生物质能源的开发与利用

本文概述了生物质能源的特征以及发展生物质能源的意义,综述了国内外生物质能源开发与利用的现状,简介了中国石油天然气股份有限公司生物质能源的发展思路、部署及工作进展.中国石油天然气股份有限公司生物质能源发展策略重点放在发展生物柴油和燃料乙醇.本文结合公司生物质能源长期发展战略以及实际工作开展情况分别从生物柴油、燃料乙醇两个方面详细探讨了所面临的生物质能源化工关键技术的需求,并提出相关发展建议.     

生物质能源的开发与利用

本文概述了生物质能源的特征以及发展生物质能源的意义,综述了国内外生物质能源开发与利用的现状,简介了中国石油天然气股份有限公司生物质能源的发展思路、部署及工作进展.中国石油天然气股份有限公司生物质能源发展策略重点放在发展生物柴油和燃料乙醇.本文结合公司生物质能源长期发展战略以及实际工作开展情况分别从生物柴油、燃料乙醇两个方面详细探讨了所面临的生物质能源化工关键技术的需求,并提出相关发展建议.     

编者按

面对日益严重的能源与环境问题，为保障能源安全，保护生态环境，实现可持续性发展，我国和世界其它国家都十分重视可再生能源的开发和利用。国务院关于替代能源的发展思路是：以新能源替代传统能源，以优势能源替代稀缺能源，以可再生能源替代化石能源，逐步提高替代能源在能源结构中的比重。我国把车用燃料和替代石油产品作为发展重点，因而利用农林生物质发展燃料乙醇和生物柴油等可再生能源具有重要意义。2007年6月7日，国务院总理温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议，审议并原则通过了《可再生能源中长期发展规划》。规划中明确提出，发展可再生能源不得占用耕地，不得消耗大量粮食，不得破坏生态环境。因此，发展燃料乙醇、生物柴油产业必须主要以非粮农林生物质为原料，采用先进的清洁生产技术。     

编者按

面对日益严重的能源与环境问题,为保障能源安全,保护生态环境,实现可持续性发展,我国和世界其它国家都十分重视可再生能源的开发和利用。国务院关于替代能源的发展思路是:以新能源替代传统能源,以优势能源替代稀缺能源,以可再生能源替代化石能源,逐步提高替代能源在能源结构中的比重。我国把车用燃料和替代石油产品作为发展重点,因而利用农林生物质发展燃料乙醇和生物柴油等可再生能源具有重要意义。2007年6月7日,国务院总理温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议,审议并原则通过了《可再生能源中长期发展规划》。规划中明确提出,发展可再生能源不得…     

利用可再生农林生物质资源的炼油厂——推动化学工业迈入“碳水化合物”新时代

本文首先介绍了国外以玉米、废弃生物质为原料发展生物炼油厂的设想;然后根据我国国情和已有技术基础,设想了以甜高梁、木薯为原料生产乙醇车用汽油和化工产品的生物炼油厂,以及以菜籽油、棉籽油为原料生产生物柴油和化工产品的生物炼油厂;最后探讨了遇到的问题和采取的对策。     

生物柴油的发展概况与应用前景

石化燃料是当前人类使用的主要能源,但其使用造成了严重的温室效应和环境污染．生物柴油具有安全、无污染、燃烧好、可再生等优点而被当作石化燃料的绿色替代品．本文阐述了生物柴油的本质及其相对于石化柴油在使用上的优良特性,综述了国内外生物柴油技术的研究、应用及产业发展概况,论述了生物柴油研究的重要意义．根据菜油的特点及油菜在我国的发展前景,认为油菜可能是我国发展生物柴油的理想原料．     

利用可再生农林生物质资源的炼油厂——推动化学工业迈入“碳水化合物“新时代

本文首先介绍了国外以玉米、废弃生物质为原料发展生物炼油厂的设想;然后根据我国国情和已有技术基础,设想了以甜高梁、木薯为原料生产乙醇车用汽油和化工产品的生物炼油厂,以及以菜籽油、棉籽油为原料生产生物柴油和化工产品的生物炼油厂;最后探讨了遇到的问题和采取的对策.     

利用可再生农林生物质资源的炼油厂--推动化学工业迈入"碳水化合物"新时代

本文首先介绍了国外以玉米、废弃生物质为原料发展生物炼油厂的设想；然后根据我国国情和已有技术基础，设想了以甜高梁、木薯为原料生产乙醇车用汽油和化工产品的生物炼油厂，以及以菜籽油、棉籽油为原料生产生物柴油和化工产品的生物炼油厂；最后探讨了遇到的问题和采取的对策。     

第二代生物柴油技术研究进展

第二代生物柴油是指在高温高压下,利用催化加氢脱氧反应等技术将动植物油脂转化为具有石化燃料品质的碳氢燃料,是能源领域最热门和最有前途的技术之一.本文作者对动植物油原料来源,加氢脱氧反应机理,主要的加氢生产工艺以及加氢催化剂的研究进展进行了综述,并且分析了发展第二代生物柴油的难点和发展趋势.     

我国燃料乙醇生产技术的现状与展望

概述了目前国内外燃料乙醇产业现状。结合我国中粮生化能源(肇东)有限公司燃料乙醇装置,重点介绍了我国目前的燃料乙醇生产工艺技术水平、特点以及与国外的差距。本文从提高燃料乙醇生产技术水平、降低生产成本、寻找廉价非粮原料和开发新生产工艺等几个方面,对燃料乙醇生产技术的发展作了展望。     

Enhancing Clostridial Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) Production and Improving Fuel Properties of ABE-enriched Biodiesel by Extractive Fermentation with Biodiesel

The extractive acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentations of Clostridium acetobutylicum were evaluated using biodiesel as the in situ extractant. The biodiesel preferentially extracted butanol, minimized product inhibition, and increased production of butanol (from 11.6 to 16.5 gL⁻¹) and total solvents (from 20.0 to 29.9 gL⁻¹) by 42% and 50%, respectively. The fuel properties of the ABE-enriched biodiesel obtained from the extractive fermentations were analyzed. The key quality indicators of diesel fuel, such as the cetane number (increased from 48 to 54) and the cold filter plugging point (decreased from 5.8 to 0.2 °C), were significantly improved for the ABE-enriched biodiesel. Thus, the application of biodiesel as the extractant for ABE fermentation would increase ABE production, bypass the energy intensive butanol recovery process, and result in an ABE-enriched biodiesel with improved fuel properties.     

Atomic spectrometric methods for the determination of metals and metalloids in automotive fuels - A review

Gasoline, diesel, ethanol and more recently also biodiesel are the four types of fuel used for automobile, truck and other transportation vehicle. The presence of metallic and metalloid species in automotive fuels is undesirable, except in the form of additives in order to improve specific characteristics of the fuel. Metallic or metalloid elements may derive from the raw product, such as nickel and vanadium in petroleum-based fuel or phosphorus in biodiesel, or they may be introduced during production and storage, such as copper, iron, nickel and zinc in case of petroleum-based fuel and alcohol or sodium and potassium in the case of biodiesel. The most famous additive to fuel is undoubtedly lead, the use of which has been banned or drastically reduced now in many countries of the world. The problems related to the trace element content may be economic, such as fuel degradation and poisoning of automotive catalysts, and/or environmental, such as the emission of metal compounds to the atmosphere. The analytical methods that have been developed for metal and metalloid quantification in automotive fuel are reviewed in this article. The main atomic spectrometric techniques used for trace metal and metalloid determination in fuels, particularly atomic absorption spectrometry with flames, graphite furnaces and with chemical vapor generation, and inductively coupled plasma coupled with optical emission and mass spectrometry are presented, including the different sample preparation procedures proposed for these techniques.     

Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fat over Solid Acid Double-Metal Cyanide Catalysts

Biodiesel comprises of fatty acid alkyl esters prepared from vegetable oils or animal fat by esterification/transesterification with short-chain alcohols (methanol or ethanol, for example). It is a biodegradable renewable fuel. Its production is growing exponentially due to greater concerns about environmental protection and depletion of fossil fuel resources. Further, its production from non-edible oils and animal fat is more desirable than from edible oils due to lower cost of non-edible feedstocks and elimination of food verses fuel issues. Solid acid catalysts are ideal for conversion of such low-grade oils to biodiesel. Biodiesel from non-edible oils can be produced by two methods: (1) simultaneous esterification of fatty acids and transesterification of fatty acid glycerides and (2) hydrolysis of glycerides followed by esterification. This account reports the catalytic performance of solid, Fe–Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complexes and other acid catalysts in these transformations for biodiesel production. The factors influencing the catalytic performance of the solid acid catalysts in biodiesel production are discussed.     

Use of biofuels to produce hydrogen (reformation processes)

This tutorial review deals with the catalytic reformation of ethanol and glycerol to produce hydrogen that can be used as an energy carrier in a fuel cell. Both the worldwide production of ethanol in large amounts to be used as a biofuel and that of glycerol as a by-product in biodiesel manufacture are presented. The catalytic reformation processes of both ethanol and glycerol are contemplated, including thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Catalysts are analyzed as a function of operation conditions, selectivity and stability.     

Solid acid catalysts for synthesis of biodiesel fuel from pyrolyzed natural and synthetic polymeric materials

New heterogeneous catalysts for synthesis of a biodiesel fuel, modified with strongly acidic groups, were developed. The catalysts are produced by pyrolysis and subsequent sulfation of fruit kernels and granulated porous copolymers and resins. The structural-sorption and catalytic properties of the materials obtained were studied in the reaction of catalytic re-esterification of rapeseed oil by methanol and ethanol. The conditions in which carbon materials with high content of surface acid groups are obtained were optimized.     

Biodiesel Production from Integration Between Reaction and Separation System: Reactive Distillation Process

Biodiesel is a clean burning fuel derived from a renewable feedstock such as vegetable oil or animal fat. It is biodegradable, non-inflammable, non-toxic, and produces lesser carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and unburned hydrocarbons than petroleum-based fuel. The purpose of the present work is to present an efficient process using reactive distillation columns applied to biodiesel production. Reactive distillation is the simultaneous implementation of reaction and separation within a single unit of column. Nowadays, it is appropriately called “Intensified Process”. This combined operation is especially suited for the chemical reaction limited by equilibrium constraints, since one or more of the products of the reaction are continuously separated from the reactants. This work presents the biodiesel production from soybean oil and bioethanol by reactive distillation. Different variables affect the conventional biodiesel production process such as: catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, level of agitation, ethanol/soybean oil molar ratio, reaction time, and raw material type. In this study, the experimental design was used to optimize the following process variables: the catalyst concentration (from 0.5 wt.% to 1.5 wt.%), the ethanol/soybean oil molar ratio (from 3:1 to 9:1). The reactive column reflux rate was 83 ml/min, and the reaction time was 6 min.     

Study of ethylic Babassu biodiesel properties at low temperatures

Nowadays the growing fuel deficit requires the development of alternative fuel sources. Biodiesel is a good substitute to the conventional diesel because it is quite similar to the fossil fuel in its main characteristics. However, there are some obstacles, as the properties of cold-flow, to the development of a more useful alternative fuel. In this work we use the X-ray diffraction and differential calorimetry scanning to study low temperature properties of ethylic Babassu biodiesel. Our results show that the nucleation of crystals starts below ?8 °C and the crystallization temperature does not change significantly when the sample was submitted to a winterization process. The higher concentrations of ethyl esters from saturated fat acid are probably responsible for this characteristic. The X-ray diffraction, combined with DSC measurements, was efficiently employed in the characterization of cold-flow biodiesel properties, showing to be very helpful techniques.     

Organic-resistant screen-printed graphitic electrodes: Application to on-site monitoring of liquid fuels

This work presents the potential application of organic-resistant screen-printed graphitic electrodes (SPGEs) for fuel analysis. The required analysis of the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) in biodiesel and jet fuel is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. The screen-printing of graphite, Ag/AgCl and insulator inks on a polyester substrate (250 μm thickness) resulted in SPGEs highly compatible with liquid fuels. SPGEs were placed on a batch-injection analysis (BIA) cell, which was filled with a hydroethanolic solution containing 99% v/v ethanol and 0.1 mol L⁻¹ HClO₄ (electrolyte). An electronic micropipette was connected to the cell to perform injections (100 μL) of sample or standard solutions. Over 200 injections can be injected continuously without replacing electrolyte and SPGE strip. Amperometric detection (+1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) of 2,6-DTBP provided fast (around 8 s) and precise (RSD = 0.7%, n = 12) determinations using an external calibration curve. The method was applied for the analysis of biodiesel and aviation jet fuel samples and comparable results with liquid and gas chromatographic analyses, typically required for biodiesel and jet fuel samples, were obtained. Hence, these SPGE strips are completely compatible with organic samples and their combination with the BIA cell shows great promise for routine and portable analysis of fuels and other organic liquid samples without requiring sophisticated sample treatments.     

Effects of ytterbium ion on the growth,metabolism and membrane fluidity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetrahymena thermophila</Emphasis>

This work evaluates the thermal and kinetic behaviour of corn biodiesel obtained by the methanol and ethanol routes. As to the TG curves, in air three thermal decomposition steps are for the methanol biodiesel and two steps are for the ethanol biodiesel. These steps are related to the evaporization and/or combustion of the methyl and ethyl esters, respectively. The corn oil presented four thermal decomposition steps in air, and only one step in nitrogen. These steps were attributed to the evaporization and/or decomposition of triglycerides. The TG and DTA profiles of the biodiesel approach the mineral diesel oil ones.     

Thermal investigation of biodiesel blends derived from rapeseed oil

Over the last few years, the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil has significantly increased in Romania due to its obligatory use in the composition of diesel fuel. In this study, biodiesel from rapeseed oil was produced using methanol and a base catalyst. Four samples of biodiesel/diesel blends were prepared for analysis to determine the main thermal decomposition processes and calorimetric events. The thermal profiles were compared to reference diesel. The data obtained on the Thermogravimetry/Differential thermogravimetry and DTA curves show the quality of biodiesel/diesel blends and the possibility that the fuel be used in diesel engines. It was found that biodiesel blends with higher percentage of biodiesel in their compositions were more thermally stable than diesel fuel.