van der Waals状态方程与溶液理论

阐明了van der Waals状态方程与溶液理论间的密切关系。由van der Waals状态方程中的内压力和自由体积简捷地导得Scatchard-Hildebrand正规溶液理论、无热溶液理论和Flory-Huggins聚合物溶液理论。表明这些理论都是建立在van der Waals流体的基础上,为进一步改进这些理论提供了一条切实可行的思路。     

van der Waals气体状态方程对于实际气体pV_m-p曲线的解释

为加深对物理化学中实际气体行为的认识,通过van der Waals方程对不同温度下实际气体的pV_m-p曲线进行了解释。     

惰性气体的原子半径特别大吗？

原子半径是元素的基本参数之一,许多性质与它紧密相关。因此,搞清原子半径的概念及其在周期表中的变化规律是很有意义的。由于核外电子云的分布是弥散的,并无明确的边界,故原子并非刚体,而且在实际化合物和晶体中也不是理想的球形,所以谈不上有严格确定的半径。通常有关原子半径的数据,只有相对的近似意义。     

锕系配合物中Van der Waals能与配位键能之间的平衡Ⅰ.

引言本文通过分析一些弱键化合物,如锕系配合物中配位键能与Van der Waals能之间的平衡,得出配位键能与配位原子间的Van der Waals最大吸引能相近的结果。这是对堆积模型的一个有力支持,并将成为进一步发展该模型之基础。在一些弱键化合物,如锕系与镧系配合物中,配位键能与Van der Waals能之间的平衡导致配位原子的“饱和堆积”和“均匀堆积”,并且这些包含在堆积模型中的堆积特性已在分析大量国内外文献的实验数据中得到证实。     

液体的内压力与正规及聚合物溶液理论的修正

用实际液体的内压力取代van der Waals流体的内压力,导得一个修正的Scatchard-Hil-debrand正规溶液理论。检验结果表明,不仅有效地改善了理论对小分子液体混合物气液平衡的预测准确性,而且使理论能够满意地描述聚合物溶液的Huggins参数随溶液浓度改变的实验事实。     

实际气体状态方程

自从1873年van der Waals提出他著名的实际气体状态方程以来,至今有关实际气体的状态方程已提出近二百种。这些状态方程形式琳琅满目,各具特色。此处拟对有关实际气体状态方程的几项基本问题作一整理和综述。     

三元——假二元系的过量体积

提出测量三元——假二元系(1-x)[(1-y)A+yC]+z[(1-y)B+yC]的过量热力学函数的方法, 测量了在298.15 K下两种假二元系: A=环己烷, B=苯, C=甲苯, 甲基环己烷的过量体积V~E, 用van der Waals单流体模型对实验结果进行了讨论。     

基于分子相互作用力场分析的多氯代二苯并二噁英定量结构-色谱保留关系

提出了基于分子相互作用力场(MIF)、应用偏最小二乘(PLS)与多区组偏最小二乘(MBPLS)分析相结合,建立并检验多氯代二苯并二噁英(PCDD)定量结构-色谱保留关系(QSRR)模型的研究方法。分别以表征van der Waals、氢键和疏水效应的C3、H和DRY探针,计算75种PCDD的分子相互作用力场,并与其气相色谱Kov偄ts保留指数进行PLS与MBPLS分析,建立了拟合与预测效果良好的QSRR模型。其中MBPLS模型相关系数r2为0.998;交叉验证的相关系数q2为0.994。采用投影变量重要性方法判断了各种效应在PCDD色谱保留中的贡献。结果表明:van der Waals作用的影响最大,其次为疏水效应,而氢键效应影响较小。     

乙醇在正己烷中的解缔与超额焓

测定了不同温度和浓度下乙醇与正己烷液体混合物的热压力系数及内压,并用修正的van der Waals模型关联了这些实验数据,从模型参数B/A2得到了一个乙醇自缔合随组成而遭破坏程度的公式.根据这个公式设想了一个醇与烃的混合模型,建立了混合物的超额焓方程,它能够满意地描述上述混合物的超额焓随组成的变化规律,并显示物理和化学作用对HE的贡献     

原子半径与电子云径向界限关系的研究

提出了多电子原子中电子云界限半径,包括节面(极值)半径、极限半径和界面半径等概念,用徐光宪规则研究了其计算方法和计算程序,并对周期表中的主族元素进行了计算,发现同周期和同族主族元素原子电子云界限半径、原子的实验共价半径以及同族的周期数(或同周期的族数)之间有较好的线性关系.     

正离子的边界半径

本文建议和讨论了离子的边界半径, 给出了一价正离子的边界半径的周期表以及某些常见正离子的边界半径。正离子的边界半径与SP半径、Pauling离子半径、晶体离子半径等有一定的关联, 显示了其合理性和可应用性。由这些关联性质, 还可以预言某些元素的难以测定的电离能。     

Covalent radii revisited

A new set of covalent atomic radii has been deduced from crystallographic data for most of the elements with atomic numbers up to 96. The proposed radii show a well behaved periodic dependence that allows us to interpolate a few radii for elements for which structural data is lacking, notably the noble gases. The proposed set of radii therefore fills most of the gaps and solves some inconsistencies in currently used covalent radii. The transition metal and lanthanide contractions as well as the differences in covalent atomic radii between low spin and high spin configurations in transition metals are illustrated by the proposed radii set.     

Ionic radii for Group 1 halide crystals and ion-pairs

Internuclear separations calculated from empirical soft-sphere radii for seventeen crystalline Group 1 halides with rock-salt structures and from empirical hovering-sphere radii for fourteen gaseous Group 1 halide ion-pairs agree well with experimental measurements. Two lithium and four fluoride ion-pairs appear to be anomalous. Soft-sphere ionic radii are compared with atomic radii of noble gases.     

Concerning atomic radii

The identification of the atomic radius with the distance from the nucleus to the position of the minimum in the internuclear electronic density is studied. It is shown that a set of statistically significant radii may be defined for the atoms of a given column of the periodic table bound to any of the atoms of another column. Sets of radii calculated by modified Anderson-Parr relations are presented. The values obtained are consistent with radii obtained using a minimum in electronic density criterion with electron densities calculated from molecular orbital wave functions or approximated by a sum of atomic densities.     

Molecular polarizability of organic compounds and their complexes: LIX. Molar volumes, intrinsic atomic solvation radii, and spatial structures of certain conformationally flexible compounds in solutions

The molar volumes and structures in individual liquids and solutions of a series of conformationally flexible compounds, such as alkanes and diaryl-substituted systems with sp ³-hybridized bridging atoms, were analyzed in terms of intrinsic solvation radii of atoms constituting the molecule. Intrinsic solvation atomic radii were determined for various molecules to show that they are larger than the van der Waals radii of the same atoms. An approach to parametrization of the intrinsic solvation radii of atoms constituting a molecule, using appropriate model compounds, was proposed. From the resulting values of intrinsic atomic solvation radii, the possible conformations of a series of diphenylmethanes, diphenylsilanes, diphenyl sulfides, diphenyl sulfoxides, and diphenyl sulfones in solutions were assessed.     

Sizes of atoms and ions and covalency of bonding in molecules and crystals

A new system of atomic radii for the elements up to barium inclusive is constructed. Values of the radii are chosen so as the dependence between the dissociation energy of diatomic homonuclear molecules and a depth of atom overlapping is monotonous, and the scatter of data is minimal. The depth of overlapping is calculated as a difference between the sum of atomic radii and an experimental interatomic distance. Conclusions are made that: the radii of free atoms and ions are determined by the value of the electron density equal to 0.01 au; they considerably change in molecules and crystals only as a result of the charge transfer from cation to anion; covalent bonding is well described by the overlapping of free atoms (ions), confined by the surface of the given radius, and its energy depends upon the depth of overlapping of valence electron densities of atoms. A method of overlapping atoms is proposed for the approximate estimation of ionic sizes and charges in bound systems.     

用电子定域函数研究主族原子的壳层结构

采用电子定域函数(ELF)方法对第一到第四周期主族元素的壳层结构进行了研究。计算得到了各壳层半径及壳层内的电荷数,探讨了原子序数与壳层半径间的关系。结果有助于学生更好地理解原子的壳层结构。     

A nearly complete system of average crystallographic ionic radii and its use for determining ionization potentials

Available systems of empirical (crystallographic) ionic radii are compared. All these systems turn out to be compatible if the O^2? radius is taken to be 0.140 nm. The choice of the oxygen ionic radius is dictated by the equality of the metal ion-oxygen ion distances in oxide crystals and the metal ion-oxygen atom distances in crystal hydrates and concentrated aqueous solutions. In all systems of empirical ionic radii under consideration, the uncertainty of determination of ionic radii is 0.002–0.005 nm. A new method of determination of the ionic radii of elements in unusual valence states is suggested: from the empirical dependence of the electron density at an atom in a given valence state on the atomic radius, a two-parameter equation relating the ionic radii of Period 4–7 elements in two valence states is derived, which allows one to calculate the ionic radius that cannot be determined by crystallography because of the lack of stable compounds in this valence state. Ionic radii are calculated for all Period 4–7 elements in all valence states. They constitute a nearly complete system of ionic radii. There is a linear relationship between the atomic nucleus charge and the inverse ionic radius. It is shown that the square root of the ionization potential is a linear function of the inverse ionic radius. The as yet experimentally unknown ionization potentials of 78 ions of different elements are estimated.     

Correlation between the Anisotropy of the Electronic Polarizability of Molecules and the Anisotropy of the van der Waals Atomic Radii

A procedure was developed for determining the anisotropy of the van der Waals atomic radii of halogens, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in polyatomic molecules from the experimental characteristics of the anisotropic electronic polarizability of these molecules. The results are consistent with the published van der Waals radii determined by independent procedures.     

A new set of atomic radii for accurate estimation of solvation free energy by Poisson–Boltzmann solvent model

The Poisson–Boltzmann implicit solvent (PB) is widely used to estimate the solvation free energies of biomolecules in molecular simulations. An optimized set of atomic radii (PB radii) is an important parameter for PB calculations, which determines the distribution of dielectric constants around the solute. We here present new PB radii for the AMBER protein force field to accurately reproduce the solvation free energies obtained from explicit solvent simulations. The presented PB radii were optimized using results from explicit solvent simulations of the large systems. In addition, we discriminated PB radii for N‐ and C‐terminal residues from those for nonterminal residues. The performances using our PB radii showed high accuracy for the estimation of solvation free energies at the level of the molecular fragment. The obtained PB radii are effective for the detailed analysis of the solvation effects of biomolecules. © 2014 The Authors Journal of Computational Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.