ho改性的Fe-Mn/TiO_2催化剂,研究了结构助剂、黏合剂和造孔剂等对成型催化剂低温选择催化还原(SCR)脱硝性能的影响。优选出一套理想的成型参数:水粉质量比为40%且逐次分批加入;结构助剂玻璃纤维的用量为10%(质量分数);黏合剂羧甲基纤维素的用量为5%(质量分数);助挤剂甘油的添加量为10%(质量分数)且分批加入;造孔剂活性炭粉的用量为2%(质量分数)。该蜂窝状催化剂在120℃下脱硝率维持在90%以上,并且在SO_2体积分数低于0.02%时具有一定的抗硫抗水性。表征结果表明,成型后蜂窝状催化剂比表面积降低,颗粒分散程度明显减弱,并且表面酸量和表面Mn~(4+)含量下降,对催化活性有一定的影响。     

Ce4+, Zr4+共掺杂提高V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能及抗K中毒能力

近年来, NO_x的排放造成了严重的环境污染.氨选择性催化还原技术(NH3-SCR)是目前消除NO_x最有效的手段之一.V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂在300–400°C范围内表现出优异的脱硝性能,因此被广泛用于NH3-SCR反应.然而该催化剂抗碱(土)金属中毒性能较差,且碱(土)金属碱性越强对催化剂的毒害越大(即K Na Ca Mg).已有研究显示,当K_2O质量分数达1%时,催化剂将完全失活,所以对传统的V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂进行改性以提高其抗K中毒性能具有十分重要的意义.最近, CeO_2由于具有优异的氧化还原性能和储/释氧能力,在NH3-SCR反应得到了广泛的关注.研究显示, CeO_2的改性可提高钒基催化剂脱硝活性及抗碱金属中毒性能,这主要是由于CeO_2的掺杂可以有效提高催化剂表面酸性及氧化还原能力. ZrO_2是一种酸碱两性氧化物,常被用作载体或者助剂.研究显示, ZrO_2的引入可以提高催化剂热稳定性,增大比表面积以及提高氧迁移能力.基于此,我们制备了一系列的V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-ZrO_2, V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-CeO_2以及V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-CeO_2-ZrO_2催化剂,以期提高V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂脱硝性能及抗K中毒能力.研究发现, Ce~(4+), Zr~(4+)共掺杂可以有效提高V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化活性,拓宽反应温度窗口,增强抗K中毒能力.进一步借助X射线衍射、比表面积测定、氨气-程序升温脱附、氢气-程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等表征对催化剂进行全面分析.结果显示, Ce~(4+), Zr~(4+)共掺杂对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂物理化学性质的影响与其脱硝性能及抗K中毒能力有着密不可分的关系.首先, Ce~(4+), Zr~(4+)可以掺杂进入TiO_2晶格,抑制TiO_2晶粒的生长,从而导致比表面积以及总孔体积的增加;比表面积的增加有利于活性物种的分散,而总孔体积的增加有利于反应物分子与催化剂充分接触.其次, Ce~(4+), Zr~(4+)共掺杂可以提高催化剂表面酸性和氧化还原性能,表面酸性的增加有利于催化剂吸附与活化反应物种NH_3,氧化还原性能的提高有利于NO氧化为NO_2,进而通过"快速NH3-SCR"反应提高催化剂活性;同时, Ce~(4+), Zr~(4+)共掺杂还可以有效降低K中毒对表面酸性和氧化还原性能的影响,这主要是由于Ce~(4+)可以与K原子结合形成Ce-O-K物种,而Zr~(4+)的引入可以增加Ce~(4+)的热稳定性,使得更多的Ce~(4+)与K结合,避免了K与活性钒物种结合形成V-O-K物种,使得活性V5+得到了有效的保护.原位红外实验揭示了V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-CeO_2-ZrO_2催化反应遵循L-H机理,且K中毒并未改变其反应机理.最后,该催化剂在H_2O和SO_2存在的条件下仍具有最佳的脱硝性能,因而有望用于实际高K含量的燃煤烟气脱硝.     

Fe-Mn/Al_2O_3催化剂低温NH_3选择性催化还原NO的性能（英文）

本文制备了一系列Fe-Mn/Al_2O_3催化剂,并在固定床上考察了其NH_3低温选择性催化还原NO的性能.首先考察了不同Fe负载量制备的催化剂的脱硝性能,优选出最佳的Fe负载量;在此基础上,研究了Mn负载量对催化剂脱硝效率的影响;最后,对优选催化剂的抗H_2O和抗SO_2性能进行了实验研究;同时,对催化剂由于SO_2所造成的失活机制进行了考察.采用N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、能量弥散X射线谱、程序升温还原、程序升温脱附、X射线光电子能谱、热重和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,最佳的Fe和Mn负载量均为8%,所制的8Fe-8Mn/Al_2O_3催化剂在150°C的脱硝效率可达近99%;同时,在整个低温测试区间(90–210°C)的脱硝效率均超过了92.6%.Fe在催化剂表面主要以Fe~(3+)形态存在,而Mn主要包括Mn~(4+)和Mn~(3+);Mn的添加提高了Fe在催化剂表面的积累,促进了催化剂比表面积增大和活性物种分散,改善了催化剂氧化还原性能和对NH_3的吸附能力.催化剂的高活性主要是由于其具有较大的比表面积、高度分散的活性物种、增加的还原特性和表面酸性、较低的结合能、较高的Mn~(4+)/Mn~(3+)和增强的表面吸附氧.此外,8Fe-8Mn/Al_2O_3的催化性能受H_2O和SO_2影响较小,抗H_2O和SO_2能力较强.同时,反应温度对催化剂的抗硫性有重要影响,在较低的反应温度下,催化剂抗硫性更好;SO_2造成催化剂活性降低主要是由于催化剂表面硫酸盐物种的生成.一方面,表面硫酸铵盐的生成造成催化剂孔道堵塞和比表面积降低,减少了反应中的气固接触从而导致活性降低;另一方面,催化剂表面的活性物种被硫酸化,造成反应中的有效活性位减少,从而降低了催化剂活性.     

Ho改性的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温脱硝性能的评价和表征

作为引起酸雨、光化学烟雾、雾霾等大气污染问题的主要根源,氮氧化物(NOx)的防治已成为亟待解决的问题.选择性催化还原技术作为最成熟有效的脱硝技术,目前已经被广泛应用于各燃煤电厂.低温脱硝催化剂具有优秀的低温活性,使得脱硝装置可以安放在脱硫装置和除尘装置下游,受到了学者广泛的研究.目前低温脱硝催化剂的研究主要是对催化剂进行改性以提高催化剂的性能,已有许多研究报道了Sn、Ni、Co、Zr、Cr、Ni等对催化剂的改性影响.Ho作为一种改性元素被应用于光催化领域,能提高TiO2的光催化能力.但Ho应用于脱硝领域的研究鲜有报道,其氧化物具有酸性位点有助于脱硝反应,因此研究Ho对低温SCR催化剂的改性作用具有重要意义.本文采用浸渍法制备Ho掺杂的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂,研究了Ho的掺杂对于Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响,同时还研究了烟气中的SO2和H2O对催化剂活性的影响,并利用XPS、XRD、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等表征方法从物理性质和化学性质两方面对Ho改性的影响机理进行了研究.研究发现,Ho的掺杂能提高Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂的脱硝能力,有助于催化剂N2选择性的提高.分析表明,Ho的掺杂有助于催化剂比表面积的提升,且能提高催化剂的酸性,有利于催化剂对NH3的吸附,从而提高催化剂的性能.XPS表征结果表明Ho掺杂后的催化剂具有更高的化学吸附氧浓度和较高的Mn4+/Mn3+比例, 使得脱硝反应更容易进行.改性后催化剂的抗水抗硫实验结果表明,Ho的掺杂能够提高催化剂的抗水抗硫性能.XRD结果表明,抗水抗硫实验后催化剂表面形成了硫酸铵盐,硫酸铵盐的形成会堵塞催化剂表面的活性位,限制脱硝反应的进行,从而影响催化剂的脱硝活性.同时,400°C下进行再生实验后的催化剂活性有所恢复,但是未能达到抗水抗硫实验前的活性,表明在抗水抗硫实验中催化剂表面形成了除硫酸铵盐以外的其他硫酸盐类.结合XPS和XRD表征结果,推断生成的盐类物质为硫酸锰和硫酸铈,从而导致再生后的催化剂的脱硝活性无法恢复到最初的活性水平.由此可以看出,硫酸盐的形成是催化剂在含硫气氛中失活的主要原因.     

Deactivation and regeneration of the B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst in the vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime

The deactivation and regeneration of B₂O₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂ catalyst for the vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to -caprolactam were studied. The fresh, deactivated and regenerated catalysts were characterized by using adsorption of nitrogen, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and NH₃-temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD) techniques. The crystal structure and pore size distribution of the catalyst were retained after reaction, but the number of acid sites decreased significantly. There was a relationship between the amount of coke deposited on the catalyst and the decline in catalytic activity. These results suggest that the coke deposition on the surface of catalyst is mainly responsible for the catalyst deactivation. The catalytic activity can be recovered completely after calcining the deactivated catalyst in air flow at 600 °C for 8 h.     

Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aniline in the Gas Phase Using Porous TiO2 Thin Films

The gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation of aniline on a new kind of porous nano-TiO₂ composite films is investigated. The composite film was prepared on glass fiber with the water glass as binders and dilute H₂SO₄ solution as solidifying reagent. The surface characters were observed by scanning electron microscope. The photocatalytic degradation of aniline on the composite films was carried out in a TiO₂/UV system. Some important factors affecting the photodegradation, such as the concentration of TiO₂, the initial concentration of aniline, and the existing water vapor, are also studied. The product of photocatalytic oxidation was detected by Fourier transform-Infrared. The partial intermediate products were absorbed on TiO₂ surface, which resulted in catalyst deactivation. But when it was irradiated under UV illumination or solar irradiation for some time, the catalyst could be reused without loss of catalytic activity. Translated from the Journal of Wuhan University (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 51(2) (in Chinese)     

Studies on the calcium poisoning and regeneration of commercial De-NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> SCR catalyst

The poisoning effect of calcium on a commercial De-NO _x SCR catalyst (V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂) and the regeneration process of deactivated catalysts via water or H₂SO₄ washing were investigated under simulated condition in laboratory. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by SEM–EDX, XRD, BET, TPD and FT-IR measurements, and the deactivation mechanism was discussed. The poisoning of calcium was attributed to the coverage of active sites and the reduction of acid sites on the surface of catalyst. The change of V=O bonds on catalyst surface was an important reason, which plays a significant role in the catalytic cycle of SCR. Due to the suction deliquescence of CaO to Ca(OH)₂, the catalytic activity of deactivated catalyst can be finitely recovered by water washing. Besides, as the result of the re-exposure of active sites by washing CaO off and the promotional effect of surface sulfation, the process of regeneration via sulfuric acid washing has a favorable effect in the experiment.     

Catalysis and deactivation of SO 4 2− /ZrO2 solid acid on the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene

Catalysis and deactivation of SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ solid acid on the alkylation of benzene and 1-dodecene were studied by the characterization of XRD, BET, IR, TG/DTA, and NH₃-TPD techniques and the determination of the 1-dodecene conversion, the yield of dodecylbenzene and the selectivity of linear alkylbenzene respectively. In addition, some treatment methods, such as the extraction with benzene or THF as solvent, and the calcinations with or without the dipping of H₂SO₄ in air, were respectively used to recover the activity of deactivated catalyst. The results indicate that SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ solid acid shows higher catalytic activity for the alkylation of benzene and 1-dodecene with nearly 100% of 1-dodecene conversion and more than 80% of dodecylbenzene yield, and higher selectivity of 2-LAB. The activity of catalyst for the alkylation of benzene is in proportion to the content and the strength of medium acid site. However, the distinct deactivation of catalyst was also obversed in the alkylation. According to the characterization of deactivated catalyst, the accumulation of hydrocarbon fragment and the removal of are mainly reasons of SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ deactivation. The SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ calcinated at higher temperature is apt to deactivate. The treatment by extraction with solvent or calcinations can recover the catalytic activity of spent catalyst at a certain extent, especially calcination with the dipping of H₂SO₄. Published in Russian in Kinetika i Kataliz, 2009, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 455–463. The article is published in the original.     

Antimony‐Based Composites Loaded on Phosphorus‐Doped Carbon for Boosting Faradaic Efficiency of the Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction

A nanocomposite of PC/Sb/SbPO₄ (PC, phosphorus‐doped carbon) exhibits a high activity and an excellent selectivity for efficient electrocatalytic conversion of N₂ to NH₃ in both acidic and neutral electrolytes under ambient conditions. At a low reductive potential of ?0.15 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the PC/Sb/SbPO₄ catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 31 % for ammonia production in 0.1 m HCl under mild conditions. In particular, a remarkably high FE value of 34 % is achieved at a lower reductive potential of ?0.1 V (vs. RHE) in a 0.1 m Na₂SO₄ solution, which is better than most reported electrocatalysts towards the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) in neutral electrolyte under mild conditions. The change in surface species and electrocatalytic performance before and after N₂ reduction is explored by an ex situ method. PC and SbPO₄ are both considered as the active species that enhanced the performance of NRR.     

Some studies on thallium oxalates. I. Thermal decomposition of ammonium bisoxalatothallate(III)

Trivalent thallium is precipitated in the presence of 0.1 M HNO₃ (or 0.05 M H₂SO₄) and O.1 M NH₄NO₃ (or 0.05 M (NH₄)₂SO₄) with oxalic acid. The chemical analysis of the salt obtained correspondens to the formula, NH₄[Tl(C₂O₄)₂]·3H₂O. The thermal decomposition studies of the complex indicate the formation of the intermediates ammonium thallous oxalate (stable from 150° to 160°C) and thallous oxalate (stable up to 290°C) and the final product to be a mixture of 25% of thallous oxide and 75% of thallic oxide (stable from 450° to 650°C). The infrared absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, microscopic observations and the electrical resistance measurements are used to characterise the complex and the intermediates of its thermal decomposition.     

Formation of sulfur surface species on a commercial NO<Subscript>x</Subscript>-storage reduction catalyst

The influence of SO₂ exposure under lean (oxidizing) and rich (reducing) reaction conditions on the storage and oxidation/reduction function of a commercial NO_x storage-reduction catalyst was investigated by temperature-programmed uptake experiments and high temperature XRD. Both the storage capacity and the oxidation/reduction function of the catalyst were deactivated by SO₂ exposure under lean and rich reaction conditions. The deactivation of the storage component, i.e. the loss of the NO_x storage capacity, resulted mainly from the formation of Ba-sulfates accumulating in the bulk phase, which have a high thermal stability (>800°C) and, therefore, cannot be removed under the typical operation conditions of a NSR catalyst. For the oxidation function only a temporarily deactivation during lean reaction conditions was observed. Besides the formation of SO^2- ₄ species on the storage component at the beginning of the SO₂ exposure under rich conditions, an adsorption of SO₂ on the noble metal component was observed resulting in the formation of sulfur deposits. The oxidation of these sulfur species with a subsequent spillover of SO^2- ₄ species to the storage component during lean conditions could accelerate the deactivation of the storage capacity.     

Accuracy in the Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry of Uranium in Rubidium Uranium Sulphate Rb2U(SO4)3

Abstract

Problems encountered in the determination of uranium in rubidium uranium sulphate (Rb₂U(SO₄)₃) employing isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) are discussed. The positive bias of 0.2 to 0.3% in the determination of uranium in Rb₂U(SO₄)₃ by ID-TIMS with respect to the stoichiometric composition has been resolved by modifying the chemical exchange procedures. The concentration of uranium in Rb₂U(SO₄)₃ could be determined with an accuracy better than 0.1% employing the HClO₄ treatment for proper isotopic exchange between the spike and sample isotopes.     

Fe–N/C nanofiber electrocatalysts with improved activity and stability for oxygen reduction in alkaline and acid solutions

Fe–N/C nanofiber (Fe–N/CNF) electrocatalysts were prepared by impregnating electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with iron nitrate (Fe(NO₃)₃) solution and subsequent heat treatment, exhibiting improved activity and stability during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) both in 0.1 M KOH (pH?=?13) and 0.5 M H₂SO₄ (pH?=?0) electrolyte solutions. Higher treatment temperature and NH₃ atmosphere were preferred by the Fe–N/CNF catalysts, and especially the concentration of Fe(NO₃)₃ solution exerted great effects on the surface morphology, structure, and thus electrocatalytic performance of the catalysts. The Fe–N/CNFs prepared using 0.5 wt% Fe(NO₃)₃ solution showed relatively higher ORR activity in alkaline and acid solutions and better stability especially in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution than the catalyst without Fe, probably because Fe could promote the graphitization of the polymer-converted carbon species, enhancing the resistance to electrochemical oxidation and thus the stability of the Fe–N/CNF catalysts.